Marcus Mosiah Garvey: A Pan African History

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQkhxS6Dw6k4Lgbs43l8LPOLLcJNHgNJHdj-5cQDSYYYCj5T07sK8u8XjZspraxn4RuaadYNPfCqyTpnXczhtaCWDQLsebUwFSRmDHyUccmKc32YzlP5ttuo2U1IDVUaw7ZM7PnJg0IN8/s1600/photo+of+marcus+m+garvey.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQkhxS6Dw6k4Lgbs43l8LPOLLcJNHgNJHdj-5cQDSYYYCj5T07sK8u8XjZspraxn4RuaadYNPfCqyTpnXczhtaCWDQLsebUwFSRmDHyUccmKc32YzlP5ttuo2U1IDVUaw7ZM7PnJg0IN8/s640/photo+of+marcus+m+garvey.jpg" width="191" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Marcus Mosiah Garvey </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(b. 8/17/1887 – d. 6/10/1940)</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <span style="text-align: justify;">Marcus Mosiah Garvey was born inwards Jamaica's St. Ann's Bay parish on August 17, 1887. His parents were Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Sr., a mason, in addition to Sarah Jane (nee Richards), keeper of the family's farm. Garvey was the youngest of xi children. He inherited his father's love of reading in addition to the family's extensive library was his refuge inwards youth.</span><br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> At fourteen years old, Garvey became a printer's apprentice. In 1907, Garvey, though a business office of management, led a strike with the printer for higher wages. Garvey's uncompromising negotiations with management on the behalf of workers led to his beingness fired in addition to ostracized yesteryear Kingston's person printing companies. It was this early on grooming that afterwards led Garvey to published his starting fourth dimension newspaper, <i>The Watchman</i>, every bit a forum for his emerging political views close oppression inside society.<br /> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7EzUR7IunjtFhXpmTv-blm5Oyfa5NXz2AnpE7Ee9Kbu8V7Gn6tHDOBxLXtRShhLMu6airjYIOybZvzzYw-5gRRgKkp9IhWRAjj6dHonpg_TzpJaztEq5iYLx2hKKZ5hZF1OFT8ve8RHY/s1600/marcus+garvey+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7EzUR7IunjtFhXpmTv-blm5Oyfa5NXz2AnpE7Ee9Kbu8V7Gn6tHDOBxLXtRShhLMu6airjYIOybZvzzYw-5gRRgKkp9IhWRAjj6dHonpg_TzpJaztEq5iYLx2hKKZ5hZF1OFT8ve8RHY/s400/marcus+garvey+3.jpg" width="326" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Photo: Do you lot know who the 2 men are with Marcus Mosiah Garvey? </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Please assist us seat through comments.</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <b>Marcus Garvey Travels the Americas, Goes to London, in addition to Starts UNIA</b><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Garvey left Jamaica betwixt the years 1910 in addition to 1912 to travel. He travelled to countries inwards South in addition to Central America. This included Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Columbia, in addition to Venezuela. He moved to England inwards 1911 to written report briefly at Birkbeck College. It was piece inwards England, inwards 1911 at the Hyde Park Speaker’s Corner, that he began to verbalize publicly close the status of Africans. An of import encounter for Garvey piece inwards London was coming together Duse Mohammed Ali, editor of the African Times in addition to Orient Review.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> He returned to Jamaica inwards 1914 in addition to founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). On March 16, 1916, Garvey moved to Harlem inwards New York where UNIA thrived. Garvey spoke across America in addition to gained thousands of supporters. He urged African-Americans to go proud of their race in addition to render to Africa. His biggest critic of his fourth dimension was W.E.B. Dubois, who publicly criticized the 'Back to Africa' movement.</div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>* * *</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Marcus Garvey married the Jamaican-born Amy Jacques Garvey. Mrs. Garvey did non obtain her legitimacy merely from the status of her hubby every bit she was a powerful Pan-Africanist in addition to Black Nationalist journalist. In 1919, Amy Jacques became the Secretary General of the UNIA, a seat she held for to a greater extent than than one-half a century. From 1924 to 1927, Mrs. Garvey was the associate editor of The Negro World, an UNIA newspaper, where she wrote a column titled "Our Women in addition to What They Think."</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJvKlQW3jEgcNn0781qC8C4-T0p2MZuOKQ79sRSAv5wOOqt9ctPT4ILy7Ddw1vBSWohj_JdvoSlFPPxmtgnOdF_Zf1WXqt_7SAK811yNO9CM4V8j3o71gZNfs8v2jnbRBPMIT04pwQxlw/s1600/marcus+garvey+and+his+wife+amy+jacques.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJvKlQW3jEgcNn0781qC8C4-T0p2MZuOKQ79sRSAv5wOOqt9ctPT4ILy7Ddw1vBSWohj_JdvoSlFPPxmtgnOdF_Zf1WXqt_7SAK811yNO9CM4V8j3o71gZNfs8v2jnbRBPMIT04pwQxlw/s400/marcus+garvey+and+his+wife+amy+jacques.jpg" width="281" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Marcus Garvey with his married adult woman Amy Jacques Garvey</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <b>The Black Star Line in addition to the Rise of Black Nationalism inwards the Americas</b><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1919, Garvey also founded the Black Star Line, a trans-Atlantic ship he aimed to utilization every bit transportation to in addition to from Africa. Garvey's attemps to pursuade the authorities of Republic of Liberia to grant dry soil settlements were unsuccessful. That same year, Garvey founded the Negro Factories Corporation to encourage economical independence. In 1922, Garvey was arrested yesteryear U.S. marshalls on allegation of postal service fraud through utilization of the federal postal service system. The illustration was inwards connective with Garvey's sale of ship stock inwards the Black Star Line.</div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Many commentators propose that the prosecution was politically motivated, every bit Garvey's popularity inwards the U.S. with Black communities had attracted authorities attention. U.S. Congressman Charles Range, 15th District, notes inwards a <a href="http://www.house.gov/list/hearing/ny15_rangel/opedgarvey.html">February 22, 2002 OP-EDS</a>, that a New York Times' written report of J. Edgar Hoover's purpose inwards the Garvey prosecution: “Hoover saw the [B]lacks in addition to the Reds every bit a larger conspiracy. The novel Negro movement, which Garvey symbolized, Hoover saw every bit a terrible threat to the American way.” </div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Many of the members of his early on Garveyism or Garveyite motion would go business office of the later established Nation of Islam inwards the U.S. Garvey's telephone telephone for a U.S. of A. of America of Africa was heard non only inwards the Caribbean Area in addition to U.S., but inwards West Africa in addition to Southern Africa. Garvey believed a pan-African dry soil was needed to render stability in addition to wealth to Africa.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>The Poem 'Hail, U.S. of A. of America of Africa' was written yesteryear Marcus Garvey inwards 1924.</i></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQaeIzQBHDHb_mTKEiqjSzzfTLptFzj2_uht9XCGotLl9_nVEm8F1fXaLC2nHc6LV4ltCKdN25St2qA5dBNKKS7Ig9s0NHaFswkz-4wE9HgOZfeblA4cNasQFHgo2QZtkOjLGd-5Zn__8/s1600/Map+of+the+African+Continent.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQaeIzQBHDHb_mTKEiqjSzzfTLptFzj2_uht9XCGotLl9_nVEm8F1fXaLC2nHc6LV4ltCKdN25St2qA5dBNKKS7Ig9s0NHaFswkz-4wE9HgOZfeblA4cNasQFHgo2QZtkOjLGd-5Zn__8/s320/Map+of+the+African+Continent.png" /></a></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;">Hail! U.S. of A. of America of Africa!</span></b></div> <blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Hail! U.S. of A. of America of Africa-free! Hail! Motherland most bright, divinely fair! State inwards perfect sisterhood united, Born of truth; mighty thou shalt always be. Hail! Sweet dry soil of our father’s noble kin! Let joy inside thy bounds go always known; Friend of the wandering poor, in addition to helpless, thou, Light to all, such every bit freedom’s reigns within.</i></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>From Liberia’s peaceful western coast To the foaming Cape at the southern end, There’s but ane constabulary in addition to persuasion sublime, One flag, in addition to its emblem of which nosotros boast. The Nigerians are all united now, Sierra Leone in addition to the Gold Coast, too. Gambia, Senegal, non divided, But inwards ane matrimony happily bow.</i><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></div> </blockquote> <blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>The treason of the centuries is dead, All alien whites are forever gone; The glad abode of Sheba is in ane lawsuit to a greater extent than free, As o’er the world the dark n-tan raised his head. Bechuanaland, a State with Kenya, Members of the Federal Union grand, Send their greetings to sis Zanzibar, And so does laughing Tanganyika.</i></div> <i></i> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Over inwards Grand Mother Mozambique, The pretty Union Flag floats inwards the air, She is sis to expert Somaliland, Smiling with the children of Dahomey. Three lusty thank you lot for onetime Basutoland, Timbuctoo, Tunis in addition to Algeria, Uganda, Kamerun, all together Are inwards the Union with Nyasaland. We waited long for fiery Morocco, Now with Republic of Guinea in addition to Togo she has come, All gratis in addition to equal inwards the sisterhood, Like Swazi, Zululand in addition to the Congo.</i></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>There is no dry soil left out of the Union- The East, West, North, South, including Central, Are inwards the nation, strong forever, Over blacks inwards glorious dominion. Hail! U.S. of A. of America of Africa-free! Country of the brave dark man’s liberty; State of greater nationhood thou hast won, H5N1 novel life for the race is merely begun.</i></div> </blockquote> Poem yesteryear Marcus Mosiah Garvey<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEircJwNyOuX0bSN-HeY7ZtQDaozR1w04S4Qfv8A95odFPdv0cwib7BcKMfsh73yOo2VPDSdbuGfLRBzk4fcy5fEwPg8EOzJIH5wAqLrHQV49cFIEbZSfxkWr1KYmBsYD0KuNPsWAieN-3g/s1600/Marcus+Garvey+1924.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEircJwNyOuX0bSN-HeY7ZtQDaozR1w04S4Qfv8A95odFPdv0cwib7BcKMfsh73yOo2VPDSdbuGfLRBzk4fcy5fEwPg8EOzJIH5wAqLrHQV49cFIEbZSfxkWr1KYmBsYD0KuNPsWAieN-3g/s640/Marcus+Garvey+1924.jpg" width="208" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Photo: Marcus Mosiah Garvey (1914)</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1925, despite an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, Garvey was sent to the Atlanta penitentiary. His The <i>Garvey Letter From an Atlanta Prison</i> is dated Feb 10, 1925, in addition to excerpted below every bit follows:</div> <blockquote style="text-align: justify;"> <i><b>Fellow Men of the Negro Race Greetings</b></i></blockquote> <blockquote style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I am delighted to inform you, that your humble retainer is every bit happy inwards suffering for you lot in addition to our drive every bit is possible nether the circumstances of beingness viciously outraged yesteryear a grouping of plotters who receive got connived to produce their worst to humiliate you lot through me, inwards larn by for existent emancipation in addition to African Redemption. </i></blockquote> <blockquote style="text-align: justify;"> <i>I produce non desire at this fourth dimension to write anything that would larn inwards hard for you lot to reckon the opposition of your enemy without my assistance. Suffice to tell that the history of the offend shall shape a first-class chapter inwards the history of Africa redeemed. When dark homo volition no longer go nether the heels of others, but receive got a civilization in addition to civilization of their own.</i></blockquote> <blockquote style="text-align: justify;"> <i>The whole thing is a disgrace, in addition to the whole dark world knows it. We shall non forget. Our hateful solar daytime may go fifty, a hundred or 2 hundred years ahead, allow us watch, work, in addition to pray, for the civilization of injustice is jump to crumble in addition to pick out devastation downward upon the heads of the unjust. </i></blockquote> <blockquote style="text-align: justify;"> <i>My operate is merely begun, in addition to when the history of my suffering is complete, so the hereafter generations of the Negro volition receive got inwards their hands the guide yesteryear which they shall know the “sins” of the twentieth century. I, in addition to I know you, too, believe inwards time, in addition to nosotros shall hold off patiently for 2 hundred years, if necessitate be, to facial expression upwardly our enemies through our prosperity.</i></blockquote> <blockquote style="text-align: justify;"> <i>All I receive got I receive got given you. I receive got sacrificed my abode in addition to my loving married adult woman for you. I entrust her to your charge, to protect in addition to defend her inwards my absence. She is the bravest footling adult woman I know. She has suffered in addition to sacrificed with me for you, therefore, delight produce non desert her at this dismal hour, when she stands alone. I left her penniless in addition to helpless to facial expression upwardly the world, because I gave you lot all, but her courage is great, in addition to I know she volition concord upwardly for you lot in addition to me.</i></blockquote> <blockquote style="text-align: justify;"> <i>After my enemies are satisfied, inwards life or decease I shall come upwardly dorsum to you lot to serve fifty-fifty every bit I receive got served before. In life I shall go the same; inwards decease I shall go a terror to the foes of Negro liberty. If decease has power, so count on me inwards decease to go the existent Marcus Garvey I would similar to be. If I may come upwardly inwards an earthquake, or a cyclone, or a plague, or pestilence, or every bit God would receive got me, so go assure that I would never desert you lot in addition to brand your enemies triumph over you. </i></blockquote> <blockquote style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Would I non go to hell a 1000000 times for you? Would I non similar Macbeth’s ghost, walk the globe forever for you? Would I non lose the whole world in addition to eternity for you? Would I non outcry forever earlier the footstool of the Lord Omnipotent for you? Would I non go out a 1000000 deaths for you? Then, why go sad? Cheer up, in addition to go assure that if it takes a 1000000 years the sins of our enemies shall see the millionth generation of those that hinder in addition to oppress us.</i></blockquote> <blockquote style="text-align: justify;"> <i>If I go out inwards Atlanta my operate shall so only begin, but I shall live, inwards the physical or spiritual to reckon the hateful solar daytime of Africa’s glory. When I am dead wrap the drape of the Red, Black in addition to Green merely about me, for inwards the novel life I shall ascent with God’s grace in addition to approbation to Pb the millions upwardly the heights of triumph with the colors that you lot good know. Look for me inwards the whirlwind or the storm, await for me all merely about you, for, with God’s grace I shall come upwardly in addition to pick out with me countless millions of dark slaves who receive got died inwards America in addition to the West Indies in addition to the millions inwards Africa to assistance you lot inwards the larn by for liberty, liberty in addition to life. </i></blockquote> <blockquote style="text-align: justify;"> <i>The civilization of today every bit gone drunkard in addition to crazy with its powerfulness in addition to yesteryear such it seeks through injustice, fraud in addition to lies to shell the unfortunate. But if I am patently crushed yesteryear the organization of influence in addition to misdirected power, my drive shall ascent in ane lawsuit again to plague the conscience of the corrupt. For this in ane lawsuit again I am satisfied, in addition to for you, I repeat, I am glad to endure in addition to fifty-fifty die. Again, I tell cheer up, for ameliorate days are ahead. I shall write the history that volition inspire the millions that are coming in addition to leave of absence the posterity of our enemies to reckon with the host for the deeds of their fathers.</i><br /> <i><br /> </i><br /> <i>With God’s dearest blessings, I leave of absence you lot for a while.</i></blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> From<i> The Philosophy in addition to Opinions of Marcus Garvey</i>, edited yesteryear Amy Jacques Garvey, p 237-239 <br /> <br /> <i><span style="font-size: large;">Postscript</span></i><br /> <br /> <i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ultimately, Garvey was deported from the U.S. to Jamaica. See <span style="text-align: start;"><u>Marcus Garvey v. United States</u>,</span><span style="text-align: start;"> no. 8317, Ct. App., 2nd Cir., 2 Feb 1925, p. 1,699. </span>In 1935, Garvey moved permanently to London where he died on June 10, 1940. In 1964, his torso was returned to Jamaica where he was declared a  national hero.</span></span></i></div> <div align="center" style="text-align: center;"> </div> </div>

Marcus Mosiah Garvey: A Pan African History

Marcus Mosiah Garvey  (b. 8/17/1887 – d. 6/10/1940) Marcus Mosiah Garvey was born inwards Jamaica's St. Ann's Bay parish on A...

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J. A. Rogers: Author, Journalist As Well As Historical Illustrator

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIA_yqBKG5GtKFBeBkYBff5UpFOybgYxOytOBG4_k_DmlRb9wq4jFAQyUbPpe7jct3eIIx21EuuajS3WwUlZlQXGj7756yCqh0b9MobwzEGpNEi1t_W-CF1vxYjO4zl5nFyG6FEPBqphY/s1600/J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIA_yqBKG5GtKFBeBkYBff5UpFOybgYxOytOBG4_k_DmlRb9wq4jFAQyUbPpe7jct3eIIx21EuuajS3WwUlZlQXGj7756yCqh0b9MobwzEGpNEi1t_W-CF1vxYjO4zl5nFyG6FEPBqphY/s1600/J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" width="305" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo of Joel Augustus Rogers aka J.A. Rogers (b. 9/6/1880 - d. 3/26/1966) </td></tr> </tbody></table> Joel Augustus Rogers was born September 6, 1880 inward Negril, Jamaica in addition to died on March 26, 1966 inward New York City.  Rogers was a historian, journalist in addition to writer whose works made groovy contributions to the history of Africa in addition to its diaspora. Of mixed-race parentage in addition to ane of 11 children, J.A. Roger's manful individual raise was Samuel John Rogers, a school-teacher, government minister in addition to a plantation director inward Jamaica. Information virtually Roger's woman raise has been hard to find.<br />   <br /> What is known is that inward 1906, afterward serving inward the British Army at Port Royal, Jamaica, J.A. Rogers moved from Jamaica to Harlem, New York, where he would eventually reside during the bulk of his adult life, living with his married adult woman Helga M. Rogers. Rogers did brand <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=regal-theater-and-new-regal-theater-of" target="_blank">Black Chicago</a> his abode for a time, piece working equally a <a href="http://www.pullman-museum.org/laborAndRace/raceRelations.html" target="_blank">Pullman Porter</a> in addition to reporter.<br /> <br /> In 1909, Rogers enrolled inward the Chicago Art Institute. According to his biographer, Thabiti Asukile, he attended fine art classes at that topographic point piece supporting himself financially equally a Pullman Porter, where he would operate until 1919. As a resultant of his existence able to move widely inside the USA equally a Pullman Porter, Rogers was surely able to access a broad diverseness of libraries that had developed inward dissimilar cities across the country. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 voracious bibliophile, Rogers compiled data virtually African history in addition to began to write in addition to self-publish his query findings.<br /> <br /> "I industrial plant life inward Chicago a friend who introduced me to books inward which I industrial plant life the names of several groovy men of Negro ancestry past times in addition to present," states Rogers inward his bulk <i>World's Great Men of Color, Vol. 1</i>. "In my spare time, in addition to with no idea of writing a book, I began to collect some of these names. That was virtually 1911." <br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh05AQiywcnU6kdPNPDUPoDi59HtNyIbTeXtkNNm8xyj3QvYH5Cjha3ugGTHc72Uiu8xGxjCvPE-BJ1bAUb3iNMJ0uvu0tKSRfNGjnlbcQXKfuvp0vti0QTnAgJXxwd8XVT6GQrE5W2XMw/s1600/Photo+of+J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh05AQiywcnU6kdPNPDUPoDi59HtNyIbTeXtkNNm8xyj3QvYH5Cjha3ugGTHc72Uiu8xGxjCvPE-BJ1bAUb3iNMJ0uvu0tKSRfNGjnlbcQXKfuvp0vti0QTnAgJXxwd8XVT6GQrE5W2XMw/s1600/Photo+of+J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" width="227" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Early photograph of J. A. Rogers.</td></tr> </tbody></table> Rogers outset bulk was <i>Superman to Man</i>, privately published inward 1917 in addition to printed past times the M.A. Donohue Co. In <i>Superman to Man</i>, Rogers used the classic literary technique of developing the cardinal theme of a written operate around a debate -- a tool oftentimes used past times ancient historians. In the book, nosotros run into a Pullman Porter debate a white supremacist from the South regarding politics in addition to religion. The ensuing debate served equally a forum for Rogers to counter many of the stereotypes that prevailed at the fourth dimension virtually race. Rogers' Pullman Porter argued that the concept of race, inward fact, lacked scientific proof.<br /> <br /> Rogers served equally a unusual correspondent for a diverseness of African American newspapers, peculiarly afterward he moved to Harlem inward 1921. In improver to his published works for the Chicago Enterprise in addition to Chicago Defender newspapers, Rogers wrote for the Pittsburgh Courier in addition to served equally sub-editor for the Daily Negro Times -- the latter published past times Marcus Garvey. The editors of the Pittsburgh Courier sent Rogers equally a correspondent to encompass the coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie I inward Ethiopia. Additionally, Rogers was noted equally the exclusively Black U.S. state of war correspondent during World War II. He would issue widely inward publications such equally the New York Amsterdam News, the Messenger Magazine, in addition to others -- making him ane of the leading Black journalist of his times.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrqO79hrTRnGUzzgziozkQ5I5zF3P2RIuM3_-ODOvjSnyDPwR5nV0jF5LRS1CVNszB3jBmZPLTydGuEURJkcQK-4q3gN9QPlH2X5fhqQ3ijq9AxH450A3_ESkAV357vSvA1TvA8Ew5wsw/s1600/100+Amazing+Facts+About+the+Negro+with+Complete+Proof+by+J.A.+Rogers.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrqO79hrTRnGUzzgziozkQ5I5zF3P2RIuM3_-ODOvjSnyDPwR5nV0jF5LRS1CVNszB3jBmZPLTydGuEURJkcQK-4q3gN9QPlH2X5fhqQ3ijq9AxH450A3_ESkAV357vSvA1TvA8Ew5wsw/s1600/100+Amazing+Facts+About+the+Negro+with+Complete+Proof+by+J.A.+Rogers.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Book published past times J.A. Rogers -- <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0960229477/ref=nosim?tag=crosswriting-20&linkCode=sb1&camp=212353&creative=380549" target="_blank">100 Amazing Facts About the Negro with Complete Proof</a> </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr> </tbody></table> Rogers made groovy contribution to publishing in addition to distributing picayune know African history facts through books in addition to pamphlets such equally <i>100 Amazing Facts About the Negro with Complete Proof</i> in addition to <i>The Five Negro Presidents</i>. His greatest involvement was inward exploring the concept of race that was developing into a themed possession with historians of European descent. In response, Rogers published the three-volume operate <i>Sex in addition to Race</i> betwixt 1941 in addition to 1944. From 1946 to 1947, Rogers published his pioneering operate <i>The World's Great Men of Color</i>, printed inward 2 volumes. <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYaHwfcndDM0a_t9WRn8E9l9HqlSk9p-Fym1w777o8j_-VHZsIWcX_wd6ikT7oJkJKH1XU_zkWZgqGP2mLW6t_QL87jqW8Dg0tdFZ0ntqPf1TOqEHQfZcv17e0Ip7SIDgVWUdSKU8Tsk/s1600/scotia+daughter+of+an+egyptian.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYaHwfcndDM0a_t9WRn8E9l9HqlSk9p-Fym1w777o8j_-VHZsIWcX_wd6ikT7oJkJKH1XU_zkWZgqGP2mLW6t_QL87jqW8Dg0tdFZ0ntqPf1TOqEHQfZcv17e0Ip7SIDgVWUdSKU8Tsk/s1600/scotia+daughter+of+an+egyptian.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Copy of an illustrated operate J.A. Rogers published inward newspapers in addition to inward books. Many of his amazing facts were substantiated past times subsequent writings on the topic. For example, read to a greater extent than virtually Scota of Arab Republic of Egypt in addition to the origins of the Scottish people at "<a href="http://www.scotsman.com/news/the-pharaoh-s-daughter-who-was-the-mother-of-all-scots-1-466985" target="_blank">The pharaoh's immature lady who was the woman raise of all Scots</a>," from <i>The Scotsman</i> publication. </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> The mutual thread inward Roger's query was his unending aim to counter white supremacist propaganda that prevailed inward segregated communities across the USA against people of African descent.The works of Rogers exclusively became assigned reading inward the most independently-developed, academy curriculum of African-centered history professors -- in addition to fifty-fifty then, afterward Rogers had passed away. The noted historian physician John Henrik Clarke states that Rogers "looked at the history of people of African origin, in addition to showed how their history is an inseparable purpose of the history of mankind." His works bring enlightened many people interested inward uncovering the suppressed histories of African people. His legacy continues through the groovy bulk of works he has left behind.<br /> <br /> <b>J.A. Rogers Works, Chronological past times Publication Date: </b><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>    From "Superman" to Man. Chicago: J. A. Rogers, 1917. —novel.</li> <li>    As Nature Leads: An Informal Discussion of the Reason Why Negro in addition to Caucasian are Mixing inward Spite of Opposition. Chicago: M. A. Donahue & Co, 1919. —novel.</li> <li>    The Approaching Storm in addition to Bow it May go Averted: An Open Letter to Congress Chicago: National Equal Rights League, Chicago Branch: 1920.</li> <li>    "Music in addition to Poetry — The Noblest Arts," Music in addition to Poetry, vol. 1, no. 1 (January 1921).</li> <li>    "The Thrilling Story of The Maroons," serialized inward The Negro World, March–April 1922.</li> <li>    "The West Indies: Their Political, Social, in addition to Economic Condition," serialized inward The Messenger (Volume 4, Number 9, September 1922).</li> <li>    Blood Money (Novel) serialized inward New York Amsterdam News, Apr 1923.</li> <li>    "The Ku Klux Klan Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Menace or Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Promise," serialized inward The Messenger (Volume 5, Number 3, March 1923).</li> <li>    "Jazz at Home" The Survey Graphic Harlem, vol. 6, no. half dozen (March 1925).</li> <li>    "What Are We, Negroes or Americans?" The Messenger, vol. 8, no. 8 (August 1926).</li> <li>    Book Review, Jazz, past times Paul Whiteman." Opportunity: The Journal of Negro Life (Volume 4, Number 48, Dec 1926).</li> <li>    "The Negro's Experience of Christianity in addition to Islam," Review of Nations, Geneva (January–March 1928)</li> <li>    "The American Occupation of Haiti: Its Moral in addition to Economic Benefit," past times Dantes Bellegarde. (Translator). Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life (Volume 8, Number 1, Jan 1930).</li> <li>    "The Negro inward Europe," The American Mercury (May 1930).</li> <li>    "The Negro inward European History," Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life (Volume 8, Number 6, June 1930).</li> <li>    World's Greatest Men of African Descent. New York: J. A. Rogers Publications, 1931.</li> <li>    "The Americans inward Ethiopia," nether the pseudonym Jerrold Robbins, inward American Mercury (May 1933).</li> <li>    "Enrique Diaz," inward Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life, vol. 11, no. half dozen (June 1933).</li> <li>    100 Amazing facts virtually the Negro with Complete Proof. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Short Cut to the World History of the Negro. New York: J. A. Rogers Publications, 1934.</li> <li>    World's Greatest Men in addition to Women of African Descent. New York: J. A. Rogers Publications, 1935.</li> <li>    "Italy Over Abyssinia," The Crisis, Volume 42, Number 2, Feb 1935.</li> <li>    The Real Facts About Ethiopia. New York: J.A Rogers, 1936.</li> <li>    "When I Was In Europe," Interracial Review: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 magazine for Christian Democracy, Oct 1938.</li> <li>    "Hitler in addition to the Negro," Interracial Review: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Journal for Christian Democracy, Apr 1940.</li> <li>    "The Suppression of Negro History," The Crisis, vol. 47, no. v (May 1940).</li> <li>    Your History: From the Beginning of Time to the Present. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Courier Publishing Co, 1940.</li> <li>    An Appeal From Pioneer Negroes of the World, Inc: An Open Letter to His Holiness Pope Pius XII. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1940.</li> <li>    Sex in addition to Race: Negro-Caucasian Mixing inward All Ages in addition to All Lands, Volume I: The Old World. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1941.</li> <li>    Sex in addition to Race: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 History of White, Negro, in addition to Indian Miscegenation inward the Two Americas, Volume II: The New World. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1942.</li> <li>    Sex in addition to Race, Volume III: Why White in addition to Black Mix inward Spite of Opposition. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1944.</li> <li>    World's Great Men of Color, Volume I: Asia in addition to Africa, in addition to Historical Figures Before Christ, Including Aesop, Hannibal, Cleopatra, Zenobia, Askia the Great, in addition to Many Others. New York : J. A. Rogers, 1946.</li> <li>    World's Great Men of Color, Volume II: Europe, South in addition to Central America, the West Indies, in addition to the United States, Including Alessandro de' Medici, Alexandre Dumas, Dom Pedro II, Marcus Garvey, in addition to Many Others (New York: J. A. Rogers, 1947).</li> <li>    "Jim Crow Hunt," The Crisis (November 1951).</li> <li>    Nature Knows No Color Line: Research into the Negro Ancestry inward the White Race. (New York: J. A. Rogers, 1952).</li> <li>    Facts About the Negro. (Drawings past times A. S. Milai) (booklet) (Pittsburgh: Lincoln Park Studios, 1960).</li> <li>    Africa's Gift to America: The Afro-American inward the Making in addition to Saving of the United States. With New Supplement Africa in addition to its Potentialities. (New York: J. A. Rogers, 1961).</li> <li>    She Walks inward Beauty. Los Angeles: Western Publishers, 1963. —novel</li> <li>    "Civil War Centennial: Myth in addition to Reality," Freedomways, vol. 3, no.1 (Winter 1963).</li> <li>    The Five Negro presidents: According to What White People Said They Were. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1965.</li> </ul> (<i>Publication Chronology courtesy of Wikipedia</i>) <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> </div>

J. A. Rogers: Author, Journalist As Well As Historical Illustrator

Photo of Joel Augustus Rogers aka J.A. Rogers (b. 9/6/1880 - d. 3/26/1966) Joel Augustus Rogers was born September 6, 1880 inward Negri...

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Elijah Muhammad

<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href=" " imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img alt="Elijah" border="0" early="" elijah="" important="" leader="" most="" muhammad="" of="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxB19JzrjkUNiFnKrEPCBUHSV5p5V4rmihzbwIZNYnrkT29M83zSXvW_t7LddThL5AA2YMBfD2uP0mMLY8NUt1aCn6WNjEmvgeZPqNYwxqK31sahKw62O_58dPKlu2GmXRv1eX10t8XQNq/s1600/Elijah-Muhammad.jpg" the="" title="Elijah" was="" width="470" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elijah Muhammad</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Elijah Muhammad was the most important early leader of <a href=" " target="_blank">the Nation of Islam</a>, leading the organization for over forty years. Muhammad taught that blacks were the original human race and that whites were evil beings who had conspired to oppress blacks out of jealousy.<br /> <br /> The division between the races was a distinction between <a href="http://amzn.to/2n5WvvB" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">good and evil</a>, and although whites might currently seem to hold the advantage, the day was soon coming when blacks would, with their superior intelligence and ingenuity, destroy their white oppressors.<br /> <br /> His mixture of religious zeal, black militantism, and use of conspiracy theories to offer compelling explanations for the plight of disadvantaged blacks played a key role in the growth of the Nation of Islam as an important social movement. He was also central to the development of later influential individuals such as <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Malcolm X</a> and <a href=" " target="_blank">Louis Farrakhan</a>.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" border="0"><tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1884855148/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=40cc2ec3652103579908b61069cfab94" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=1884855148&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img alt="Elijah" border="0" early="" elijah="" height="1" important="" leader="" most="" muhammad="" of="" src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=1884855148" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" the="" was="" width="1" /></span><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1884855164/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=d1a25ed5128a66ba9a38b37fe718b2ac" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=1884855164&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img alt="Elijah" border="0" early="" elijah="" height="1" important="" leader="" most="" muhammad="" of="" src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=1884855164" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" the="" was="" width="1" /></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Elijah Muhammad was born Elijah Poole in 1897. As he was the son of a sharecropper, Muhammad’s early life was dominated by <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1938248015/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=waterabout-20&camp=1789&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=1938248015&linkId=b5e8a16bfbb68a582229be610a0592ce" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">poverty</a>. In 1923, he moved to Detroit and began working at an automobile factory. In 1930 Muhammad came into contact with Wallace Fard.<br /> <br /> Fard claimed to be from the “East” (although his actual personal history is obscure and filled with conflicting accounts of his early life). Preaching a mixture of Islam and black separatism, Fard found a large number of converts among the African American community in Depression-era Detroit.<br /> <br /> Muhammad attended one of Fard’s meetings and became a convert to the Black Muslim movement. Muhammad soon became a trusted deputy of Fard, and it was from Fard that Muhammad received his Muslim name. When Fard suddenly disappeared from Detroit in 1934, Muhammad assumed leadership of the Black Muslim movement.<br /> <br /> He moved the headquarters of the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title=Elijah Muhammad>organization</a> to Chicago and made several spiritual and practical changes in the organization. Muhammad preached that Fard had been an incarnation of Allah, and claimed himself to be Allah’s messenger. He also freely mixed ideas of traditional Islam with those of black nationalism, particularly as outlined by Marcus Garvey.<br /> <br /> During World War II, Muhammad was sent to prison for avoiding the draft. He also openly expressed sympathies toward the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title=Elijah Muhammad>Japanese</a>, whom he felt were allies in the fight to end white power in the United States. After his release from prison in 1946, Muhammad continued to build the Nation of Islam’s reach and membership. Chief among his aides in this task was Malcolm X, who became second only to Muhammad himself in his influence in the movement.<br /> <br /> After returning from his trip to Mecca in 1964, however, Malcolm X broke from the Nation of Islam, asserting, among other things, that Muhammad had fathered several illegitimate children with young staff members of the Nation of Islam. <a href=" " target="_blank">The assassination of Malcolm X</a> in 1965 and the conviction of three Black Muslims for the crime cast a shadow of suspicion over Muhammad, along with his new chief aide, Louis Farrakhan.<br /> <br /> Throughout his life, Muhammad preached strict separation of the races and couched these beliefs in a cosmology that drew on imagery ranging from the Old Testament to science fiction. He taught that whites were a race who had been bred by an evil scientist 6,000 years ago. Whites were without the intellectual, physical, or budbahasa qualities that were seen in blacks.<br /> <br /> He often spoke in apocalyptic terms about a future battle in the sky in which the “Mother Plane,” a gigantic spaceship built and manned by blacks of superhuman intelligence, would effortlessly destroy the supposed power of the white man. After this battle, a <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01EIGOFHU/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=waterabout-20&camp=1789&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=B01EIGOFHU&linkId=c3654ffaf2331a7b8de2d5ff960b170f" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">new world</a> would be created according to Allah’s will in which blacks will hold dominion.<br /> <br /> Muhammad died in February 1975. His son became the new leader of the Nation of Islam, but he discarded the name as well as some of his father’s beliefs. After he formed the Muslim American Community, several members of the <a href="http://amzn.to/2npgind" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Black Muslim</a> movement left to follow Farrakhan’s reestablished Nation of Islam, a group devoted to reinvigorating the message of Muhammad.

Elijah Muhammad

Elijah Muhammad Elijah Muhammad was the most important early leader of the Nation of Islam , leading the organization for over forty ye...

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Black Soldiers Inwards American Wars: Chicago's Fighting Eighth Too The 370Th Regiment

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0fUzZWU9-bl5WcFxBXhdFMGeAwfhm727ly68jqewYV3Z7re7yWTmPpREjBNr6nUvUGPCq-NT7uxBQr60RDH6ShR_7ZYnf2Q9pC4RcBIfoQL_spFOS9nWHTR7r9jH-PInMbDc_-3BQCs4/s1600-h/Another+Group+of+officers+of+the+370th+%28Old+8th+Illinois%29+on+the+deck+of+the+La+France+before+landing..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" ct="true" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0fUzZWU9-bl5WcFxBXhdFMGeAwfhm727ly68jqewYV3Z7re7yWTmPpREjBNr6nUvUGPCq-NT7uxBQr60RDH6ShR_7ZYnf2Q9pC4RcBIfoQL_spFOS9nWHTR7r9jH-PInMbDc_-3BQCs4/s400/Another+Group+of+officers+of+the+370th+%28Old+8th+Illinois%29+on+the+deck+of+the+La+France+before+landing..jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Group of officers of the 370th (Old Fighting 8th) on the </b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>deck of the La France.</b> </span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Left to right: sec Lt. Lawson Price; </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">2nd Lt. L. W. Stearls; </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">2nd Lt. Ed. White; </span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2nd Lt. Eli F. E. Williams; </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">1st Lt. Oasola Browning; </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Capt. Louis B. Johnson; </span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1st Lt. Frank Bates; </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">1st Lt. Binga Desmond)</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The Eighth Regiment of the Illinois National Guard is said to accept started every bit the volunteer Hannibal Guard militia inwards the twelvemonth 1871. They afterward became a partition of the Illinois National Guard together with was organized during the Spanish-American War of 1898 every bit an all-Black volunteer regiment. Called the "Fighting 8th" infantry, the regiment served along the Mexican edge inwards 1916 together with inwards French Republic nether Colonel Franklin A. Denison during World War I, when the regiment was incorporated into the 370th U.S. Infantry.<br /> <br /> The Fighting Eighth gained particular recognition every bit the regiment that finally drove the High German forces from the Aisne-Marne percentage of French Republic prior to the Armistice inwards 1918. Under the leadership of Brigadier General Richard L. Jones, the 370th Infantry Regiment was awarded 71 War Crosses amongst particular citations for valor together with merit together with 21 Distinguished Service Crosses. General Jones was awarded the French Croix de Guerre for valor inwards battle.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8xOlUJcW1x2ty_rVjyO6TN6WirFDh8Q_XXWNdsPz1lawP47UgB7wDMfUj-nH4O9iQFccDvBGMdZQd60CUWo5k0PxALSMNzCqzBY-XKt297ywC8ENzM6fxlilgIbgoLeBmQeNqLMnHcBQ/s1600-h/chicago+welcomes+fighters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ct="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8xOlUJcW1x2ty_rVjyO6TN6WirFDh8Q_XXWNdsPz1lawP47UgB7wDMfUj-nH4O9iQFccDvBGMdZQd60CUWo5k0PxALSMNzCqzBY-XKt297ywC8ENzM6fxlilgIbgoLeBmQeNqLMnHcBQ/s1600/chicago+welcomes+fighters.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Chicago return of the 370th Regiment (Old eighth l1linois) </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">passing inwards parade at 13th St. together with Michigan Ave.</span></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUu3Oo3ZF_2Tkjc7NXUz7igMi7XJs38jZMAlR7RQQkQljf1ukoGL5Ggkch2w6r5FOoXMIhgBSqUPay8s3psSN0IztVZpbWPWZQ6DOTizFw1W413syHGPuwlGX7hSdXR0faM2obmNTyUrk/s1600-h/welcoming+home+a+fighting+eight.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ct="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUu3Oo3ZF_2Tkjc7NXUz7igMi7XJs38jZMAlR7RQQkQljf1ukoGL5Ggkch2w6r5FOoXMIhgBSqUPay8s3psSN0IztVZpbWPWZQ6DOTizFw1W413syHGPuwlGX7hSdXR0faM2obmNTyUrk/s1600/welcoming+home+a+fighting+eight.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> Some of the Chicago girls welcoming domicile ane of the </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> military machine men of the 370th (Old eighth Illinois National Guard)</div> <br /> <b><span style="font-size: large;">THE EIGHTH REGIMENT ARMORY</span></b><br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7YloCKmsv6w_gxii8FXiJI109vCeXgpE9dU3YQhXj7AT8zgrGusUccbmHM2eY4454k9Eq5-ds5aWr5wkeyXQANXW1VeM0Ka0wi-2uxw30hW3vfw1QjFEvtPOxNZShvLpeBVCufDjY8IQ/s1600-h/Eighth_Regiment_Armory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ct="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7YloCKmsv6w_gxii8FXiJI109vCeXgpE9dU3YQhXj7AT8zgrGusUccbmHM2eY4454k9Eq5-ds5aWr5wkeyXQANXW1VeM0Ka0wi-2uxw30hW3vfw1QjFEvtPOxNZShvLpeBVCufDjY8IQ/s1600/Eighth_Regiment_Armory.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Exterior thought of the Eighth Regiment infantry armory </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Source: <i>Chicago Daily News</i>, 1915)</span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The Eighth Regiment Armory was originally headquartered inwards what has been described inwards the literature every bit a "stable" at the corner of 35th Street together with Forest Avenue inwards Chicago. This facility was inadequate for military machine purposes together with a novel armory edifice was completed inwards 1915 after petitions were circulated inwards the Illinois legislature for a novel armory. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> This was the showtime armory built for an African-American military machine regiment inwards the U.S.  It was intended for both military machine and community use. It became the site of numerous neighborhood meetings together with social functions inside the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District inwards the Douglas community expanse of Chicago. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 notable effect at the armory includes a <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=marcus-garvey" target="_blank">Marcus Garvey</a>, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The avenue where the armory presides was named inwards observe of Lt. George R. Giles, the regiment's highest ranking officeholder to move killed inwards the trace of piece of employment of duty. The armory shut inwards the early on 1960s together with re-emerged every bit the South Central Gymnasium. After an extensive renovation it was reopened inwards 1999 every bit a Chicago world high school. The edifice is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located at 3533 S. Giles Avenue inwards Chicago, Illinois.</div> <br /> <b><span style="font-size: large;">VICTORY MONUMENT IN CHICAGO</span></b><br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3aTAvXm68-Cr_tZhPGpTMqEcHZQdTk94mm_oFiRGwQEE-8SZufL2oDtp-JtXRZLd4M7xtudeyu7JlAI-CQpaaT67o8KHZH7AgZMy8R-5p3sZmUYgDDR8DpH3KQwcKBDESG5RuOb7CMRk/s1600-h/Victory+Monument.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ct="true" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3aTAvXm68-Cr_tZhPGpTMqEcHZQdTk94mm_oFiRGwQEE-8SZufL2oDtp-JtXRZLd4M7xtudeyu7JlAI-CQpaaT67o8KHZH7AgZMy8R-5p3sZmUYgDDR8DpH3KQwcKBDESG5RuOb7CMRk/s640/Victory+Monument.jpg" width="480" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">The Victory Monument inwards Honor of the Fighting Eighth</span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The Victory Monument was erected inwards 1927 to observe the Black nation of war soldiers of the Eighth Regiment. The pattern of the monument was developed past times French-born sculptor Leonard Crunelle, a onetime student of noted Chicago sculptor Lorado Taft. The sculpture has 3 panels. One panel depicts a Black soldier, about other a Black woman, together with the in conclusion panel depicts the patriotic figure of "Columbia" belongings a tablet where the locations of the regiments major battles are recorded.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The monument was dedicated on Armistice Day, Nov 11, 1928, inwards an elaborate public ceremony. In 1936, the sculpture of a Black soldier was added to the top of the master copy three-panel monument. The Victory Monument is located at the intersection of 35th Street together with Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive inwards Chicago.<br /> <br /></div> <br /> <div align="center"> </div> <div align="center"> <object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/rZRDRg5F0kY&hl=en_US&fs=1&"> </param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"> </param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"> </param> <embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/rZRDRg5F0kY&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <i><br /> </i></div> </div>

Black Soldiers Inwards American Wars: Chicago's Fighting Eighth Too The 370Th Regiment

Group of officers of the 370th (Old Fighting 8th) on the  deck of the La France.   (Left to right: sec Lt. Lawson Price;  2nd Lt. L....

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From Malcolm Niggling To Malcolm 10 To El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeuoSEyjSnyW4CAshCKjBsRqy29tmz0xyPFzCSaFdBJXupuEvfrQ5Ggk0wDrkTHsuRFu-bFZe6RNWqiAYRihY1fmiuJgAYQav5aRDVYQSjB1CerLayeCrkQlx3nzqYHATGn8M7LjVL5gI/s1600/Photo+of+Malcolm+X+in+March+1964+Public+Domain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeuoSEyjSnyW4CAshCKjBsRqy29tmz0xyPFzCSaFdBJXupuEvfrQ5Ggk0wDrkTHsuRFu-bFZe6RNWqiAYRihY1fmiuJgAYQav5aRDVYQSjB1CerLayeCrkQlx3nzqYHATGn8M7LjVL5gI/s1600/Photo+of+Malcolm+X+in+March+1964+Public+Domain.jpg" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Malcolm X inward 1964.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <span style="font-size: large;">The nifty Black leader, debater together with speaker, usually known every bit Malcolm X (English: ˈmælkəm ˈɛks) was born May 19, 1925 every bit Malcolm Little together with died Feb 21, 1965 every bit El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Arabic: الحاجّ مالك الشباز‎).  His woman parent was Louise Little (maiden nurture Louise Langdon Norton), born inward the Caribbean Area island of Grenada, British West Indies, at the Grenadines' southern tip. His virile someone parent was born inward Reynolds, Georgia (Taylor County) and became a Baptist minister and <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/502.html">Garveyism</a> organizer under the leadership of the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey.</span><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Who Taught You to Hate Yourself?" a May 5, 1962 speech</b></div> </div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">by Malcolm X inward Los Angeles, California</b></div> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <object height="315" width="420"><param name="movie" value="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/gRSgUTWffMQ?version=3&hl=en_US"> </param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"> </param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"> </param> <embed src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/gRSgUTWffMQ?version=3&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="420" height="315" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div> </div>

From Malcolm Niggling To Malcolm 10 To El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz

Malcolm X inward 1964. The nifty Black leader, debater together with speaker, usually known every bit Malcolm X (English: ˈmælkəm ˈɛ...

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Nation of Islam

<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href=" " imageanchor="1" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img alt="Mixing" belief="" black="" border="0" elements="" islam="" islamic="" nation="" nationalism="" of="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnzAYQU269m35o0NOpc7zxQDWwfM666hc3EJyqgFTETpbcGUSucNW5J81B_0ukw66uLHY6YzG61pZsfVgL3qokpC35teoFyVDxTKJVN9JLJSyYqZ1R4N9PPEsn6fEW-8RidGPdtXRccPu1/s1600/nation-islam.jpg" title="Nation" traditional="" width="450" with="" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nation of Islam</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Mixing elements of traditional Islamic belief with black nationalism, the Nation of Islam has played an important and often controversial role in racial politics in the United States since its founding in 1930.<br /> <br /> A number of important African American leaders have emerged from its ranks, including <a href=" " target="_blank">Elijah Muhammad</a>, <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Malcolm X</a>, and <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Louis Farrakhan</a>. A central tenet of the Nation of Islam is that most of the social and economic problems faced by blacks are the result of a long-term conspiracy among whites to disempower them.<br /> <br /> Several members of the Nation of Islam have singled out Jews as playing a particularly important role in this white conspiracy. While praised for its focus on self-sufficiency and pride among African Americans, the Nation of Islam has been criticized for its calls for racial separation as well as its often racist and antisemitic teachings.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" border="0"><tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1884855881/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=10488a5e874a24bf2ec949c07718f055" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=1884855881&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img alt="Mixing" belief="" black="" border="0" elements="" height="1" islam="" islamic="" nation="" nationalism="" of="" src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=1884855881" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" traditional="" width="1" with="" /></span><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0807857718/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=0d08584ffdfed114adc45181218ad817" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0807857718&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img alt="Mixing" belief="" black="" border="0" elements="" height="1" islam="" islamic="" nation="" nationalism="" of="" src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=0807857718" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" traditional="" width="1" with="" /></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Two groups that preceded the Nation of Islam and laid much of its religious and political groundwork were the <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1448657032/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=inamerican-20&camp=1789&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=1448657032&linkId=4031d69b2d6f4c87e35b3383d8f6211c" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Moorish Science Temple</a> and the <a href="http://amzn.to/2n1P45V" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Universal Negro Improvement Association</a>. The Moorish Science Temple was founded in 1913 by Drew Ali (born Timothy Drew).<br /> <br /> Drew believed that Islam was the original religion of the Africans who were brought to the United States as slaves, and he preached that a return to Islam was a necessary step for true freedom for <a href=" " target="_blank">African Americans</a>. The Universal Negro Improvement Association was founded by Marcus Garvey, who advocated black separatism and self-sufficiency.<br /> <br /> The Nation of Islam itself is usually said to have begun in 1930 when Wali Farad Muhammad (born Wallace Fard) founded the Lost-Found Nation of Islam in Detroit, Michigan. Farad claimed to be an orthodox Muslim born in <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0000BWVNA/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=inamerican-20&camp=1789&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=B0000BWVNA&linkId=eba68f7dae4a2c302f959caf460887b5" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mecca</a>, but the facts of his early life are obscure and still debated. Fard preached a mixture of Islam, black separatism, and his own beliefs.<br /> <br /> At the core of his philosophy was the assertion that blacks needed to free themselves from the tyranny of white oppression by rejecting Christianity in favor of Islam (or, more specifically, Fard’s version of Islam). Only then would blacks regain their rightful place as the most advanced people on earth.<br /> <br /> He also preached that black people were the original race of human beings and had lived on earth for 66 trillion years. White people were the result of an experiment done 6,000 years ago by an evil scientist named Yakub, and lacked the physical, spiritual, and intellectual abilities of blacks.<br /> <br /> After Farad suddenly disappeared from Detroit in 1934, leadership of the group he founded was passed to his trusted associate, <a href=" " target="_blank">Elijah Muhammad</a>. It was Muhammad who built the Nation of Islam from a small circle of believers to a national, and even international, force. Muhammad founded a temple in Chicago, and after <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World War II</a>, membership climbed steadily.<br /> <br /> Like Farad before him, Muhammad preached that white people were “blue-eyed devils” who had systematically oppressed blacks. He augmented Farad’s teachings with an increased focus on practical means to improve the lot of African Americans and allow them to be self-sufficient. Under Muhammad’s leadership, the Nation of Islam owned several businesses and had significant real estate holdings.<br /> <br /> In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the public image of the Nation of Islam grew through the work of charismatic members, most notably <a href=" " target="_blank">Malcolm X</a>. In 1964, however, Malcolm X broke away from the Nation of Islam and its teachings of strict racial separation.<br /> <br /> The break was caused by his pilgrimage to Mecca, where he came into contact with Muslims of many different ethnicities, and his discovery that Elijah Muhammad had fathered several illegitimate children with women staff members of the Nation of Islam.<br /> <br /> In 1965, <a href=" " target="_blank">Louis Farrakhan</a> replaced Malcolm X as minister of the Nation of Islam temple in Harlem. Farrakhan also publicly denounced Malcolm X, saying he was “worthy of death.” Later that same year, Malcolm X was assassinated.<br /> <br /> Three members of the Nation of Islam were convicted of the murder, and it was widely assumed that the assassination was approved of by the leadership of the Nation of Islam. Rumors about Farrakhan’s possible knowledge of or involvement in the killing persisted for decades.<br /> <br /> In 1975, Elijah Muhammad died, and leadership of the Nation of Islam passed to his son, Warith Muhammad. The younger Muhammad moved the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title=Nation of Islam>organization</a> away from many of his father’s teachings, particularly his more strident views on race, and toward a more traditional version of Sunni Islam.<br /> <br /> He also changed the name of the organization to the World Community of Al-Islam in the West. Dissatisfied with the new direction of the movement, Farrakhan reconstituted the Nation of Islam under its original name, returning focus to the teachings of Elijah Muhammad.<br /> <br /> Under Farrakhan’s leadership, the Nation of Islam has been both reviled and praised. The publication by the Nation of Islam of The Secret Relationship between Blacks and Jews: Volume One, in 1991, caused a great deal of controversy for its allegations that Jews had been at the center of the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">slave trade</a> from its beginnings through the nineteenth century.<br /> <br /> Coupled with antisemitic remarks made by Farrakhan and a number of other highranking Nation members, the book renewed charges that the Nation of Islam is an inherently racist organization devoted to divisiveness and conspiracy-mongering. Farrakhan’s organization of the <a href="http://amzn.to/2nar1AW" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Million Man March</a> in 1995, however, brought praise from many for its positive message to African American men.

Nation of Islam

Nation of Islam Mixing elements of traditional Islamic belief with black nationalism, the Nation of Islam has played an important and o...

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African Americans

<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href=" " imageanchor="1" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img african="" alt="and" american="" americans="" an="" beginnings="" border="0" culture="" from="" have="" important="" in="" its="" played="" role="" rumor="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXtU78lzaqhj8GzplZg4JDWjYiw-j1PTdTBCnsd7jWxT1mrGulNrEa02-K09SwQq8nuxQfJTNfnhBXcp9Lk1q-yQGEixRnKik-8JR7Eqs-dOPx-9_nhdoILwnGT3tl5MS4s9FHm_ZkPqdI/s1600/African-Americans.jpg" title="African" width="470" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">African Americans</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Conspiracy theory, urban legend, and rumor have played an important role in African American culture from its beginnings. Recent decades have seen a spate of conspiracy theories emerge from the African American community concerning everything from the origin of AIDS to supposedly racist clothes designers and restaurant owners.<br /> <br /> Whatever the possible validity of these stories, these conspiracy theories have served as a way of voicing frustration and suspicion in an increasingly <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">complex</a> social world, one in which racism may not be condoned by the government, but is still acutely felt by many in the black community. But such stories are not products solely of their time; they emerge out of a tradition that began with the first contact between Africans and Europeans.<br /> <br /> As folklorist Patricia Turner notes in her book I Heard It through the Grapevine, a study of the role of rumor and legend in the African American community, the telling of conspiracy-minded stories has been a central way for blacks (and whites) to understand their circumstances.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" border="0"><tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00FNPQW2W/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=ed0a532aded67330f99496e59fd45607" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B00FNPQW2W&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img african="" alt="and" american="" americans="" an="" beginnings="" border="0" culture="" from="" have="" height="1" important="" in="" its="" played="" role="" rumor="" src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=B00FNPQW2W" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /></span><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Let-Nobody-Turn-Around-Anthology/dp/0742560570/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&dpID=51Fvx2kMbZL&dpSrc=sims&preST=_AC_UL320_SR214%2C320_&refRID=3HHRD0CWYM1RAXF0CGR0&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=1652e52748a3383325eb8b25796b75fd" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0742560570&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img african="" alt="and" american="" americans="" an="" beginnings="" border="0" culture="" from="" have="" height="1" important="" in="" its="" played="" role="" rumor="" src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=0742560570" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" /></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> At the outset of the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">slave trade</a>, for example, Africans who were taken aboard slave ships had difficulty comprehending both their immediate situation and their captors’ intentions. The one explanation they found plausible was that these strange-looking white men were cannibals searching for food. Likewise, the Europeans presumed that all Africans must be cannibals, given their seemingly primitive nature.<br /> <br /> From this basis was born a long line of anecdotes, rumors, and beliefs (many of them well founded) among African Americans about the animosity that at least some whites bore toward them, and their powerlessness in the social, economic, and political systems in which they found themselves.<br /> <br /> In particular, a theme that emerges from the earliest rumors about European cannibalism and continues in recent years through the conspiracy theories about the spread of crack cocaine is the understanding that the black (usually male) body is a site of contention between blacks and whites.<br /> <br /> <b>Historical Context for Conspiracy Theories</b><br /> <br /> The events of U.S. history have provided a context in which such beliefs make sense: the institution of chattel slavery itself, in which the black body was the property of a white owner and could be worked and physically punished until it gave out; lynchings that became nearly common events in the South in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (often sparked by a suspicion that a black male had had, or intended to have, sexual relations with a white woman); the stories emerging from <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World War II</a> of black soldiers being given particularly dangerous assignments more regularly than their white counterparts.<br /> <br /> The Tuskegee experiments in which black males were intentionally infected with syphilis; the willingness of law enforcement officers in the South not only to deny rights to blacks, but also to attack demonstrators with fire hoses and dogs during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s; the disproportionate number of poor blacks sent to fight in Vietnam; and the ongoing incidents of police violence against blacks, particularly in the inner cities.<br /> <br /> In these cases, it isn’t simply that blacks are the victims of racism, but that this racism fuels institutionalized physical attacks against individual African Americans, attacks that often end in death. <a href=" " target="_blank">The assassinations of Malcolm X</a> and <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Martin Luther King, Jr</a>., in the 1960s, as well as the Rodney King beating in 1991, have served as representative examples of the violence that may befall blacks who seem to defy or challenge the system.<br /> <br /> <b>A Century of Conspiracies</b><br /> <br /> The <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">U.S. Civil War</a> and the end of chattel slavery brought increased interaction among African Americans and whites, and with it an increasing number of conspiracy theories among both groups. In fact, one of the most persistent conspiracy theories to circulate in the African American community emerged at the time of emancipation.<br /> <br /> The threat of possible black ownership of southern land was used by the Confederacy to rally support for its cause among whites. Belief in this possibility spread so widely that by the time the war ended, many former slaves themselves were convinced that the federal government would supply them with a parcel of land.<br /> <br /> The promise of “40 acres and a mule” to each freed slave was never actually made, but the belief that the government both made and broke this promise became so entrenched in African American culture that it continues to be cited as evidence of the systematic betrayal of African Americans by the U.S. government.<br /> <br /> With the abolition of slavery came greater mobility and opportunities for African Americans. Yet, much of the underlying racism and animosity that had allowed slavery to exist in the first place remained. African Americans often found themselves in communities that did not welcome them. Inevitably, racial tensions arose from the fear, suspicion, and animosity felt by both blacks and whites in the postslavery United States.<br /> <br /> The migration of many southern blacks during the late 1800s and early 1900s to the large urban areas of the North seems to have sparked a number of incidents in which conspiracy theory and racially motivated violence fueled each other. The riots of East St. Louis, Missouri (1917), and Chicago, Illinois (1919), were both precipitated in part by rumors of racial violence.<br /> <br /> In St. Louis, a meeting of white laborers concerned about losing their jobs to African Americans led to violence when rumors circulated that a black man had recently killed or assaulted whites (the rumors ranged from an accidental shooting of a white man to the murder of two white girls).<br /> <br /> A month of sporadic violence followed, with both blacks and whites believing that the other group was planning a wholesale massacre. When the violence erupted into a full-scale race riot, a large number of blacks were killed and mutilated by white mobs.<br /> <br /> The exact number of fatalities was itself the subject of conspiracy theories: many blacks felt that the official death toll was kept low to minimize the savagery of white violence, while some whites felt blacks were trying to inflate the list of fatalities by claiming that people who had fled the city had been killed and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Similar rumors of violence sparked a race riot in Chicago in 1919. After weeks of growing racial tension and suspicion, violence erupted when a black boy drowned at a segregated beach when he accidentally drifted into the white swimming area.<br /> <br /> Some white bathers threw stones to drive him away, and although there was no evidence that any of these hit the boy, the rumor circulated among African Americans at the scene that the boy had been killed by rock-throwing whites while the police looked on. Several days of violence followed.<br /> <br /> Race riots also emerged in Detroit, Michigan, in 1943, as well as Harlem, New York, in 1935 and 1943. Again, rumors of assault, rape, or murder of a member of one group by individuals of the other race served as the spark for the violence. And again, the rumors were found to be either baseless, or at least exaggerated.<br /> <br /> These cases of rumors precipitating violence suggest that conspiracy theories have provided a way of giving shape and specificity to free-floating racial anxieties within local communities. However, these rumors also contributed to conspiracy theory becoming a larger theme in African American political discourse.<br /> <br /> As Turner points out in her work, even blacks who did not have any specific knowledge of the riots in St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit, Harlem, or other similar events still were familiar with the themes expressed in the rumors that emerged from them: that the lives and bodies of blacks were not valued by whites and that violence by whites against blacks was seen as acceptable by society.<br /> <br /> From early in the twentieth century, various African American leaders and groups have used conspiracy theories to explain the larger subjection of blacks in U.S. society. Marcus Garvey, <a href=" " target="_blank">Elijah Muhammad</a>, Malcolm X, and <a href=" " target="_blank">Louis Farrakhan</a>, among many others, have suggested that the social, political, and economic struggles facing blacks were the result of concerted efforts by the white majority to keep them from their rightful place in society. Such theories became accepted tenets of more militant groups such as the <a href=" " target="_blank">Nation of Islam</a> and the Black Panther Party.<br /> <br /> In the 1980s and 1990s, a series of conspiracy theories emerged from the African American community that suggested specific ways in which the racism of U.S. society at large was still affecting blacks.<br /> <br /> One genre of theory involved supposed ties between companies that catered to the black community and racist organizations, particularly the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ku Klux Klan</a>. One conspiracy theory suggested that the Troop Sport clothing company, a manufacturer of sportswear that was popular in urban areas, was owned and run by the KKK.<br /> <br /> Versions of this theory suggested that tags or messages hidden on or in the clothing contained racist threats and slurs. The shoe manufacturer Reebok was also alleged to have racist ties. It was suggested that the producer of popular athletic shoes was owned or financially tied to the white government of South Africa and supporters of apartheid.<br /> <br /> A related theory emerged in 1991, claiming that Liz Claiborne, the founder of the clothing company of the same name, had appeared on Oprah Winfrey’s talk show and made racist comments. She was alleged to have suggested that she did not make clothes for black women because they could not wear the same sizes as white women and that she simply did not like the idea of making clothes for blacks.<br /> <br /> Although Liz Claiborne had never appeared on Winfrey’s show (and was no longer associated with the clothing company at the time of the rumor’s appearance), the allegations were repeated as fact by many, including film director Spike Lee, who called for a boycott of Liz Claiborne clothing by African American women. A nearly identical theory surfaced a few years later, replacing Liz Claiborne with Tommy Hilfiger.<br /> <br /> A second genre of conspiracy theory also suggested links between businesses catering to the black community and racists, but added the assertion that these companies were not simply exploiting African Americans economically but also were causing them physical harm.<br /> <br /> These included the longstanding urban legend that Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants served rat meat to some customers. In this case, the allegation was that “Kentucky Fried Rat” was intentionally served to black customers.<br /> <br /> Another fried chicken restaurant chain, Church’s Fried Chicken, also became the subject of a conspiracy theory. It was suggested that the company (whose franchises were located primarily in urban areas and had a sizable black customer base) was owned by racist whites who added an ingredient to the chicken that would cause black men to become sterile.<br /> <br /> A parallel theory held that the makers of Tropical Fantasy, a low-cost soft drink marketed principally in largely black urban areas, was owned by the KKK and added an ingredient to its product that would sterilize or cause impotence in black men. Yet another rumor suggested that Kool cigarettes contained an additive that caused sterility in black men.<br /> <br /> Although no evidence emerged to confirm these rumors, they remained popular beliefs among many African Americans. Many cited the Tuskegee experiments on black men as evidence that attacks on African American males, particularly in ways that directly affected their reproductive capacity, were a way in which whites attempted to limit or destroy the African American population.<br /> <b><br /> </b> <b>The Government as Enemy</b><br /> <br /> While the conspiracy theories involving private companies suggested ties between them and overtly racist organizations such as the KKK, other theories asserted that the U.S. government itself had genocidal ambitions against blacks. Such theories hark back to the time of institutionalized slavery when the government allowed African Americans to be bought and sold, as well as the “broken promise” of 40 acres and a mule.<br /> <br /> Contemporary visions of the government as the enemy of African Americans include the theory that the murders of several African American boys and young men in Atlanta from 1979 to 1981 were not the work of Wayne Williams, the black man accused and eventually convicted of the murders.<br /> <br /> These crimes were believed to have been part of a conspiracy planned by the Center for Disease Control, the <a href=" " target="_blank">FBI</a>, and/or the <a href=" " target="_blank">CIA</a> to collect interferon from the genitalia of black males for use in medical experiments (a theory that was deemed plausible by comedian/activist Dick Gregory and writer James Baldwin).<br /> <br /> Other government-centered conspiracy legends include the allegations that poor black women who visit healthcare centers are routinely sterilized or given long-term birth-control implants without their knowledge, as a means of controlling the black population.<br /> <br /> A more popular belief is that the AIDS virus is part of a government plan to target the inner cities with a deadly disease to limit their populations. The most widely circulated of such theories is the charge that drugs (crack cocaine in particular) were purposely introduced to inner-city communities by government agencies as a means to destroy the black community.<br /> <br /> Variations of each of these conspiracy theories suggest a wide range of government culpability. Those suggesting a weak link between the federal government and conspiracies against African Americans suggest that the government, while not actually creating the duduk perkara (e.g., introducing the HIV virus or crack cocaine into the black community as biological weapons), has willingly allowed these crises to run their course without attempting to solve the problem. As long as these phenomena are primarily affecting black Americans, the reasoning goes, the government is content to practice a type of malevolent neglect.<br /> <br /> Versions of these theories that suggest the strongest possible connection between the government and attacks against African Americans hold that not only are such acts a willful attempt at genocide, but that government agencies are actually demonic forces of supernatural evil.<br /> <br /> One such theory alleged that a numerological analysis of the name “Ronald Wilson Reagan” proves that the president was an agent of the Antichrist. Since each of his three names contains six letters (i.e., “666”), the president was linked to the mark of the beast as described in the Book of Revelation.<br /> <br /> Another genre of conspiracy theory involving oppression of African Americans by the government suggests that the government often attacks the black community indirectly through discrediting highprofile leaders or groups.<br /> <br /> Again, such theories have historical precedents. It is now known that the FBI routinely carried out surveillance on civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King, Jr., and actively attempted to destabilize the Black Panthers.<br /> <br /> Such historical realities lend credence to suggestions that highly visible African Americans are subjected to disinformation campaigns conducted by largely white government agencies. When Washington, D.C., mayor Marion Barry was arrested in a drugrelated sting operation, it was suggested that he had been “set up” by whites who wanted to embarrass and harass influential African Americans.<br /> <br /> <b>Similar allegations surrounded the conviction of boxer Mike Tyson for rape.</b><br /> <br /> During the riots in Los Angeles that followed the acquittal of the police officers charged with the beating of Rodney King, a widely circulated rumor suggested that the Los Angeles police were allowing the riots to continue in order to make the black community look bad.<br /> <br /> Perhaps the best-known example of this genre of conspiracy theory is that of the arrest and trial of O. J. Simpson for the murder of his exwife. Polls showed that many blacks believed the former football star had been framed by racist members of the Los Angeles Police Department.<br /> <br /> A recurring theme in African American conspiracy theories is the physicality of the attacks they describe. The black body itself is portrayed as the site of struggle. The attack may involve the clothes that cover the body (e.g., the Troop Sport, Reebok, and Liz Claiborne theories), or may attack the body itself (e.g., the Church’s Fried Chicken and Tropical Fantasy theories).<br /> <br /> The physical attacks range from indirect attempts at limiting the black population (as with the theories involving sterilization) to overt murder and genocide (as in the explanation for the Atlanta child murders and some versions of the AIDS-as-biological-weapon theory).<br /> <br /> The theories involving crack cocaine and other drugs in some ways combine these various motifs. The drug trade economically exploits poor blacks. It also leads to their death in many cases (through overdoses, drug-related crime, etc.). Finally, it provides an excuse for institutional control of the black body, such as the incarceration of large numbers of African Americans (mostly young males) and mandatory drug tests for inner-city mothers as a prerequisite for prenatal care.<br /> <br /> <b>The Popularity and Ramifications of Conspiracy Theory</b><br /> <br /> Surveys suggest that conspiracy theories of one sort or another are taken seriously by a significant percentage of the African American population. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference conducted a survey in 1991 in which 35 percent of the respondents believed that AIDS was a form of genocide, and another 30 percent said they were not sure.<br /> <br /> A poll done by the New York Times and WCBS-TV found that 77 percent of the black respondents felt that there was at least some truth to the allegation that the government targeted black elected officials for investigations as a way to discredit them. The same poll showed that 70 percent of black respondents believed the government intentionally allowed drugs into urban, largely black neighborhoods as a way of harming those who lived there.<br /> <br /> The ramifications of this popularity of conspiracy theories among many African Americans are a point of debate among those who have studied the phenomenon. For some, the distortions and untruths they see at the heart of many such theories are stumbling blocks to true social and political progress.<br /> <br /> Conspiracy theories undermine the sense of empowerment and responsibility necessary to solve the actual problems. Occasionally, such as in the case of AIDS, the suspicion and misinformation communicated in conspiracy theories can have disastrous effects on both individuals and the larger community.<br /> <br /> Others argue that conspiracy theory is a cultural practice that has played an important role in the continuing struggle of African Americans to understand their place in a society that is often hostile. Racism, particularly in its institutionalized forms, has been a conspiracy of sorts that has targeted people of African descent in America from the earliest days of colonial settlement.<br /> <br /> Specific conspiracy theories may or may not be supported by the evidence, but even those that are demonstrably false are mistaken only in their particulars. They accurately describe the situation many blacks find themselves in and provide valuable social knowledge by making explicit (even if in a metaphorical manner) the very real forces of racism that must be recognized and overcome in order to succeed in society.

African Americans

African Americans Conspiracy theory, urban legend, and rumor have played an important role in African American culture from its beginni...

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Kwame Nkrumah: The Showtime President Of The Independent Nation Of Ghana

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2RG1IUenq8jBepH4sSptZ-iYgHfOL2BkffbgbLimKs2tvLJ928VIjPHTTRICxmuSNdHZBfmUZAB8Q75LnFF5Lyq1m8XZXY2CLov6auzh9I88hG_GezJIdq4L9SmPuONkGDo6noIxrBg4/s1600/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2RG1IUenq8jBepH4sSptZ-iYgHfOL2BkffbgbLimKs2tvLJ928VIjPHTTRICxmuSNdHZBfmUZAB8Q75LnFF5Lyq1m8XZXY2CLov6auzh9I88hG_GezJIdq4L9SmPuONkGDo6noIxrBg4/s200/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah (born: September 21, 1909 - died: Apr 27, 1972).</span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">First President of Republic of Ghana in addition to a founding fellow member of the Organization of African Unity.</span></b></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> Kwame Nkrumah was born September 21, 1909 at Nkroful, Gold Coast (now Ghana). He was originally named subsequently Francis Nwia-Kofi, an honored family personality. Son of goldsmith Kofi Ngonloma of the Asona Clan in addition to Elizabeth Nyanibah of the Anona Clan, Nkrumah showed an early on thirst for education. In 1930, Nkrumah completed studies at the acclaimed Prince of Wales’ Achimota School inwards Accra. doc Kwegyir Aggrey, Assistant Vice Principal in addition to the commencement African staff fellow member at the college, became his mentor.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> <b>Kwame Nkrumah U.S. Studies</b><br /> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1935, Nkrumah undertook advance studies in the United States at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. In 1939,  he earned an BA in Economics in addition to Sociology. By 1942, he earned an BA in Theology. By 1943, Nkrumah had earned an M.Sc. (Education), an MA (Philosophy), in addition to completed course of written report operate for a Ph. D. bird at the University of Pennsylvania. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> During his U.S. undergraduate studies, Nkrumah also pledged the predominately African-American Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, an academic honour society. He is said to accept introduced African traditional steps to the fraternity's stepping tradition, including <a href="http://students.washington.edu/pbskl/step.htm">cane stepping</a>.  </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> <b>Kwame Nkrumah Organizes Pan-Africans inwards Europe</b><br /> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Arriving inwards London inwards May of 1945, Nkrumah organized the fifth Pan-African Congress inwards Manchester, England in addition to began networking through organizations similar the West African Students' Union, where he served every bit vice-president. This same twelvemonth he officially changed his cite from Francis Nwia-Kofi to Kwame Nkrumah.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRdJjevNEzUFUwirKS-zLMf_GRkQwejuDB8dlz_iU4vJ43d2CswfwVXJcfUYmyg5sJz0UmVuioKuirO6-_56yaZba78idtC_PP7SttOpCIaTc6_stFZOVo6LDJ5tWbOLUrxKDDfeRiEJw/s1600/GHANA.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRdJjevNEzUFUwirKS-zLMf_GRkQwejuDB8dlz_iU4vJ43d2CswfwVXJcfUYmyg5sJz0UmVuioKuirO6-_56yaZba78idtC_PP7SttOpCIaTc6_stFZOVo6LDJ5tWbOLUrxKDDfeRiEJw/s320/GHANA.gif" width="400" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Image of the West African patch of Ghana</b></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By Dec 1947, Nkrumah had returned to his homeland every bit a teacher, scholar, in addition to political activist. He became General Secretary of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), which explored strategies for gaining independence from colonial England. Under Nkrumah's leadership, the UGCC attracted local political support from farmers in addition to women. Women did non have the correct to vote in many traditional patriarchial societies in addition to farmers who were non land-owners also did non accept the suffrage. In 1948, Accra, Kumasi, in addition to other areas of the Gold Coast were experiencing full general social unrest, which the British colonial regime accredited to the UGCC. By 1949, Nkrumah had galvanized broad back upwards in addition to reorganized his efforts under the Convention People's Party (CPP). </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Kwame Nkrumah advocated for constitutional changes. This included self-government, universal franchise without holding qualifications, in addition to a split upwards solid of chiefs. Jailed past times the colonial direction inwards 1950 for his political activism, the CPP's 1951 election sweep was followed past times Nkrumah's release. <span class="st"><br /></span></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidsXDACRuB0qf-ZGxe9u52VTKaAqOfQ4p-gtwYH4sECHMC4zDIhDbcShPByBAzRT8QAbPwIIaKB32gyi27MZaw21Rg1xPRD8EiysSc2HtlWq6rbtyWUxrjbHpY60a5KRVi4nj-kVICttM/s1600/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+and+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King,+Jr..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="341" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidsXDACRuB0qf-ZGxe9u52VTKaAqOfQ4p-gtwYH4sECHMC4zDIhDbcShPByBAzRT8QAbPwIIaKB32gyi27MZaw21Rg1xPRD8EiysSc2HtlWq6rbtyWUxrjbHpY60a5KRVi4nj-kVICttM/s320/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+and+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King,+Jr..jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Kwame Nkrumah in addition to doc Martin Luther King, Jr.</span></b></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> H5N1 devout Pan-Africanist, Nkrumah supported African federation nether the auspices of the U.S.A. of African. He also had meaningful dialogue with African intellectuals from the diaspora, including W.E.B. DuBois, Martin Luther King, Jr., in addition to <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=marcus-garvey">Marcus Mosiah Garvey</a>. He also corresponded alongside Trinidadian C.L.R. James, whom he credited alongside teaching him how an "underground receive worked." Nkrumah played a pivotal work inwards developing the Organization of African Unity (OAU) inwards 1963, the same twelvemonth he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.<br /> <a name='more'></a><br /> <br /> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimtMwxwM4N9TBEIO94ghJOa8bsH6d1pWYcKDfh2WRFZSz4JEh7R1THk8bL1pzsW1uUNwlBJo5EY-WYjq6r4RxbI6yr50yee9fswwtDR-oj2TyMmj3uj4e0rIZCzHFMdvBk37IF2sUVjQs/s1600/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Hall+in+Dar+Es+Salaam+Tanzania.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimtMwxwM4N9TBEIO94ghJOa8bsH6d1pWYcKDfh2WRFZSz4JEh7R1THk8bL1pzsW1uUNwlBJo5EY-WYjq6r4RxbI6yr50yee9fswwtDR-oj2TyMmj3uj4e0rIZCzHFMdvBk37IF2sUVjQs/s320/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Hall+in+Dar+Es+Salaam+Tanzania.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Nkrumah Hall at the University of Dar es Salaam </span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</span></b></div> <br /> <b>President of Republic of Ghana inwards West Africa</b><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Republic of Ghana was declared an independent nation from British colonization on March 6, 1957.<span class="st"></span> By 1964, Republic of Ghana was operating every bit a one-party nation alongside Kwame Nkrumah every bit it's commencement President in addition to Prime Minister -- alongside a life term of office. Nkrumah is oftentimes criticized for developing non-participatory governance subsequently independence inwards Ghana. By 1966, the Ghanaian armed forces overthrew Nkrumah's administration. Nkrumah died inwards exile on Apr 27, 1972 inwards Bucharest, Romania.<br />   </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM99FFU7iEhDmwCogOMioAhPe3WF5le9A5913_LSX8INcXDG0PQ_uAvklTl-phMLX__6wXEvng_2ojH2TF_rrb3tDscAKddPgA9r79-ekTvEpuM3x870E1uaS0IvLOOKialsc3uNOYyLs/s1600/photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Mausoleum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM99FFU7iEhDmwCogOMioAhPe3WF5le9A5913_LSX8INcXDG0PQ_uAvklTl-phMLX__6wXEvng_2ojH2TF_rrb3tDscAKddPgA9r79-ekTvEpuM3x870E1uaS0IvLOOKialsc3uNOYyLs/s320/photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Mausoleum.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum in addition to Memorial Park is located </span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">in downtown Accra, the upper-case alphabetic quality of Ghana</span></b></div> <br /> Here is a video dedicated to Kwame Nkrumah past times Ghana's really ain participant Obrafour:<br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <object height="244" width="325"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/gMih2TddFdQ?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/gMih2TddFdQ?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="325" height="244"></embed></object></div> </div>

Kwame Nkrumah: The Showtime President Of The Independent Nation Of Ghana

Photo of Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah (born: September 21, 1909 - died: Apr 27, 1972). First President of Republic of Ghana in addition to a...

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