American History

Isaac Burns Murphy: The Swell Dark Equus Caballus Jockey From Kentucky

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR56lYWb61BJSoaZlsMYanUvpO4nYuRA_7cwVdlVIXohvhumx60eM_fkiFpEaeGO6v1_JPsfC94vI3y8FrAayIamZF5cnxKp5Jp_3j0vqwwX-5SweGj1tX_GJtv_Q5VxCgrJxXVJ0vkIA/s1600/Isaac+Murphy+photograph+Black+History.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="275" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR56lYWb61BJSoaZlsMYanUvpO4nYuRA_7cwVdlVIXohvhumx60eM_fkiFpEaeGO6v1_JPsfC94vI3y8FrAayIamZF5cnxKp5Jp_3j0vqwwX-5SweGj1tX_GJtv_Q5VxCgrJxXVJ0vkIA/s200/Isaac+Murphy+photograph+Black+History.jpg" width="183" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div> Photo: Isaac Burns Murphy </div> <div> (b. 1/2/1861 - d. 2/12/1896)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> When nosotros intend of Equus caballus racing today nosotros are hard-pressed to hollo upwardly the fourth dimension inwards the sports history when Black jockeys dominated the sport. As a thing of fact, all merely 1 of the fifteen jockeys riding inwards the showtime Kentucky Derby were African Americans. Isaac Burns Murphy was the showtime Black jockey to win 3 Kentucky Derbys as well as is considered 1 of the greatest American Thoroughbred Equus caballus racing jockeys inwards history.<br /> <br /> "There is no run a peril that his tape of winning volition e'er live on surpassed," said Hall of Fame jockey Eddie Arcaro, referring to his 44% victory charge per unit of measurement that has never been equaled.<br /> <br /> Isaac was born Jan 2, 1861, inwards Lexington, Kentucky. His begetter was Jerry Burns (aka Jerry Skillman), a complimentary human being who was worked every bit a bricklayer earlier joining the U.S. Colored Troops in the U.S. Civil War. He died every bit a prisoner of nation of war at Camp Nelson. His mother, America Burns, presently afterward changed Isaac's final lift to Murphy every bit a tribute to her begetter Green Murphy.<br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDW3rHfYwzZtyCAywKx2X4sMbCmcKIqi27rnGb3GwwE0DKJsI6Yjk_Mp5naHWBrFXch0eLUimLP_IqzNh0G6M6OOxx6Or0rozThLxgoBANu23ju9QZz9J3ARYF_IsCZAXG44L9WXToU8o/s1600/Black+Jockeys+history+kentucky+derby+prince+of+sport+African+American+Black+riders.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="1600" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDW3rHfYwzZtyCAywKx2X4sMbCmcKIqi27rnGb3GwwE0DKJsI6Yjk_Mp5naHWBrFXch0eLUimLP_IqzNh0G6M6OOxx6Or0rozThLxgoBANu23ju9QZz9J3ARYF_IsCZAXG44L9WXToU8o/s320/Black+Jockeys+history+kentucky+derby+prince+of+sport+African+American+Black+riders.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Isaac Burns Murphy in activity at the Equus caballus races. </td></tr> </tbody></table> America Burns, Isaac's mother, worked every bit a laundress for Richard Owings of the Owings as well as Williams Racing Stable inwards prime number Equus caballus territory. He apace became acquainted amongst horses as well as launched his racing career at an early on age. On September 15, 1875, at the historic catamenia of 14, he won his showtime Equus caballus racing victory when he rode Glentina at Crab Orchard Park inwards Lexington, Kentucky. This was the showtime of 628 career victories. <br /> <br /> Isaac holds a tape release of impressive wins. In 1882, he won 49 of 51 starts at Saratoga, New York. In 1883, 1885 as well as 1886, he won races at the Hindoo Stakes. In 1884, 1890 as well as 1891, he won Kentucky Derbys. In 1884, 1885, 1886 as well as 1888, he won iv races at the American Derby inwards Washington Park inwards Chicago. On May 23, 1887, he won the Latonia Derby inwards Kentucky. On June 25, 1890, he won inwards a neck-to-neck race against the corking Equus caballus jockey Ed "Snapper" Garrison, a White jockey, inwards New York City. <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPVAlkS2GZ41clnaIqNaF3WplH2l-QKKBgguvASozAQ-3v2EbG0zjbwqm2L_wHk2lXmARI_oJEVny4RKaTzSZzqtSXCVl0ccCwG0W_Ae-AEG64N5SGWzAVyC55j1JTFEgSeC0Q0kN1j6g/s1600/The+Prince+of+Jockeys+The+Life+of+Isaac+Burns+Murphy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="500" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPVAlkS2GZ41clnaIqNaF3WplH2l-QKKBgguvASozAQ-3v2EbG0zjbwqm2L_wHk2lXmARI_oJEVny4RKaTzSZzqtSXCVl0ccCwG0W_Ae-AEG64N5SGWzAVyC55j1JTFEgSeC0Q0kN1j6g/s200/The+Prince+of+Jockeys+The+Life+of+Isaac+Burns+Murphy.jpg" width="133" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div> <a href="http://amzn.to/2xezcB6" target="_blank">The Prince of Jockeys</a>:</div> <div> The Life of Isaac Burns Murphy</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> By 1891, Isaac began to educate an off-season weight occupation -- ballooning to 140 pounds. While this doesn't audio similar much for a man, it is hefty for a Equus caballus jockey who aims to live on low-cal on his horse. Unfortunately, his constant efforts to lose weight adversely impacted his healthy. By 1895, Isaac had caught pneumonia.<br /> <br /> On Feb 12, 1896, at the immature historic catamenia of 35, he died of see failure leaving a widow behind, Lucy Murphy (nia Carr). For many decades his incredible sports legacy was forgotten, symbolized yesteryear an unmarked grave inwards Lexington's African Cemetery No. ii , an historical cemetery purchased yesteryear The Colored People's Union Benevolent Society No. ii inwards 1869.<br /> <br /> In 1955, Isaac was the showtime individual to live on inducted into the National Museum of Racing as well as Hall of Fame. He was regarded yesteryear many every bit the greatest of all jockeys due to his tape every bit having the highest winning average than whatsoever jockey inwards racing history during his lifetime. It wasn't until 1948, to a greater extent than than fifty years afterward his death, that someone broke his tape of 3 Kentucky Derby victories. The National Turf Writers Association get got given out the Isaac Murphy Award since 1995 to jockeys amongst the highest winning average inwards North American racing.<br /> <br /> Resources: <a href="http://www.buildinghistories.org/search_for_isaacs_father.pdf" target="_blank">The Search for Isaac Murphy's Parents</a>, Pamela Lions Brygar, CG (2009)</div>

Isaac Burns Murphy: The Swell Dark Equus Caballus Jockey From Kentucky

Photo: Isaac Burns Murphy (b. 1/2/1861 - d. 2/12/1896) When nosotros intend of Equus caballus racing today nosotros are hard-pres...

When Dark Folks Owned Baseball Game Stadiums Inwards Memphis: Dr. Lavatory B. Martin, The Martin Brothers & The Negro League

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJnf677yRyku-zvjr_8RPLGEIL2DIV3Il1908YIfa25JiApnhp-X1Oibt85gR-WF2qL2rMlTyhYLCUyAaKne6vCcq8V10zDzlsEkb2_GeVkNreWR-J0Fugq6sF-b0tLTqC-huuHWyfNA8/s1600/Memphis+Red+Sox+Martin+Stadium+Negro+League+Players+J+B+Martin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLgP8aarFB72Db8vR2Zn9jSx7aTXyQ3Gbu7lvZmRnoC8PJ9lFxRDvCGYuwkutzh8MFxxXfAYTbnOgQ3zU3YQlRzJ9KNll9eLtwuLYh1_2tZSOZB-QGQOQP-tDSbAtEPVJSdHVXJ1BS0sY/s1600/JB+Martin+Stadium+Negro+League+Memphis+Red+Sox+Black+History+African+Americans.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLgP8aarFB72Db8vR2Zn9jSx7aTXyQ3Gbu7lvZmRnoC8PJ9lFxRDvCGYuwkutzh8MFxxXfAYTbnOgQ3zU3YQlRzJ9KNll9eLtwuLYh1_2tZSOZB-QGQOQP-tDSbAtEPVJSdHVXJ1BS0sY/s400/JB+Martin+Stadium+Negro+League+Memphis+Red+Sox+Black+History+African+Americans.png" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Memphis Red Sox players inwards forepart of dugout.</td></tr> </tbody></table> </a><br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Dr. John B. Martin (1885-1973), oftentimes referred to equally J. B. Martin, was president of Negro League associations and owned the Memphis Red Sox (1923-1950) in addition to the Chicago American Giants (1937-1950) baseball game teams. While many people oftentimes elevate to the "Negro League", this is a full general term used to elevate to a release of associations that included the Negro National League, the Negro American League, the Negro Southern League, equally good equally smaller leagues such equally the Negro Dixie League. J. B. Martin served equally president of the National Southern League, the National American League in addition to the Negro Dixie League was 1 of the several Negro leagues created during the fourth dimension organized during the fourth dimension organized American baseball game was segregated. </div> <br /> <b>A Black-owned Sports Stadium: An Enterprising Black Family </b><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The Memphis Red Sox was a Negro League baseball game squad founded inwards 1923 past times J. B. Martin in addition to Dr. B. B. Martin, brothers inwards a prominent African-American menage unit of measurement inwards Memphis. The Martin brothers were both dentists alongside prominent dental practices. J. B. Martin was a dentist, pharmacist, operated a funeral parlor, invested inwards existent estate in addition to Republican political leader. He built the Martin baseball game commons where he owned in addition to operated the concession stands. He likewise owned a hotel nearby the baseball game champaign inwards Memphis, equally good equally enterprises on Beale Street. <br /> <br /> J.B. Martin's menage unit of measurement members were likewise quite enterprising. In add-on to a dental practice, his blood brother Dr. B. B. Martin acted equally the Red Sox trouble concern manager in addition to served equally an officeholder inwards the National Southern League. Dr. A. T. Martin worked equally a full general practitioner for 50 years in addition to worked alongside the Red Sox for 25 years. Dr. William S. Martin, was superintendent of the Collins Chapel Hospital for 35 years, inwards add-on to serving equally an officeholder for the Red Sox in addition to the Negro American League, equally good equally serving equally president of the Negro Southern League. The iv Martins, all Black doctors, were prominent inwards the Memphis community in addition to inside the Negro League franchises. </div> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOKVxcNllJwkkfVMra7vwZY7Df82Q_A0-dA4oPXu-Q6Ar9lm_8H8RyrUx-3DHlRA18u_FnmGFijoTEjJ0e9Yq1_VXrsN58h4R-iGHQfXbKzbMpFUL9OELgBsiOk1ZZm8capEO2M01Npqk/s1600/Martin+Stadium+Memphis+Red+Sox+Negro+League+Black+History.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOKVxcNllJwkkfVMra7vwZY7Df82Q_A0-dA4oPXu-Q6Ar9lm_8H8RyrUx-3DHlRA18u_FnmGFijoTEjJ0e9Yq1_VXrsN58h4R-iGHQfXbKzbMpFUL9OELgBsiOk1ZZm8capEO2M01Npqk/s400/Martin+Stadium+Memphis+Red+Sox+Negro+League+Black+History.png" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Negro League's Black-owned Martin Stadium inwards Memphis.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;">   In 1920, the Martin brothers built Martin Stadium on what is at 1 time Crump Boulevard in addition to Danny Thomas, making the Red Sox 1 of the few baseball game clubs inwards the Negro League alongside their ain ballpark. Most Negro League teams played inwards white squad parks when the white teams were on the road. Not entirely did the Memphis Red Sox convey a stadium, J. B. Martin likewise owned a hotel close the park. The baseball game commons was built from scratch, but non without resistance from the White supremacy institution inwards Memphis nether what was called the "Crump Machine." Edward Hull Crump governed Memphis for decades through manipulation of both the Black in addition to White vote into a political machine that enabled him to command Memphis politics. When J. B. Martin, a Black Republican, denounced Crump inwards 1939, Crump responded with mounting pressure level on Martin using the Memphis police, such equally targeting Martin's Beale Street businesses alongside raids. The Martin Stadium originally had a capacity of 3,000, but grew to nearly 7,000 topographic point capacity. It was demolished inwards 1961. <br /> <br /> <b>The Memphis Red Sox</b><br /> <b><br /></b> <br /> <div> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDjAtAfrPTmlWVzMKlgUPvU1t5g6Hg_54F3ejye-P-EF3E1PbzxIYfQXznwdVR6Fz4Ubyo1SMmKjQBGgHuoJ5fw_IPRnPk8Pc0lR2VKlpfGnROY9pb-0o9bF-xmfi-2bFulOVeV8wosrs/s1600/Memphis+Red+Sox+Martin+Stadium+Negro+League+Players+J+B+Martin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDjAtAfrPTmlWVzMKlgUPvU1t5g6Hg_54F3ejye-P-EF3E1PbzxIYfQXznwdVR6Fz4Ubyo1SMmKjQBGgHuoJ5fw_IPRnPk8Pc0lR2VKlpfGnROY9pb-0o9bF-xmfi-2bFulOVeV8wosrs/s200/Memphis+Red+Sox+Martin+Stadium+Negro+League+Players+J+B+Martin.jpg" width="200" /></a>The Memphis Red Sox were initially organized past times Robert S. Lewis, a Memphis funeral director, inwards the early on 1920s. When the Martin's purchased the independent squad inwards 1924, the team joined the Negro National League in addition to B. B. Martin acted equally the Red Sox trouble concern manager. In 1926, the franchise left the Negro National League in addition to joined the newly-established Negro Southern League for its initiatory season. In 1932, it rejoined the Negro Southern League alongside subsequent seasons equally an independent team. In 1937, the Red Sox became a charter fellow member of the Negro American League, where they remained until their dissolution inwards 195X. Four players associated alongside the Memphis Red Sox were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: Satchel Paige, James "Cool Papa" Bell, Willy Wells, in addition to Turkey Steams.</div> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b><br /></b> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>The Chicago American Giants</b></div> </div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaed-T9C0YGSMYmFHnp4f_FyQiRltd7Lf0ujv7B0Vi-M11YXGkCoRVPbCJIhyphenhyphengUfV22Mxjam4W8NFQR-fMXPCsbs4aYO6tlwSxsD4u91F8rC8S-I8LfE0toJAJFJg1nqxpopiREo2LuWA/s1600/Chicago+American+Giants+Negro+League+JB+Martin+Black+History+African+Americans.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaed-T9C0YGSMYmFHnp4f_FyQiRltd7Lf0ujv7B0Vi-M11YXGkCoRVPbCJIhyphenhyphengUfV22Mxjam4W8NFQR-fMXPCsbs4aYO6tlwSxsD4u91F8rC8S-I8LfE0toJAJFJg1nqxpopiREo2LuWA/s200/Chicago+American+Giants+Negro+League+JB+Martin+Black+History+African+Americans.jpg" width="200" /></a> The Negro Leagues began to diminish afterward Brooklyn's Jackie Robinson broke the colouring barrier inwards 1947. In 1949, J. B. Martin leased the Chicago American Giants to William Little because he wanted to pass to a greater extent than necktie managing the affairs of the Negro American League Martin appointed Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe equally manager of the Chicago American Giants inwards 1950. This was 3 years afterward Jackie Robinson broke the colouring line. Martin was concerned nigh Black players joining Major League teams in addition to thus he instructed Radcliffe to sign White players. The squad disbanded inwards 1952. The Negro American League disbanded afterward its 1962 season.  </div> <br /> <br /></div>

When Dark Folks Owned Baseball Game Stadiums Inwards Memphis: Dr. Lavatory B. Martin, The Martin Brothers & The Negro League

Memphis Red Sox players inwards forepart of dugout. Dr. John B. Martin (1885-1973), oftentimes referred to equally J. B. Martin, was...

ZOG

ZOG

Zionist Occupied Government ZOG, an acronym for Zionist Occupied Government, is a term used by many on the survivalist and racist Righ...

Subliminal Advertising

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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2010007149002418636" imageanchor="1" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="blank"><img advertising="" alt="Although" been="" border="0" effectiveness="" ever="" has="" no="" of="" proven="" research="" scientific="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdupPvNAaZouLVwAUo7NoZUYnNyx7ifBKnA9RO4ZWhSiHS0D9FRbUzZ3EhoSjmog5s89PVWbG9gJqAQoAFBK_ioGSbSDoFGxoeoF5wB_11-xCtsjqdERyOnbgxc-VlVNH0PcLWKYHzxHqw/s1600/Subliminal-Advertising.jpg" subliminal="" that="" the="" there="" title="Subliminal" width="470" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Subliminal Advertising</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Although there has been no scientific research that has ever proven the effectiveness of any form of subliminal influence on the human mind, subliminal advertising is a conspiracy theory that has entered popular culture as a generally accepted truth. <br />
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In the main, this is a result of a general cultural paranoia over the rise of the media industry to a position where it dominates the production of cultural meaning and ideology in society. <br />
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The fact that most media forms (television, radio, newspapers, and films) are dominated by large companies or corporations, in addition to their commercial and mass imperatives, creates an anxiety over their apparently systematic control of the beliefs and political opinions available in society.<br />
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The fear of subliminal advertising unsurprisingly begins in the 1950s at the inception of the television age, although the first claims about its use actually involve the broadcast of subliminal messages at cinemas.<br />
<br />
Vance Packard was the person responsible for bringing subliminal advertising to the public’s attention in his 1957 book, The Hidden Persuaders, when he mentioned experiments undertaken by an advertising executive, James Vicary. Vicary had apparently tested subliminal advertising in cinemas by flashing the messages “Eat Popcorn” and “Drink Coke” on the screen for a fraction of a second. <br />
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As a result of these trials, Vicary claimed an 18 percent increase in sales of Coke and a 58 percent rise for popcorn, which led not only to an acceptance of the reality of the effectiveness of subliminal advertising, but also to fears that the U.S. public was being insidiously brainwashed simply by going to the cinema or watching television. An investigation was launched by the Federal Communications Commission and a ban on the use of subliminal advertising was imposed in some U.S. states as well as in Britain and Australia.<br />
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A few years later, Vicary admitted that he had exaggerated the impact of subliminal advertising and, indeed, that there had been no noticeable effect on the tested cinema-goers. However, subliminal advertising had already become accepted as a “fact” (62 percent of Americans currently believe in its existence) and has remained as a pervasive cultural paranoia that has reappeared at various times. <br />
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For example, the liberalization of U.S. society as a result of the 1960s counterculture led to fears that media industries were using subliminal messages not to brainwash people into buying certain products, but to corrupt the minds of the public. <br />
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In a series of books, published from the 1970s onward, Wilson Bryan Key claimed that both television and print advertising contain subliminal commands that bombard Americans with images of sex, drugs, and death. <br />
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According to Key, groups of people he tested felt sexually aroused when shown certain adverts, including one for Gilbey gin in which the word “sex” is apparently embedded in an ice cube. When he was later called to give “expert” testimony at the Judas Priest trial in Reno, Nevada, in 1990, he even went as far as claiming that Ritz crackers had subliminal messages imprinted on them.<br />
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In recent years, attention has moved away from advertising to a more pervasive fear of subliminal messages in commercial and cultural products. The Columbine killings led to a fear that contemporary music (notably Marilyn Manson) included messages that were having an effect on the unconscious minds of American youth. <br />
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This, however, was a continuation of paranoias that had begun with the trial of the heavy metal band Judas Priest when they were accused of placing subliminal messages in one of the songs from their Stained Class album. These messages had allegedly induced suicidal impulses in two teenage listeners, James Vance and Ray Belknap, who had, as a result, attempted to kill themselves. <br />
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Although the band were found not guilty of any wrongdoing (which may be fortunate for Nike, as the phrase at issue was “Do It”), the fact that a trial took place at all demonstrates how far subliminal messages have become accepted as a reality.<br />
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The reason for this general belief in subliminal advertising and unconscious commands is primarily a result of fears that media industries have too much power in the creation of American values and have replaced traditional values (such as religion and the family) with a secular and materialist ideology. <br />
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The implications of brainwashing that attach to subliminal advertising have also led to a belief that the mass media is in the service of a government propaganda machine or in the hands of a conspiracy group that is attempting to corrupt American minds in order to make its “perverted” values acceptable when it comes to power. <br />
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Most frequently this is the New World Order (with its anti-American totalitarian vision), but other groups are also seen to be using the media, such as the Illuminati or Skull and Bones, both of whom wish to impose a satanic or occult religion on America.</div>

Subliminal Advertising

Subliminal Advertising Although there has been no scientific research that has ever proven the effectiveness of any form of subliminal...

Spotlight

Originally known as the National Spotlight, for much of its existence the Spotlight was the most important conspiracist publication in the United States. Established by Willis Carto, whose involvement in the U.S Right goes back to the mid-1950s, the paper was launched in 1975 and appeared for just over a quarter of a century.<br /> <br /> Its contents ranged widely but a number of themes were particularly evident. One was an indictment of the banking system, in which the creation of the Federal Reserve immediately before World War I was seen as the work of America’s enemies, while one of its more unusual concerns focused on what might be termed “fringe” or alternative medicine.<br /> <br /> A cure for cancer, it declared, had been discovered but this breakthrough was being suppressed by the Rockefeller family. Amidst the different conspiracies that the paper sought to expose, the most important involved the activities of a series of international organizations.<br /> <br /> In late 1994, for instance, it published a supplement that suggested the United States was about to be occupied by troops under United Nations control. Other subjects of the paper’s attentions included the activities of the Trilateral Commission and its particular bête noire, the Bilderberg Group.<br /> <br /> None of these concerns was unique to the Spotlight, but by the beginning of the 1980s the paper had achieved a circulation of some 300,000. In the 1990s, however, this had fallen to some 90,000, a decline that was particularly connected with its denunciation of the Reagan government as a tool of the Trilateral Commission. If its base among conservatives was substantially lost during the Reagan years, it found support instead among the Patriot movement, and in the 1990s was a key publicist for the militias.<br /> <br /> This did not preclude an involvement in electoral politics, and while during the 1990s it supported the Populist Party (whose 1988 presidential candidate was the former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke), it subsequently supported the presidential candidacies, first for the Republican Party, then the Reform Party, of the “America First” conservative, Pat Buchanan.<br /> <br /> While conspiracy theory is often seen as inherently antisemitic, Patriots vary greatly as to how they explain the plot against the United States. One of the secrets of the Spotlight’s success was not only the diversity of its conspiratorial interests but also its downplaying of the overt racism of some other farright publications.<br /> <br /> But the paper’s claim that Israeli intelligence had been involved in the assassination of John F. Kennedy was only one indication of the underlying basis of its arguments. This was even more evident in Carto’s creation in the late 1970s of the Institute for Historical Review, an organization that rapidly became the central force in Holocaust revisionism. It was singularly appropriate, then, that the paper’s support for Holocaust denial should lead to its demise.<br /> <br /> In 1993, disputes over the whereabouts of a bequest led to a breach between Carto and key members of the staff of the Institute for Historical Review, and the ultimate result of the legal actions that followed was the closing down of the Spotlight in the summer of 2001. A successor publication, American Free Press, quickly emerged.

Spotlight

Originally known as the National Spotlight, for much of its existence the Spotlight was the most important conspiracist publication in the U...

RICO

The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization statute (18 U.S.C. Sections 161–168), part of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, was designed to create an expansive legal definition of criminal conspiracy that would aid the authorities in their fight against organized crime.<br /> <br /> Usually referred to as RICO, this statute has become the most powerful tool federal law enforcement has ever had in its fight against organized crime. The statute includes a vague definition of racketeering that incorporates a list of crimes traditionally excluded from federal jurisdiction.<br /> <br /> The list includes such crimes as murder, gambling, arson, robbery, and extortion. With this new tool and expanded federal jurisdiction, federal law enforcement and prosecutors have used RICO to convict and incarcerate more than a thousand organized crime figures by the end of the 1990s.<br /> <br /> Traditionally, law enforcement tried to use the standard conspiracy laws and statutes to convict organized crime members. Thus, prosecutors had to prove an agreement within the group (two or more) and one overt act regarding a specific crime.<br /> <br /> Because of the often varied and isolated criminal activities of an organized crime group, this was difficult. Under RICO, instead of focusing on specific crimes and the related conspiracy, law enforcement can focus on patterns of racketeering by an organized crime group.<br /> <br /> That is, with RICO it is now illegal to belong to a group or “enterprise” that displays a pattern of racketeering even if another member of the enterprise is committing the illegal activities. To meet the “pattern of racketeering” requirements under RICO, only two crimes within a ten-year period need to be committed, with at least one of the crimes since 1970.<br /> <br /> RICO includes both a criminal and a civil penalty. The maximum criminal penalty includes a $25,000 fine and imprisonment for twenty years, with all properties and interest related to the racketeering violation forfeited to the government. Civil penalties include treble damages and the attorney’s fee awarded to the successful plaintiff.<br /> <br /> In an expansion of RICO, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1994 that there did not have to be an economic motive for the illegal activities to fall under RICO. Using the civil section of RICO in 1998, two abortion clinics sued and received treble damages from antiabortion leaders.<br /> <br /> This noneconomic expansion of RICO was also the basis for the April 2001 U.S. district judge’s decision allowing the Los Angeles Police Department to be sued as a racketeering enterprise.<br /> <br /> Common criticisms of the RICO statute include its overreaching scope. Individuals who may be involved in illegal activities, even when it is evident that they are not involved in organized crime, are still being prosecuted under RICO.<br /> <br /> Another criticism is that RICO allows an individual’s assets to be frozen before trial, which often forces defendants to plead guilty in an effort to save their business and savings. RICO also brings with it a negative characterization of the defendant as an organized crime figure.<br /> <br /> RICO has been and continues to be the most effective legal tool ever brought against organized crime. Through the expanded list of racketeering crimes and the enterprise conspiracy clause, federal law enforcement agencies and prosecutors are now succeeding where in the past they had failed in both convictions and sentencing of organized crime figures.

RICO

The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization statute (18 U.S.C. Sections 161–168), part of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, was...

Pat Robertson

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href=" " imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img alt="A" border="0" figure="" on="" pat="" prominent="" religious="" right="" robertson="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3vBvCOWiTFver3UV_A-7exny0SkkQBeMVFfuJW2C7c6FFD8Uylp6ub9zGD30MAI331OR97BpNSf4DiZe9KvGN20axKF2mFtSf575hejhfHOmowAVgadgOMAw5vAtzWZu36vZ2p1jwfNg/s1600/Pat-Robertson.jpg" the="" title="Pat" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pat Robertson</td></tr> </tbody></table> A prominent figure on the religious Right, Pat Robertson, with his brand of conspiracy-infused politics, reached a wide audience in his bid for the presidency in 1988 and with the success of his controversial book The <a href=" " target="_blank">New World Order</a>, which has been accused of antisemitism.<br /> <br /> The son of a senator, Robertson purchased a Virginia television station in 1960, marking the beginnings of the Christian Broadcasting Network, one of the most important elements of the burgeoning evangelical media that was to become so important in the latter part of the twentieth century.<br /> <br /> When evangelicals also established the Christian Right at the end of the 1970s, Robertson played a relatively minor role, but the subsequent decline of its leading organization, the Moral Majority, and the impending end of the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Reagan</a> years brought him to prominence following his decision to pursue the 1988 Republican presidential nomination. While he was unsuccessful, an important effect of his campaign was the creation the following year of the Christian Coalition.<br /> <br /> Concentrating much of its energies on opposition to abortion and homosexuality, the Coalition rapidly became a key component of the Republican Party and although it was to decline in the late 1990s (and Robertson to resign from its presidency in 2001), during the early years of the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Clinton</a> administration it was a central force in the resurgence of conservatism.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" border="0"><tbody> <tr>    <td align="center"><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0849944147/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=c4bff3e3e87c4f8e3e99275c4b78c1d3" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0849944147&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img alt="A" border="0" figure="" height="1" on="" pat="" prominent="" religious="" right="" robertson="" src="https://ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=0849944147" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" the="" width="1" /></span><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01IJD1N4G/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=c16a5d57a2733600877d0e3ffa9f91d4" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B01IJD1N4G&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img alt="A" border="0" figure="" height="1" on="" pat="" prominent="" religious="" right="" robertson="" src="https://ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=B01IJD1N4G" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" the="" width="1" /></span></td>    </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Shortly after the creation of the coalition, Robertson published a book in which he declared that in calling for a “New World Order,” President Bush was unknowingly carrying out the mission of a vast, global satanic conspiracy.<br /> <br /> In arguing this, Robinson claimed that a conspiratorial elite could be traced back to the eighteenth century, when a secret society, the <a href=" " target="_blank">Illuminati</a>, had plotted the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">French Revolution</a>.<br /> <br /> In the nineteenth century Illuminism had mutated into Marxism, while in the twentieth century the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia had been secretly funded by European financiers. In later years, he argued, much of the work of the conspiracy was carried out by such organizations as the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission.<br /> <br /> Initially little noticed outside the evangelical milieu, The New World Order began to attract attention following a front-page attack in a 1994 issue of the prestigious New York Review of Books. Authored by Michael Lind, a former conservative, it argued that Robertson’s work was not the usual brand of evangelical Protestant theology but originated instead in “the underground literature of far-right populism.”<br /> <br /> He was supported by another former conservative, Jacob Heilbrunn, who convincingly demonstrated that Robertson had relied on material by the early-twentieth-century antisemitic conspiracist, Nesta Webster.<br /> <br /> The New York Review’s attack drew angry replies from Robertson and other conservatives. Subsequently, Robertson blamed a research assistant for introducing Webster’s material into his work and he continued to deny any suggestion that he held antisemitic views.<br /> <br /> A closer examination of both Robertson’s book and the writings of his critics shines a critical light on both sides of the argument. Robertson, while rightly pointing out his long record of support for Israel, had nonetheless produced a book that linked the Illuminati to the Rothschild family.<br /> <br /> Conversely, Lind, who had suggested Robertson’s writings were “far more bizarre and sinister” than the conspiracist writings of the <a href=" " target="_blank">John Birch Society</a>, missed both the Society’s praise for Robertson’s book and the strong links between what Robertson argued and what the Society had long believed.<br /> <br /> Having itself drawn on Webster’s work, the Society had also been accused of antisemitism, and while both have denounced claims that conspiratorial forces are Jewish in origin, it is understandable that critics should take them to be antisemitic.<br /> <br /> The situation is, however, more complicated, because conspiratorial claims that the hidden rulers of history are bankers, or Masons, or extraterrestrials might often be motivated by a racist view, but is not always necessarily so.<br /> <br /> If Robertson has had the misfortune to have his conspiracy theory attacked more for what it did not say than what it did, he has also been accused of being a secret adherent of the New World Order, rather than an opponent.<br /> <br /> In the 1980s, one conspiracy text with a considerable impact upon evangelicals was Constance Cumbey’s <a amzn-ps-bm-asin="091031103X" class="amzn_ps_bm_tl" data-amzn-link-id="2cf7acea78dcd416cb3b73e19f534f95" data-amzn-ps-bm-keyword="The Hidden Dangers of the Rainbow" href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Hidden-Dangers-Rainbow-Barbarism/dp/091031103X/ref=as_li_bk_tl/?tag=theconthist-20&linkId=2cf7acea78dcd416cb3b73e19f534f95&linkCode=ktl" id="amznPsBmLink_3176082" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Hidden Dangers of the Rainbow</a><img alt="A" border="0" figure="" height="0" id="amznPsBmPixel_3176082" on="" pat="" prominent="" religious="" right="" robertson="" src="https://ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?source=bk&t=theconthist-20&bm-id=default&l=ktl&linkId=2cf7acea78dcd416cb3b73e19f534f95&_cb=1457781126909" style="border: none !important; height: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; width: 0px !important;" the="" width="0" />, which, like Robertson’s later volume, saw the New Age movement as part of Satan’s attack on Christianity.<br /> <br /> In a later book, A Planned Deception, Cumbey suggested that Robertson’s announcement that he intended to provide live coverage of the Second Coming fitted well with a supposed New Age plan to launch a false Christ figure upon the world.

Pat Robertson

Pat Robertson A prominent figure on the religious Right, Pat Robertson, with his brand of conspiracy-infused politics, reached a wide au...