Pharaoh Akhenaten, Queen Nefertiti Together With The Rising Of Amarna

Statute of Akhenaten inwards the early on Amarna style

(Antiquité égyptienne, Akhénaton Égypte,

Musée égyptien du Caire)

Pharaoh Akhenaten's dominion of Kemet, now known as ancient Arab Republic of Egypt in northeast Africa along the Nile River, is reflected inwards the archaeological records equally 1 amongst a long catamenia of peace as well as prosperity throughout the kingdom. Akhenaten ruled the throne of a unified Kemet amongst his married adult woman Queen Nefertiti. He is best known equally the kickoff ruler on footing to move out a written record of the belief inwards the concept of One Supreme God.

The Kemet civilization developed around 3150 BCE amongst the political unification of its Upper as well as Lower regions. The state would live independent from unusual forces for the side past times side 3 millennia. The ancient Egyptians (kmt) are said to bring reached the elevation of their civilisation during the New Kingdom. Subsequently, the nation entered a catamenia of decline. Pharaonic dominion officially ended inwards 31 BCE when the early on Roman Empire conquered the nation.

PHARAOH AKHENATEN'S BELIEF IN ONE GOD

Pharaoh Akhenaten (1380-1362 BCE), boy of Pharaoh Amenhotep III as well as Queen Tiye, ruled Kemet during its 18th dynasty. Akhenaten developed policies to abolish religious worship practices to multiple God/Goddess. The custom of the state at the fourth dimension of Akhenaten's dominion was stepped inwards the tradition of a varied spiritual pantheon. Akhenaten's philosophy of monotheism is arguably said to bring influenced the subsequent Judeo-Christian religions.

Pharaoh Akhenaten's kickoff major motion equally the novel ruler of Kemet was to motion the nation's oculus of management from the old pharaoh's house of ruler-ship, Pharaoh Tutankamen, into the desert. The advert of this novel administrative upper-case missive of the alphabet was appropriately named Akhenaten. Since Kemet came nether Standard Arabic Islamic rule, the metropolis of Akhenaten has since been renamed Tell el Amarna, ofttimes referred to equally Amarna.

QUEEN NEFERTITI AND THE GROWTH OF THE ARTS AND ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

Akhenaten as well as Nefertiti had a peachy acquit upon on the evolution of an artistic renaissance inwards Kemet, or ancient Egypt. Akhenaten commissioned many regal artists as well as architects to prepare the city's life. Royal commissions were requested that required the creative somebody to recreate life inwards its natural state instead of inwards the traditional stylized shape of early on artists. The metropolis of Akhenaten was known for its sculpture gardens as well as grand buildings dedicated to faith as well as the arts. This artistic renaissance would hateful that Akhenaten was the kickoff Kemet manful somebody monarch to bring a truthful likeness of his shape recorded.

Akhenaten, Nefertiti as well as their children

(Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Ägyptisches Museum)

Akhenaten defied customs past times elevating Queen Nefertiti inwards a higher house the traditional purpose of Kemet queens. Nefertiti's ikon was placed into the forefront of Earth oculus through regal commissions such equally the famous Nefertiti bust statute that was displayed inwards Berlin equally piece of cake equally 1924. The Nefertiti sculpture has since choke 1 of Berlin, Germany's biggest tourist draws since its arrival. In 1912, Ludwig Borchardt Pb a German linguistic communication archaeological squad to Amarna, Arab Republic of Egypt as well as returned to Europe amongst the sculpture.

Nefertiti Sculpture

Originally from Amarna, business office of the

Ägyptisches Museum Berlin

(Egyptian Museum) collection

The Nefertiti sculpture resides at the Egyptian Museum inwards Berlin (Ägyptisches Museum Berlin). Museum officials bring stated that it is likewise frail to move. As it currently stands inwards this battle for ancient antiquities, the Kemet queen's ikon of regal beauty volition right away alive on inwards world persuasion inwards Berlin through a replica made inwards 1913 for Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm. The details of Nefertiti's life are virtual unknown, fifty-fifty her parentage. This makes the 3,000-year-old limestone as well as plaster Nefertiti sculpture a to a greater extent than precious site for visitors to Berlin.

AMARNA AFTER AKHENATEN

Horemheb (also spelled Horemhab or Haremhab as well as pregnant the jubilation of Horus) was the final Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty from 1319 BCE to piece of cake 1292 BCE. Horemheb demolished monuments of Akhenaten throughout the nation. He is said to bring reused the remains of the stones from buildings as well as world fine art plant inwards novel edifice projects. Horemheb appointed his vizier Paramesse equally his successor. Vizier Paramesse would assume the throne equally Ramesses I.

Map of Amarna

Road inwards Tell el Amarna

Amarna North Palace Site

Jean Baptiste Betoken Du Sable: Begetter Of Chicago

USPS Commemorative Postal Stamp of Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable (born c. 1745 - d. 8/28/1818)

According to Native American tradition, an African man born inward Santa Domingo (Haiti) was the get non-native American to settle at the urban pith that is directly called Chicago. The native accounts were corroborated yesteryear the Europeans inward 1779 when a British Commandant of Fort Michilimackinac reported the frontiersman equally a "handsome Negro, well-educated, together with settled inward Eschikagou (Chicago)."

In 1783, Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable's U.S. citizenship was officially recorded inward what is directly known equally the expanse of Peoria, Illinois. His farm was recorded at Peoria inward the early on 1770s. The farm encompassed to a greater extent than than 800 acres of land. Du Sable's short town inward this expanse was prior to the terra firma becoming a business office of U.S. territory. The French held territory along the Mississippi River such equally Louisiana, amongst its top dog urban pith postal service at New Orleans. The French also held the St. Louis area.

HAITIAN BORN JEAN BAPTIST POINT DU SABLE

Du Sable was born inward St. Marc, Santa Domingo (eastern Haiti) inward 1745. His woman bring upwards was an African referred inward historical records equally Suzanna, an emancipated slave from a share inward Africa directly inside the Congo nation. His virile someone bring upwards was a French merchant mariner on a send called Black Sea Gull. This blogger has non been able to discovery a reliable source for the elevate of Du Sable's virile someone bring upwards or mother. The tape does dot that his father provided him an pedagogy in France. Du Sable too worked equally a seaman on his father's ships.

By the 1760s, nosotros discovery that Du Sable is living inward the Louisiana Territory, thus nether French rule. He moved from New Orleans to St. Louis, both still within French colonial rule. Du Sable established a fur trading postal service at St. Louis earlier relocating to Chicago.

DU SABLE SETTLES AT CHICAGO

Commemorative bust of Jean-Baptiste Pointe Du Sable along Chicago River

Records dot that yesteryear June 6, 1770, Jean Baptiste Pointe Du Sable had established his trading postal service at the oral cavity of what is directly the Chicago River, virtually the Tribune Tower building. The natives called the expanse where Du Sable settled Eschikagou because of the wild onions that grew inward the region. In this champaign of tears, Du Sable married Kittihawa (also called Katherine) of the Potawatomi tribe together with settled into running a position unit of measurement trading post.

An explorer together with entrepreneur, Du Sable was a well-known together with highly respected human being of affairs inward the Northwest territory of the United States. He spoke fluent French, Spanish, English linguistic communication together with several Native American languages. He traded heavily amongst neighboring tribes together with established the top dog render station for westward outpouring white men who were moving from the English linguistic communication colonies. In 1778, he was temporarily jailed yesteryear the British military on charges of beingness a French spy. These allegations were never substantiated.

DU SABLE: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 GENTLEMAN FRONTIERSMAN

Bust of Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable.

Du Sable was known equally a human being of fine tastes. Du Sable built his abode on the due north banking concern (North Michigan Avenue) of what is directly known equally the Chicago River, virtually the site of today's Wrigley Building (chewing gum) together with the Tribune Towers. Monsignor Meshan wrote that Du Sable was the alone human being who idea of having a cabin built of imported French walnut wood. Meshan said his abode contained "a plumage bed, a couch, together with a bureau, to state nix of mirrors together with pictures, inward the midst of a wilderness." Du Sable's establishments along the Chicago River were reported to possess 23 Old World fine art treasures.

On May 14, 1800, records exhibit that Du Sable sold his Chicago holdings to a European trader for $1,200 (2015/CPI=$17,000). He left the share that would locomote a cracking metropolis. He moved to alive amongst his boy on belongings they owned inward Saint Charles, Missouri. Some commentators state that Du Sable's imprisonment during the Revolutionary War yesteryear the British may convey precipitated his deed from the share equally the "westward expansion" of Europeans began to advance. Du Sable together with his position unit of measurement were detained yesteryear the British for 5 years during the Revolutionary War.

As a Black human being who was multilingual, gratuitous together with self-employed, Du Sable may convey been considered suspicious yesteryear the British together with the French, equally good equally those Europeans who were identifying themselves equally Americans. Whatever his reason, at that spot is a Native American maxim that may capture inward business office the magnitude of his historical legacy: "The get white human being to settle inward Chicago was a dark man."

Du Sable died August 28, 1818 inward St. Charles at the historic menstruum of 73.

Du Sable's decease was recorded at St. Charles Burromeo Catholic Church. Monsignor Meshan said the next of Du Sable:

"For to a greater extent than than 20 years his elevate was associated amongst Chicago. Here was a frontiersman who lived amongst an air of regality, together with if the urban pith which traces her permanency from him adopted, at a after date, the motto "I Will," she tin last certain the get Chicagoan had all the qualities that this slogan implies."

Further Historical Material together with References: 

• In improver to a break of historical documents, a portrait icon of the city's get non-native American settler is located at The Du Sable Museum of African American History inward Chicago's South Side Washington Park.
• A miniature replica of Du Sable's living establishments together with trading posts tin last found at The Chicago Historical Society.

Ida B. Wells-Barnett: A Fearless Dark Journalist Too Anti-Lynching Crusader

Photo: Ida B. Wells Barnett (b. July 16, 1862 – d. March 25, 1931)

Ida B. Wells was born inward Holly Springs, Mississippi on born July 16, 1862 together with would cash inward one's chips a fearless anti-lynching crusader together with renowned African American journalist inward the Americas.

IDA B. WELLS IN MEMPHIS

Wells attended Rust College together with Fisk University earlier coming to learn inward the Memphis world schoolhouse system. While inward Memphis, Wells wrote for the Free Speech weekly newspaper. She was besides an avid diarist inward her early on years together with Miriam DeCosta-Willis edited some of her diary writings every bit The Memphis Diaries of Ida B. Wells (Beacon Press, 1995). In 1891, Wells was banned from educational activity amongst the Memphis world schools because her articles spoke out against racial injustices together with to a greater extent than peculiarly the lynching epidemic.

Wells became editor of the Free Speech paper inward Memphis together with began her anti-lynching activism, specifically challenging the notion that Black men were beingness lynched because they raped white women. Reacting against an unwrap she wrote nearly the activities of a lynch mob, the Memphis printing offices of the Free Speech were torched together with Ida was threatened amongst lynching. Wells fled Memphis for New York together with worked on the staff of the New York Age paper edited yesteryear T. Thomas Fortune.

IDA B. WELLS BARNETT IN CHICAGO

Photo: Ida B. Wells Barnett's dwelling inward Bronzeville, Chicago, Illinois;
Address: 3624 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr.; Year Built: 1889

In 1895, Wells married attorney together with Chicago paper possessor Ferdinard Barnett. Her political together with social activism continued inward Chicago. At the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, she together with Frederick Douglass campaigned for the institution of a pavilion to honour the accomplishments of Black Americans. She wrote together with distributed a pamphlet entitled "Why the Colored American is Not inward the World's Columbia Exposition" at the pes of the Statute of Columbia at the Corner of Cornell together with Hayes Drives inward Chicago. That same twelvemonth Wells began writing for the Conservator, Chicago's kickoff African American newspaper.

 

Wells is noted every bit i of the 25 outstanding women inward Chicago's history. One of Chicago's housing projects was named inward her honor. Ida B. Wells Barnett's old dwelling inward Chicago is located at 3624 S. Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive together with yet stands inward this famed Bronzeville community. Her Chicago dwelling was designated a National Historic Landmark inward 1974.

Black Soldiers Inwards American Wars: Chicago's Fighting Eighth Too The 370Th Regiment

Group of officers of the 370th (Old Fighting 8th) on the deck of the La France. 

(Left to right: sec Lt. Lawson Price; 2nd Lt. L. W. Stearls; 2nd Lt. Ed. White; 

2nd Lt. Eli F. E. Williams; 1st Lt. Oasola Browning; Capt. Louis B. Johnson; 

1st Lt. Frank Bates; 1st Lt. Binga Desmond)

The Eighth Regiment of the Illinois National Guard is said to accept started every bit the volunteer Hannibal Guard militia inwards the twelvemonth 1871. They afterward became a partition of the Illinois National Guard together with was organized during the Spanish-American War of 1898 every bit an all-Black volunteer regiment. Called the "Fighting 8th" infantry, the regiment served along the Mexican edge inwards 1916 together with inwards French Republic nether Colonel Franklin A. Denison during World War I, when the regiment was incorporated into the 370th U.S. Infantry.

The Fighting Eighth gained particular recognition every bit the regiment that finally drove the High German forces from the Aisne-Marne percentage of French Republic prior to the Armistice inwards 1918. Under the leadership of Brigadier General Richard L. Jones, the 370th Infantry Regiment was awarded 71 War Crosses amongst particular citations for valor together with merit together with 21 Distinguished Service Crosses. General Jones was awarded the French Croix de Guerre for valor inwards battle.

Chicago return of the 370th Regiment (Old eighth l1linois)

passing inwards parade at 13th St. together with Michigan Ave.

Some of the Chicago girls welcoming domicile ane of the

military machine men of the 370th (Old eighth Illinois National Guard)

THE EIGHTH REGIMENT ARMORY

Exterior thought of the Eighth Regiment infantry armory

(Source: Chicago Daily News, 1915)

The Eighth Regiment Armory was originally headquartered inwards what has been described inwards the literature every bit a "stable" at the corner of 35th Street together with Forest Avenue inwards Chicago. This facility was inadequate for military machine purposes together with a novel armory edifice was completed inwards 1915 after petitions were circulated inwards the Illinois legislature for a novel armory.

This was the showtime armory built for an African-American military machine regiment inwards the U.S.  It was intended for both military machine and community use. It became the site of numerous neighborhood meetings together with social functions inside the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District inwards the Douglas community expanse of Chicago. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 notable effect at the armory includes a Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association.

The avenue where the armory presides was named inwards observe of Lt. George R. Giles, the regiment's highest ranking officeholder to move killed inwards the trace of piece of employment of duty. The armory shut inwards the early on 1960s together with re-emerged every bit the South Central Gymnasium. After an extensive renovation it was reopened inwards 1999 every bit a Chicago world high school. The edifice is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located at 3533 S. Giles Avenue inwards Chicago, Illinois.

VICTORY MONUMENT IN CHICAGO

The Victory Monument inwards Honor of the Fighting Eighth

The Victory Monument was erected inwards 1927 to observe the Black nation of war soldiers of the Eighth Regiment. The pattern of the monument was developed past times French-born sculptor Leonard Crunelle, a onetime student of noted Chicago sculptor Lorado Taft. The sculpture has 3 panels. One panel depicts a Black soldier, about other a Black woman, together with the in conclusion panel depicts the patriotic figure of "Columbia" belongings a tablet where the locations of the regiments major battles are recorded.

The monument was dedicated on Armistice Day, Nov 11, 1928, inwards an elaborate public ceremony. In 1936, the sculpture of a Black soldier was added to the top of the master copy three-panel monument. The Victory Monument is located at the intersection of 35th Street together with Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive inwards Chicago.

Dr. Carter G. Woodson: The Manlike Individual Raise Of Dark History

 

Dr. Carter G. Woodson (b. 12/19/1875 - d. 4/3/1950)

 

doc Carter G. Woodson was i of the founders of the Association for the Study of Negro Life too History, which promoted what was unremarkably known every bit Negro history (now commonly known every bit Black history) through school, church, too fraternal grouping activities. After diligent written report and writing on Black history, inwards 1926 Woodson inaugurated Negro History Week inwards Chicago at the Wabash YMCA. Negro History Week led to the celebration of Black History Month inwards the United States. In 1976, the calendar month long observation was recognition past times too then U.S. President Gerald Ford. Woodson became known alongside his people every bit the Father of Black History. 

 

The History of the Negro Church, past times

Carter G. Woodson (Second Edition, 1921)

The Carter G. Woodson Regional Library, named later the dandy historian, holds i of the nation's largest collections of Black history too literature material. More than 70,000 books (many rare), 500 periodical titles, 5,000 reels of microfilm research, master manuscripts, too newspapers make upward a treasure breast of data called the Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History too Literature. The Harsh Collection includes papers of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Freeman's Bureau papers, too a broad alternative of fine art industrial plant on paper, such every bit posters too other literary artifacts such every bit menstruum flyers.

The collection was started past times Chicago librarian Vivian G. Harsh, an avid collector of historical works. She was the first African American librarian inwards the Chicago Public Library system. Her collection became a pregnant resources for the dynamic Black thinkers inwards Chicago inwards the 1930s too 1940s, such as Arna Bontemps, Richard Wright, too Langston Hughes, alongside others.

Photo: Librarian Vivian G. Harsh (b. May 27, 1890 - Aug. 17, 1960)

The Woodson Library is located at 9525 S. Halsted Street too is a dandy source for researching African American history. If you lot catch the Woodson Library, accept time out to relish the large bronze sculpture entitled "Jacob's Ladder", created past times the renown creative mortal Richard Hunt, hosted  at the library's central atrium.

Dr. Margaret Taylor Goss Burroughs: Chicago's Cultural Maverick Too The Dusable Museum Of African American History

Dr. Margaret Taylor Goss Burroughs (b. Nov. 1, 1917 - d. Nov. 21, 2010)

In 1961, the Ebony Museum of Negro History was founded yesteryear physician Margaret Taylor Goss Burroughs as well as other civic leaders inwards iii rooms of her South Side domicile inwards Chicago, Illinois. The museum collection would eventually motion into larger quarters inwards a fine rock construction on the grounds of Washington Park inwards Chicago. It would too last renamed every bit its electrical flow name: The DuSable Museum of African American History.

Dusable Museum of African American History

(Washington Park, Chicago, Illinois, USA)

THE EBONY MUSEUM OF NEGRO HISTORY IN CHICAGO

The Original Home of the Ebony Museum of Negro History

(3806 S. Michigan, Chicago)

Originally built inwards 1903, this Chateau-style mansion was the master copy domicile of the Chicago's South Side museum collection of Black fine art as well as memorabilia. The historic domicile located at 3806 S. Michigan avenue inwards Chicago went through a issue of incarnations inside the community. It was the Quincy Club inwards the belatedly 1930s, operated yesteryear an association of Black railroad workers who ran a boarding house, a pub as well as a soul social guild on the site.

The Quincy Club accommodated Black railroad workers operating on the City of New Orleans railroad route along the Mississippi River. Their exclusion from "white only" Chicago hotels encouraged their creating their ain community facilities. The historic domicile is located at 3806 S. Michigan Avenue inwards Chicago, Illinois.

MARGARET BURROUGHS AS ARTIST, WRITER, AND LECTURER

For several decades physician Burroughs taught fine art to Chicago students from uncomplicated to academy level. In improver to founding the DuSable Museum of African American History, Burroughs is too with the founders of the Chicago South Side Community Art Center. She has been an Active Chicago Park District board member.

Black Venus, Margaret Burroughs (Woodcut, 1957)

  

In her root book of published poetry, physician Burroughs penned what would go her near renowned verse form "What Shall I Tell My Children Who Are Black?"

Dr. Margaret Burroughs

physician Burroughs was a cultural warrior inwards Chicago. Long earlier U.S. President Barack Obama popularized the community activist role, physician Burroughs was known inwards Chicago every bit a community organizer, educator, artist, writer, social activist, as well as footing traveler. She has been seen to induce got to the street with scout inwards paw on the side of justice. Burroughs has been a frequent Black History lecturer. As a footing traveler she has visited many countries inwards Africa, the Caribbean Area as well as South America. Burroughs is a Black History Hero.

Blog Update 11/23/10: physician Margaret Burroughs died Nov 21, 2010. RIP

Robert Sengstacke Abbott Too The Increment Of Dark Intelligence Publishing

Photo: Robert Sengstacke Abbott (b. Nov. 24, 1870 - d. Feb. 29, 1940)

Robert Sengstacke Abbott was born inward Frederica, St. Simons Island, Georgia. Thomas Abbott, his father, was born into slavery inward the US, but died when his boy was however a baby. In 1869, Robert's mother, Flora Abbott, married John Sengstacke from a wealthy High German merchant immigrant family. Robert retained his belatedly father's get upwards in addition to took his pace father's get upwards every bit his middle name.

From 1892 to 1896, Robert studied the printing merchandise at Hampton Institute (now Hampton University). By 1898, Robert earned a constabulary grade from Kent College of Law in Chicago, Illinois. He skillful constabulary inward Gary, Indiana, Topeka, Kansas, in addition to Chicago, Illinois. Ultimately, he decided that he could amend battle the arrangement of white supremacy racial injustice through the majority media instead of the courtroom. Robert pose downwards his constabulary books in addition to picked upwards his printing press. He would study the challenges in addition to successes of African Americans, tidings that was of import to their lives.

THE CHICAGO DEFENDER NEWSPAPER

With reportedly every bit niggling every bit 25 cents capital, Robert began the most widely-circulated Black paper inward the United States. The Chicago Defender paper became the medium to vocalism the concerns of African Americans inward Chicago. The paper made many outstanding contributions to journalism in addition to ultimately to Black history. 

Image of Chicago Defender headline.

Established inward Nov 29, 1905, the Chicago Defender would operate the longest running African American paper publication inward Chicago. The telephone substitution of data from North to South -- through both the Chicago Defender in addition to correspondence betwixt relatives -- accelerated the Great Migration of African Americans to Chicago, resulting inward an growth of 150% inward the population of Black Chicago betwixt 1910-1920.

City officials inward Arkansas town seek ban on Chicago Defender newspaper.

The Great Migration of African Americans from U.S. southern states to Chicago was inward utilisation fueled yesteryear the Chicago Defender's vocalism against injustice in addition to grand accounts of northern living at the attack of the U.S. industrial revolution. Originally housed inward a converted synagogue from 1920 to 1960, the Chicago Defender quickly developed into both the country's premier root for tidings of the northern migration of African Americans.

Chicago Defender typesetters reach community tidings for majority distribution.

Black Pullman Porters, who were prosperous in addition to good respected inward the African American communities, became the Defender's national "delivery  men," distributing the newspapers to many southern towns. The paper became an of import communication tool betwixt Black Chicagoans in addition to their relatives inward the southern states. 

"My friends made fun of me," Robert is reported to convey said most the tremendous opposition to his establishing the Chicago Defender. "They idea it was foolish of me to anticipate success inward a plain inward which then many men earlier me had failed...but I went on fighting the opposition of my adversaries in addition to the indifferences of my friends. I emerged victorious but battle-scarred."

The historic dwelling trouble solid of Robert S. Abbott

(4742 Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive inward Chicago)

In 1929, Robert established the Bud Billiken Club and with David Kellum established Chicago's Bud Billiken Parade in addition to Picnic. He resided inward Chicago until his decease from Bright's Disease inward 1940. His home, established every bit a National Historical Landmark inward 1976, was located at 4742 S. Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive inward the Bronzeville community of Chicago. He left the Chicago Defender paper to his nephew John Henry Sengstacke. 

After to a greater extent than than 100 years of Black publishing history, Chicago Defender's 2007 number headlines local politics.

The Harold Washington Library: A Library Inwards Observe Of Chicago's Starting Fourth Dimension Dark Mayor

Photo: Chicago Mayor Harold Lee Washington (b. Apr 15, 1922 – d. Nov. 25, 1987)

Born inward Chicago on Apr 15, 1922, Harold Lee Washington would graduate from Roosevelt University in addition to afterward Northwestern University Law School, both inward Chicago. His political career included serving equally a Illinois State Representative in addition to a fellow member of the U.S. House of Representative. Washington served the City of Chicago from 1983 until his larn out inward 1987. He was among the earliest of Chicago's political advocates for the revitalization of the historic Bronzeville community on the South Side of Chicago.

THE HAROLD WASHINGTON LIBRARY CENTER IN CHICAGO

The 10-story Harold Washington Library Center is the largest populace library inward the U.S. of A. of America inward collection volume. It opened Oct 1991 in addition to was named inward laurels of the belatedly mayor Harold Washington, the city's showtime Black mayor.

The Harold Washington Library Center provides amount library services, exhibitions in addition to lectures, a fully equipped video theatre in addition to tv studio, a wintertime garden in addition to java shop. It hosts the Harold Washington Archives in addition to Collections, a "Chicago Blues" archive, in addition to an fine art collection alongside representation dozens of Black artists.

Photo: "Events inward the Life of Harold Washington,"

mosaic mural past times Jacob Lawrence (Chicago, 1991)

In the Harold Washington Archives in addition to Collection at that spot is a permanent exhibition that documents Washington's political career. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 mural-size mosaic past times the late Black creative someone Jacob Lawrence titled "Events inward the Life of Harold Washington" is located on the primal lobby's northward wall.

Photo: ninth Floor of The Harold Washington Library

Image: quaternary Floor of The Harold Washington Library

Photo: Lobby of The Harold Washington Library

Across from the Jacob Lawrence work is "DuSable's Journey," a "cakewalk cosmogram" that traces the H2O routes taken past times Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable from his native Republic of Haiti to to his novel habitation inward what is similar a shot known equally Chicago. The map is encircled past times a telephone of excerpts taken from Harold Washington's showtime first address. The Harold Washington Library Center is located at 400 S. State Street.

Joe Louis: The Chocolate-Brown Bomber Basis Heavyweight Boxing Champion

Photo: Joseph Louis Barrow (b. May 13, 1914 – d. Apr 12, 1981)

(Photo past times Carl Van Vechten)

Joe Louis Barrow volition ever overstep the listing of really peachy boxers. Better known every bit Joe Louis or the Brown Bomber, Louis was World Heavyweight Boxing Champion from 1937-1949.

THE CHILDHOOD OF JOE LOUIS

Born within a sharecropper's shack inwards 1914 inwards Lexington, Alabama, the immature Louis later on moved to Detroit alongside his family. Hauling blocks of H2O ice for a living every bit a immature man, Louis developed a muscular cook from hauling blocks of H2O ice for a living every bit a immature man.

Louis' teachers told his parents that he would bring to brand a living alongside his hands because he developed a stammer as well as became withdrawn inwards his youth. This turned out to live on a prophetic contestation since Louis would defend his heavyweight championship 25 times, knocking out his opponents inwards 21 of those fighting matches.

JOE LOUIS FIGHTS MAX SCHMELING

Of his 68 victories inwards professional person boxing, Louis solely lost iii times. He became the almost famous Black homo inwards the the world after winning a grapple alongside High German boxer Max Schmeling inwards 1938. This was a major victory for Louis' career. For Black people, his was was a mighty blow struck at racial injustice.

Louis died inwards 1981 at the historic menstruation of 66. His belatedly married adult woman renovated the edifice where they resided at 4326 S. Michigan inwards Chicago. The edifice has become a historical landmark inwards African American history.

1982 the U.S. Congressional Gold Medals Honor Joe Louis

John H. Johnson: The Johnson Publishing Fellowship Of Chicago

Photo: John Harold Johnson (b. Jan. 19, 1918 – d. Aug. 8, 2005)

The Johnson Publishing Company, started past times Johnson H. Johnson, is amid the largest Black-owned businesses inwards the United States.

THE EARLY LIFE OF JOHN H. JOHNSON

John H. Johnson, founder of Johnson Publishing, was born inwards Arkansas City, Arkansas in 1918. In 1933, he in addition to his woman bring upwardly migrated to Chicago seeking a meliorate instruction for the immature John Johnson. After graduating from DuSable High School, Johnson worked for Henry H. Pace, in addition to therefore president of Supreme Liberty Life Insurance Company.

Johnson was eventually given the trouble to detect tidings items virtually Blacks in addition to compile them amongst tidings of Supreme Life employee activities for an in-house publication. Johnson developed the sentiment of collecting articles into a monthly periodical to last called Negro Digest.

In 1942, Johnson used his mother's novel slice of furniture every bit collateral for a $500 loan to shipping 20,000 letters to Supreme Life insurance policy-holders offering a $2 charter subscription to the Negro Digest. The overwhelming reply marked the outset of the Black media dynasty. Other publications launched past times Johnson was Tan magazine, a truthful confessions means publication, too every bit Ebony Man, Ebony Jr., in addition to African American Stars.

EBONY AND JET MAGAZINES

Ebony in addition to Jet magazines accept been published from Chicago since 1945 in addition to 1951, respectively. In its 40th twelvemonth of publication, Ebony periodical had reached a circulation of 2,300,000. After which, Johnson began making the listing of the richest individuals inwards the United States. In 1996, the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom was bestowed on Johnson past times President Bill Clinton.

The company's subsidiaries include Fashion Fair Cosmetics in addition to the Ebony Fashion Fair Show.

Johnson Publishing Company celebrated its 60th anniversary inwards 2002. The publishing fellowship is headquartered inwards a costless standing edifice inwards the South Loop of Chicago at 820 S. Michigan Avenue.

Photo: Entryway to Johnson Publishing Company edifice inwards Chicago

Etta Moten Barnett: African American Vocalist Too Actress

Photo: Etta Moten Barnett (b. Nov. 5, 1901 – d. Jan. 2, 2004) 

in Gershwin's Porgy in addition to Bess

Etta Moten Barnett has been a tireless pioneer inwards her career every bit a musical performer, actress, in addition to community activist.

THE EARLY LIFE OF ETTA MOTEN BARNETT

Etta Moten Barnett was born inwards Weimer, Texas on Nov 5, 1901. The alone kid of Rev. Freeman F. Moten, an African Methodist Episcopal minister, and schoolhouse instructor Ida Moten, she remembers her childhood fondly every bit a fourth dimension of singing amongst the choir inwards her father's church. It was at Paul Quinn College inwards Texas that the lineament of her singing vocalisation was rootage rewarded amongst an educational scholarship.

Moten went on to attend Western University, an Historically Black University (HBU) in Kansas. Her professional person singing career took off i time she joined the Jackson Jubilee Singers and went on to sing amongst the renowned Eva Jessye Choir.

EARLY BLACK ACTRESSES

Moten was discovered every bit an actress past times a talent lookout for the 1931 Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers classic moving-picture exhibit Flying Down to Rio. She is best remembered, however, for her role every bit the incarnate heroine Bess inwards the master copy George Gershwin production of the pop musical Porgy in addition to Bess. Gershwin chose Eva Jessye every bit the choral managing director for the 1935 opera production of Porgy in addition to Bess.

Photo: 1935 Cast of Porgy in addition to Bess

(photographer Richard Tucker. Oct. 10, 1935.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress)

A pioneering Black musical performer, Etta Moten Barnett broke the cinema industry's colouring fabric barrier every bit the rootage Black performer to play in a film role that was non a domestic role, when she performed inwards The Gold Diggers inwards 1933.

As a Chicago resident, Moten was active inwards promoting the arts through the South Side Community Art Center in addition to DuSable Museum of African American History. Moten was appointed past times the U.S. federal regime every bit a cultural ambassador to 10 African countries. In shaped this role every bit an chance to led cultural telephone commutation missions betwixt African Americans in addition to Africans. Moten was an active fellow member of the National Council of Negro Women inwards Chicago.

Photo: The belatedly Etta Moten Barnett's domicile inwards Chicago

3619 S. Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive

Black Chicago Together With The Majestic Theater

Photo of Regal Theater: "Movie theater, Southside, Chicago, Illinois"

(1941, Library of Congress)

It is difficult for many immature people to imagine the variety of vibrant too bustling community life that surrounded the onetime site of the Regal Theater. The Savoy Ballroom complex, which would included the Regal Theater, opened on Thanksgiving nighttime inwards 1927 at 4719 S. South Parkway (later known every bit 4719 S. Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive). The Regal Theater opened on Feb 24, 1928, giving nativity to a novel Black Chicago nightlife.

Photo: The Regal Theater: "In front end of the film theater, Chicago, Illinois"

(1941, Library of Congress)

Photo: An Exterior View of Chicago's Regal Theater

(ca. 1941, Library of Congress)

Built yesteryear the National Theater Corporation, the Regal Theater was 1 of the get-go home halls that was built specifically for the African American community's entertainment. From 1928-1971, the Regal Theater offered patrons alive performances too films.

Regal Theater acts included Louis Armstrong, County Baise, Cab Calloway, Miles Davis, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, Lena Horne, the Ink Spots, Moms Mabley, the Mills Brothers, too Bessie Smith. The keen historical acts of the home is commemorated yesteryear the community alongside a mural at the northeast corner of the intersection of 47th Street too Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive.

 

Photo: "Crowd coming out of Regal film theater, Southside of Chicago, Illinois"

(1941, Library of Congress)

Built inwards 1926-27, the Regal Theater architect was John Eberson. Its architecture was the utter of the town. Its Castilian Baroque-revival facade too interior was based on the Moorish designs of North Africa too Spain. The auditorium ceiling was designed to deport upon the underside of an Arabian tent. The heaven too distant castles were painted into the interior facade.

The home featured deed was typically a 22-piece jazz band, the "Regalettes" chorus line, too a Barton House organist. Chicago's Bronzeville community is fond of noting that the history of its community theater predated New York's Apollo Theater too held twice its capacity.

"Art exhibit inwards the foyer of the Regal Theater, Chicago, Illinois"

(Library of Congress, 1941)

THE NEW REGAL THEATER

In 1973, the Regal Theater, located at 4719 S. King Dr. Street, was demolished. the New Regal Theater, originally named the Avalon, was opened yesteryear a grouping of community investors inwards 1985. The projection was spearheaded yesteryear Edward too Bettiann Gardner, founders of the Soft Sheen Products Company inwards Chicago.

The New Regal Theater Building

New Regal Theater Interior

The New Regal Theater sought to cry upward the Moorish architectural legacy of the Regal Theater inwards its roughly $10 1 chiliad m dollar renovation. The restored home was designed alongside a grand "Persian courtyard" to showcase home too musical concerts. This South Side amusement centre is located inwards the South Shore community of Chicago at 1641 E. 79th Street.