American History

Reginald F. Lewis: Wall Street Lawyer In Addition To Financier, Entrepreneur In Addition To Philanthropist

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcQVI6Om4sV0QJPc9nz-9tyUQkgWczJMN9Q9OR-JQ74i7wEdGkjRzMF8dEQSrLUEnBvgNfn7cpYqytiJx8sIxbk_8J6cP4vaS1vo0To-8dwegsB2swNHRjg5IINE5mP3r_lGOAalb82aI/s1600/Photo+of+Reginal+Lewis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcQVI6Om4sV0QJPc9nz-9tyUQkgWczJMN9Q9OR-JQ74i7wEdGkjRzMF8dEQSrLUEnBvgNfn7cpYqytiJx8sIxbk_8J6cP4vaS1vo0To-8dwegsB2swNHRjg5IINE5mP3r_lGOAalb82aI/s1600/Photo+of+Reginal+Lewis.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reginald F. Lewis (b. 12/7/1942 - d. 1/19/1993)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Reginald Francis Lewis was born inward Baltimore, Maryland on Dec 7, 1942. Lewis' begetter was Clinton Lewis, a modest work organization owner, in addition to his woman nurture was Carolyn Cooper, a teacher. By historic menses 9, his woman nurture in addition to begetter were divorced in addition to his woman nurture was remarrying to a local postal worker, Jean Fugett, Sr.<br /> <br /> The immature Reginald Lewis showed a penchant for entrepreneurial endeavors early on inward life. By historic menses 9, Lewis began selling newspapers inside his Baltimore community, earning $20 a calendar week inward the early on 1950s. According to the <a href="http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm" target="_blank">inflation calculator</a> at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, that is the equivalent of most $200 a calendar week -- no modest total for the times in addition to for a immature homo his age.<br /> <br /> Lewis loved sports. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 quarterback on the local football game team, he won a football game scholarship to Virginia State College a Historically Black College in addition to University inward Petersburg, Virginia. In 1965, he graduated amongst a B.A. inward Economics. In his autobiography, <i>Why Should White Guys Have All the Fun?</i>, he admits to non having made the best grades at Virginia State, only that same yr he decided he wanted to become to constabulary school. His admissions to constabulary schoolhouse is the sort of even out from which legends are made, worthy of retelling.<br /> <br /> In essence, without a formal application to Harvard Law School, Lewis traveled to the schoolhouse in addition to convinced the university's direction to render him admission. After a catch to the campus, his legendary charisma won over the school's conclusion makers. He was told to submit the application later. It was a skilful investment for Harvard Law School. In fact, Lewis would donate $3 1000000 dollars to the schoolhouse inward 1992 -- making him therefore the largest private donor inward the school's history.<br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTssHOObF-6tNfpXgwJ_pz83YMwGqiL-qfu8e5eUjrtTq6sdkXqyOAin4-86OxQiZ4sZMj_2qjkLmf86sFEj_1HH-YXDeYF9tnfwO0Yp7qUvyBB6hNxu4imYHmoiLiqKMLhwBvKAUcc2s/s1600/reginald+f.+lewis+why+should+white+guys+have+all+the+fun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTssHOObF-6tNfpXgwJ_pz83YMwGqiL-qfu8e5eUjrtTq6sdkXqyOAin4-86OxQiZ4sZMj_2qjkLmf86sFEj_1HH-YXDeYF9tnfwO0Yp7qUvyBB6hNxu4imYHmoiLiqKMLhwBvKAUcc2s/s1600/reginald+f.+lewis+why+should+white+guys+have+all+the+fun.jpg" width="207" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Autobiography available at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1574780360/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1574780360&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=OLUOUE5UXWYMY4WH" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>. </td></tr> </tbody></table> By 1968, Lewis had graduated from Harvard Law School in addition to was headed to New York City -- Wall Street, inward fact. He shortly began working equally a lawyer at Paul Weiss Rifkin Wharton in addition to Garrison. By the early on 1970s, he had opened his ain constabulary firm, Lewis in addition to Clarkson. The constabulary partnership specialized inward venture majuscule project.<br /> <br /> By the 1980s, Reginald Lewis' legal in addition to work organization acumen inward venture majuscule projects translated over to corporate takeovers. He would go out the do of constabulary to pursue work organization ventures full-time. This modify inward career management would eventually earn him a distinction equally the richest African American homo inward the 1980s.<br /> <br /> Through a $23 1000000 buyout, past times 1983, Lewis had acquired McCall Pattern Company, a good respected dress-pattern firm. He sold the fellowship iv years subsequently for $63 1000000 inward cash. With exclusively $1 1000000 of his ain coin invested inward the master copy takeover, his net income from the sell was $50 million, reported the New York Times.<br /> <br /> Lewis acquired The Beatrice Companies inward 1987, a foods fellowship amongst large operations inward Europe. This bargain toll him $985 1000000 dollars. He formed all of his nutrient work organization concerns nether the umbrella of TLC Beatrice International, amongst TLC standing for <i>The Lewis Company</i>. At the time, it was the largest theatre run past times a soul of African descent. The global conglomerates nether his operations included 64 companies that operated inward 31 countries. Food interests ranged from an H2O ice cream making fellowship inward Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany to a sausage production theatre inward Spain.<br /> <br /> It was a dandy investment for Lewis. TLC Beatrice would brand Fortune's 500 listing amongst a valuation of $1.5 billion. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 read of Reginald Lewis' autobiography illustrates, however, that his successes were non without challenges. For example, inward 1991, when he attempted to accept TLC Beatrice Foods populace through a stock offering, the marketplace was non receptive.<br /> <br /> Before his expiry on Jan 19, 1993, at the immature historic menses of exclusively fifty years, Lewis had donated millions of dollars to diverse institutions, from churches to homeless shelters. The Abyssinian Baptist Church in addition to Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity were both large recipients of his philanthropy. He held faithful memberships. He equally good donated to the HBCUs Virginia State College in addition to Howard University.<br /> <br /> He knew he had a tumor for most 2 months earlier he died, said the Rev. Jesse Jackson, a unopen friend to Lewis. "He spent the terminal 2 months preparing for treatment," said Jackson, "and getting his whole theatre inward order, inward damage of the fellowship in addition to his family."<br /> <br /> Lewis was survived past times his wife, Loida Lewis, in addition to 2 daughters, Christina in addition to Leslie. His transition conception including leaving the running of his companies substantially to his half-brother, Jean S. Fugett, equally good a trained lawyer.<br /> <br /> Mr. Lewis' elevate volition sure enough live remembered for generations to come. In Baltimore, to go along this dandy legacy live in that location are both the <a href="http://www.rflewismuseum.org/about/reginald-lewis" target="_blank">Reginald F. Lewis Museum of African American History in addition to Culture</a> and the <a href="http://www.rflbusinesslawhs.org/" target="_blank">Reginald F. Lewis School of Business in addition to Law High Schoo</a>l. Harvard University constructed <a href="http://www.reginaldflewis.com/legacy-international-law-center.php" target="_blank">The Reginald F. Lewis International Law Center</a> at the university's campus in addition to equally good offers the <a href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/academics/fellowships/the-reginald-f.-lewis-fellowships-for-law-teaching.html" target="_blank">Reginald F. Lewis Fellowship for Law Teaching</a>. </div>

Reginald F. Lewis: Wall Street Lawyer In Addition To Financier, Entrepreneur In Addition To Philanthropist

Reginald F. Lewis (b. 12/7/1942 - d. 1/19/1993) Reginald Francis Lewis was born inward Baltimore, Maryland on Dec 7, 1942. Lewis' ...

Charlie Sifford & The History Of African American Golfers

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7XaBe3tDcdsfBXGoxp7ge99HWyMetclD-rjwMH23pgXMBQVJh1-6aGZbyRBltex2WtxyibnTLq_44IyFQBQ28K665GYX3gLvg76v0dAF_-6exP8ruHRcExp9fIZ8_etkBEWfuG_2cM1A/s1600/Charlie+Sifford+First+Black+PGA+Golfer+tour+card+holder+African+Americans+in+Golf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7XaBe3tDcdsfBXGoxp7ge99HWyMetclD-rjwMH23pgXMBQVJh1-6aGZbyRBltex2WtxyibnTLq_44IyFQBQ28K665GYX3gLvg76v0dAF_-6exP8ruHRcExp9fIZ8_etkBEWfuG_2cM1A/s1600/Charlie+Sifford+First+Black+PGA+Golfer+tour+card+holder+African+Americans+in+Golf.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Luther Sifford aka Charlie Sifford (b. 6/2/1922, NC - d. 2/3/2015)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The colouring barrier inwards professional person golfing inwards the U.S. was broken yesteryear Charlie Sifford, the start African American golfer granted a Professional Golf Association (PGA) of America tour card. Sifford would maintain to win to a greater extent than than a 1 G k dollars inwards official prize coin as well as was the start African American golfer inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame inwards 2001. He died Tuesday, Feb 3, 2015, at historic stream 92. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> "His beloved of golf, despite many barriers inwards his path, strengthened him every bit he became a beacon for sort inwards our game," said Derek Sprague, president of PGA, inwards an <i>AP</i> report. "By his courage, Dr. Sifford inspired others to follow their dreams. Golf was fortunate to convey had this exception American inwards our midst."</div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd7ZaTShGn5gg6J6f8m5fi3juIhk1OBXfq_tY0RP0gfLSTj4W7NcAaZA_gJXFvtqhjFvKcOQ2ENY7YtUePBdp8PdpkL2JzTh_U1OCOnntJWrdxzPY0PSdJFdYlySHYeImwNw2KHUY0tS8/s1600/Charlie+Sifford+original+member+of+the+United+Golf+Association.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd7ZaTShGn5gg6J6f8m5fi3juIhk1OBXfq_tY0RP0gfLSTj4W7NcAaZA_gJXFvtqhjFvKcOQ2ENY7YtUePBdp8PdpkL2JzTh_U1OCOnntJWrdxzPY0PSdJFdYlySHYeImwNw2KHUY0tS8/s1600/Charlie+Sifford+original+member+of+the+United+Golf+Association.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Dr. Charlie  L. Sifford</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: right;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Sifford, known every bit the "Jackie Robinson of golf",  received a tour bill of fare later on the PGA desegregated inwards 1961. Many others, however, chipped away at the history of racial segregation inwards golfing earlier Sifford. In improver to Charlie Sifford, men such every bit James Black, Jim Dent, Lee Elder, Pete Brown, Calvin Peete, Ted Rose, John Shippen, Bill Spiller as well as Jim Thorpe are amidst the many heroes of African Americans inwards golfing. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMY2JyJ-MpmNBVW-YeLfSjZHE8ugtG2mckKtd-o7fcLaMB9qVEJaCh7vxxiXcMWni-D4X0aemDeO1v5SHXQVfy0oAFpOVm-0gEaMUh7qsAexW_lsnqq50KkjklOimpKydeCsVjoaLkPhQ/s1600/shady+rest+golf+and+country+club.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMY2JyJ-MpmNBVW-YeLfSjZHE8ugtG2mckKtd-o7fcLaMB9qVEJaCh7vxxiXcMWni-D4X0aemDeO1v5SHXQVfy0oAFpOVm-0gEaMUh7qsAexW_lsnqq50KkjklOimpKydeCsVjoaLkPhQ/s1600/shady+rest+golf+and+country+club.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> The history of the African American golfer began inwards the caddy shacks of American golf game province clubs. By September 21, 1921, however, a grouping of prominent African American investors known every bit the Progressive Realty Company, Inc. purchased solid reason inwards Westfield, New Jersey. This collective established the <a href="http://johnshippen.net/shady-rest.html" target="_blank">Shady Rest Golf as well as Country Club</a>, the nation's start African-American owned as well as operated province club. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Shady Rest Golf as well as Country Club was the domicile course of teaching of John Shippen, the start African American golfer to play inwards the U.S. Open inwards 1896. In improver to trail-blazing every bit a domicile to African American golfers, the companionship became known for drawing legendary entertainment, such every bit jazz legends Duke Ellington, Sarah Vaughn, Count Basie as well as Ella Fitzgerald. In fact, the history of the companionship is that white Americans sometimes gathered exterior its gates to request heed the legendary music. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-upuugQYeQvbxmdGkcE8D1in6qjYHPVNryCiCGVA_QjKXTt7Wx8TJfiNqrOce9WCS_HKxOS34wa__qzqDyN1T0NMV8u9cU0Mp73qn7Z4UyT4C8NBeWfskGUcHrESGJEUvcbLXm9FMEcE/s1600/John+Shippen+first+African+American+in+US+Open+golf+golfers+black+golfing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-upuugQYeQvbxmdGkcE8D1in6qjYHPVNryCiCGVA_QjKXTt7Wx8TJfiNqrOce9WCS_HKxOS34wa__qzqDyN1T0NMV8u9cU0Mp73qn7Z4UyT4C8NBeWfskGUcHrESGJEUvcbLXm9FMEcE/s1600/John+Shippen+first+African+American+in+US+Open+golf+golfers+black+golfing.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: African American golfer John Shippen</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1925 inwards Scotch Plains, New Jersey, the United  Golfers Association (UGA) was developed. The UGA was to golfing what the Negro League was to baseball game -- a fraternity of African Americans intent on participating inwards organized sporting events. The UGA tournaments were oft referred to yesteryear its golfers every bit the "Chitlin' Circuit", a term likewise used yesteryear African American entertainers to depict the limitation to segregated venues. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The golf game courses the touring UGA was express to were primarily populace municipality courses that were non e'er inwards the best shape. Black people -- existence rattling resourceful where resources are express -- developed their ain golf game courses inwards the early on days of segregated golfing. This included such innovations every bit creating golf game courses close housing projects, golfing alongside tobacco sticks when clubs were limited, as well as making role of dogwood tree bark every bit putters.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHwBVd14gPwZ1OjM0PrDHKXdjCO-9bU8fdZINTNZKEi-bDEv3PonK40fTTcWDWJi69pwY_EtxdUW8gJQxPyD0IcSstVhCRb7CJpsoZKJbO1r93__ZwtepPhF2FttcLCQaT0QP9avrmces/s1600/Pete+Brown+African+American+Golfers+History+of+Black+Golf+UGA+PGA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHwBVd14gPwZ1OjM0PrDHKXdjCO-9bU8fdZINTNZKEi-bDEv3PonK40fTTcWDWJi69pwY_EtxdUW8gJQxPyD0IcSstVhCRb7CJpsoZKJbO1r93__ZwtepPhF2FttcLCQaT0QP9avrmces/s1600/Pete+Brown+African+American+Golfers+History+of+Black+Golf+UGA+PGA.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pete Brown, start African American to win PGA sanctioned event, 1964.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The UGA provided an outlet for African American golfers as well as offered those serious virtually playing the game of golf game an chance to win the purse that was collected for winners through entrance fees. The resources available to practise the UGA purses were oft limited. They were inwards no means comparative to the purses that the PGA raised for its winners. Comparatively, the purse was virtually 10 to 1. An average PGA purse inwards the 1920s as well as 1930s may convey paid $250.00, patch the UGA winner received virtually $25.00. It was no wonder why African American golfers were interested inwards competing inwards the PGA -- specially those who sought to brand a living from the sport, every bit other Americans were at the time. </div> <div style="text-align: right;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The pinch, however, was that the PGA constitution, every bit it read inwards the 1960s, contained a Caucasian-race alone clause. It arose from a heritage of exclusion -- the legacy of province companionship civilization inwards the United States. The UGA never had a racial exclusionary clause. In fact, golfers of Caucasian heritage began to participate inwards the UGA competitions early on inwards its history. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQYvSO_IssiRgx1XE7QND3bdWq7HCOVK0pPyOSGQ3jmUG7tmMXbhBfrHZErDjfwvqrvzlwq9iGOR0_PwCcdS6EcGFznBfq8a9dfxAAD3MFFPCIqCYSltDkiAlf6yytoU9JaB_rGBSutrw/s1600/Bill+Spiller.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQYvSO_IssiRgx1XE7QND3bdWq7HCOVK0pPyOSGQ3jmUG7tmMXbhBfrHZErDjfwvqrvzlwq9iGOR0_PwCcdS6EcGFznBfq8a9dfxAAD3MFFPCIqCYSltDkiAlf6yytoU9JaB_rGBSutrw/s1600/Bill+Spiller.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Bill Spiller</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Many of the swell African American golfers were forced to hold upwards caddies, carrying the bags of European Americans, exactly to brand a living because they were denied the chance to compete inwards the professional person tours.<br /> <br /> In 1948, iii African-American golfing greats -- Bill Spiller, Teddy Rhodes as well as Madison Gunther -- filed a lawsuit against the PGA alleging damages for existence barred to participate inwards the PGA golf game tournament inwards Richmond, California -- exterior of Oakland.<br /> <br /> The iii men had qualified the calendar week earlier inwards the L.A. open. The PGA wiggled out of this challenge to its racial segregation clause yesteryear changing the PGA designation from "opens" to "invitations". African Americans were never invited and, every bit a result, were express inwards their chance to hold upwards professional person golfers. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqBJPaMII1WftL0ChH57uiS9yoQzgu_sX_WRchFv5_1sjH3MDUJPux_7JSLvm-UAajZKA2lO8WuaASma0VtpvsKJkU31MiLcDs-SI3HQvr-QJrA3C8IDWlDxtndW3-PNJjvxK8BEaZ4s/s1600/Bill+Spiller+Teddy+Rhodes+and+Joe+Louis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqBJPaMII1WftL0ChH57uiS9yoQzgu_sX_WRchFv5_1sjH3MDUJPux_7JSLvm-UAajZKA2lO8WuaASma0VtpvsKJkU31MiLcDs-SI3HQvr-QJrA3C8IDWlDxtndW3-PNJjvxK8BEaZ4s/s1600/Bill+Spiller+Teddy+Rhodes+and+Joe+Louis.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo (R-L) Joe Louis, Teddy Rhodes, as well as  Bill Spiller.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 niggling known Black history fact inwards African American golf game history is that <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=joe-louis-brown-bomber-world" target="_blank">Joe Louis</a> -- the 1938 heavy-weight champion who knocked out the German linguistic communication Max Schmeling -- likewise chipped at the PGA's colouring barrier at a 1952 San Diego Opening. The organizers of the opening allegedly didn't know at that spot was an PGA Caucasian-only clause. When they learned of it they challenged it nether a sponsor's exemption when Louis qualified for the tour every bit an amateur golfer. As an amateur golfer, he was the start African American to play inwards an PGA tour event. The struggle for inclusion became Joe Louis' cause. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjE7Fe-TRUKeN6v8GX2ZmNciOJJsEGdWCNy1VXVbO7puCj534zNY1xcYK272Pq2ITyJ8wLWudav44bc-YwwoU1pgFWOsfPgIEKxJb4KLUeESesTNZyo6hM6YJHoVxnyMPJ94XfsGwcS-o/s1600/Lee+Elders+first+African+American+to+play+in+Masters+Black+Golf+Golfers+Golfing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjE7Fe-TRUKeN6v8GX2ZmNciOJJsEGdWCNy1VXVbO7puCj534zNY1xcYK272Pq2ITyJ8wLWudav44bc-YwwoU1pgFWOsfPgIEKxJb4KLUeESesTNZyo6hM6YJHoVxnyMPJ94XfsGwcS-o/s1600/Lee+Elders+first+African+American+to+play+in+Masters+Black+Golf+Golfers+Golfing.jpg" width="245" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lee Elders, inwards 1975, start Black to play inwards Masters.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1960, Stanley Mosk, hence attorney full general of the State of California, was amidst the express European Americans to back upwards African American golfers. Mosk called the PGA, which was planning about other tour inwards California, as well as said that if they did non opened upwards to African Americans they couldn't play inwards California. The PGA moved their trial to Pennsylvania. The NAACP became active inwards the cause. Eventually, the PGA was forced to withdraw its Caucasian-only clause. It was at this fourth dimension that Dr. Sifford was able to obtain a PGA tour bill of fare to compete alongside other professional person golfers. Today, at that spot is right away a <a href="http://www.charlottepublicgolf.com/revolution-park.php" target="_blank">Dr. Charles L. Sifford Golf Course</a> at Revolution Park inwards Charlotte, North Carolina -- a swell homage to this legacy. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>References: </i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLgN6xnXhz8" target="_blank">Uneven Fairways</a>, documentary written as well as directed yesteryear Dan Levinson, The Golf Channel, executive producer; <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1886947422/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1886947422&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=CHKLZDNLTNPWDGLH" target="_blank">Forbidden Fairways</a>, mass yesteryear Dr. Calvin Sinnette. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> </div>

Charlie Sifford & The History Of African American Golfers

Charles Luther Sifford aka Charlie Sifford (b. 6/2/1922, NC - d. 2/3/2015) The colouring barrier inwards professional person golfing ...

Elijah Mccoy: An African American Inventor

Elijah Mccoy: An African American Inventor

Photo: Elijah McCoy, African American inventor (b. 5/2/1844 - 10/10/1929) Have you lot e'er heard reference to the term the "r...

Estevanico Aka Estaban: The Due North African Moor Enslaved On 1528 Spanish Expedition To Americas

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA4RJno0LUc9mlehP5SiBBejmp_t1G7hmJ6FkLmk_qOutbZT7HejWd4TVSpfuxMrvjntQbbZO1VF1kY9bmrljLi30Y-9mAtl-cDxdJyVcJpBXeoN1JK4YPsgRNHOzvZbVJE_DpJ5fH0YM/s1600/estevanico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA4RJno0LUc9mlehP5SiBBejmp_t1G7hmJ6FkLmk_qOutbZT7HejWd4TVSpfuxMrvjntQbbZO1VF1kY9bmrljLi30Y-9mAtl-cDxdJyVcJpBXeoN1JK4YPsgRNHOzvZbVJE_DpJ5fH0YM/s1600/estevanico.jpg" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Estevanico aka Estaban (b. 1490 - d. 1539)</td></tr> </tbody></table> Estevanico aka Estaban was a Berber-speaking Moor born inwards North Africa too is amid the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=africans-of-esmeraldas-ecuador-look-at" target="_blank">earliest individually named Africans</a> known to the Americas. Estevanico was born inwards Morocco, North Africa, raised inwards a North African Muslim family. In 1513, at most the historic menstruum of 23 years, he was captured inwards Africa yesteryear Portuguese slave traffickers. We create non know his native name, alone the advert he took when made to convert to the Christian Catholic religion yesteryear his captors. We volition refer to him as Estevanico.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSgyquM_RRcmlv-0xrr5x2TfmWHr-qAjIOEa9T6JdPjTUKbHjCgEsZvlATwWoQGw51Pc_mlXMrTZXbtqQRqxcIMWFgAcuyo8bzPvJGqALIW5R4-ja2a2RPtrWsdWE8ipu1SbOAKcWprAw/s1600/spainmap.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSgyquM_RRcmlv-0xrr5x2TfmWHr-qAjIOEa9T6JdPjTUKbHjCgEsZvlATwWoQGw51Pc_mlXMrTZXbtqQRqxcIMWFgAcuyo8bzPvJGqALIW5R4-ja2a2RPtrWsdWE8ipu1SbOAKcWprAw/s1600/spainmap.gif" width="182" /></a></div> In the twelvemonth 1513, the enslaved Estevanico was shipped to Portugal from his native abode of Morocco. Kingdom of Morocco is that share where the North African empire of <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=africans-of-esmeraldas-ecuador-look-at" target="_blank">Hannibal</a> was headquartered at Carthage, founded inwards ninth century BC. In fact, Portugal was previously purpose of the patch of the Moors from 711 AD to 1492. The African Moors ruled what is instantly known equally Kingdom of Spain too Portugal for 700 years when a migration of North too West African Muslims (Moors) entered the share -- Jews, Christians too Arab Muslims afterwards joined the prosperous Moors. The Moors lost the Iberian peninsula to the Christian Crusaders yesteryear 1492. Based on the years of Estevanico's nativity and capture, the White Christian Crusaders that originally invaded the Iberia shortly crossed over to Africa too began capturing African Moors too enslaving them inwards the region.<br /> <br /> By 1520, Estevanico was sold from Portugal to a Castilian captain, Andres Dorantes de Carranza. Dorantes joined Spain's sojourn into what was for them "The New World." By this time, Kingdom of Spain was establishing colonies along the Gulf Coast of what is instantly known equally the U.S. of America too United Mexican States regions, too inside the Caribbean Area islands too South America.<br /> <br /> September 1528, Estevanico sailed amongst Dorantes' crew from port San Lucar de Barrameda on a Castilian expedition. The Castilian expedition included a fleet of 5 ships containing most 600 men. Estevanico sailed on the Magdalena equally it made its agency across the Atlantic Ocean landing outset on the isle of Hispaniola (aka <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.1200008392334px;"><i>Española</i></span>). Hispaniola instantly contains the independent nations of Republic of Haiti too the Dominican Republic.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggTupNHxluREos2jfLYEyvI7bBsVDDVod91iKDfwlwD5XPbL7uId6S53WNliAlaGH9tUPxmDaam7UmVGQKUnYbRDEK_MWtrUSOHZl4dT4JU_tWNp3uGcIuoHOVITvlPz2j_SC-Jw1zmpU/s1600/PapatlacaHispaniola1525.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggTupNHxluREos2jfLYEyvI7bBsVDDVod91iKDfwlwD5XPbL7uId6S53WNliAlaGH9tUPxmDaam7UmVGQKUnYbRDEK_MWtrUSOHZl4dT4JU_tWNp3uGcIuoHOVITvlPz2j_SC-Jw1zmpU/s1600/PapatlacaHispaniola1525.png" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> After a month, the send continued to Santiago, Republic of Cuba too and then Trinidad.When Estevanico too the Castilian crew arrived in the share instantly known equally Tampa Bay, Florida the Castilian expedition of colonizers numbering most 300 inwards number. The men separate the crews into bounding main too Earth expeditions too faced both friendly too unfriendly indigenous people inwards the Florida region.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVMjeXe_wWXWnT1XkwC9_lRTzRIIl5gS-pRbUeoNXIyeTv1laDMJY9oR4ICTtsx4NPohyV1398HbiIjYTU-fJxqGCsZARtCfyD-kKG69tx-wqbzsVU3_m3ttbr1rp4itMD5rIEEkgbdhs/s1600/travelsofestevanico0897_2l.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVMjeXe_wWXWnT1XkwC9_lRTzRIIl5gS-pRbUeoNXIyeTv1laDMJY9oR4ICTtsx4NPohyV1398HbiIjYTU-fJxqGCsZARtCfyD-kKG69tx-wqbzsVU3_m3ttbr1rp4itMD5rIEEkgbdhs/s1600/travelsofestevanico0897_2l.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <br /> Estevanico and the ship's crew found themselves wrecked off the coast of Texas, the surviving among them numbering four. Those 4 men were iii Europeans too the enslaved African, Estevanico -- idea to live the outset non-Natives to this region. Estevanico's captivity continued amid the surviving Castilian men -- which included Andres Dorantes too 2 others. The men made modest ships from fauna hides too eventually began to go along the Gulf of United Mexican States Coast region. They ventured into the interior too are known to convey traded amongst native peoples inwards the share to survive. This subsistence amid the 4 men lasted most 8 years.<br /> <br /> By July 1536, the 4 men arrived inwards New Spain, instantly known equally the State of Sinaloa inwards northwest Mexico. Estevanico too the other iii expedition survivors were received inwards United Mexican States City yesteryear the Castilian Viceroy of New Spain. Estevanico was granted his liberty at that fourth dimension too was also noted yesteryear commentators equally existence received to the region's Avavares tribe equally a medicine man. There may live a disclose of theories to explicate why Estevanico was seen equally a medicine human being amid the natives to the region.<br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0KupbYxpxgk3VS-xrNiz56T__i0WupPaM3c1TXtE5bcOkLtN8_grf9SGrZmUtRmkuCNGBzw63sC8Xz7WVUllnAUt3J6o3fM_vYg61YnD04RTmLhpwYax7B4oWoz9wBmnXq3kYq-G3lDw/s1600/olmec.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0KupbYxpxgk3VS-xrNiz56T__i0WupPaM3c1TXtE5bcOkLtN8_grf9SGrZmUtRmkuCNGBzw63sC8Xz7WVUllnAUt3J6o3fM_vYg61YnD04RTmLhpwYax7B4oWoz9wBmnXq3kYq-G3lDw/s1600/olmec.jpg" width="196" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ancient Olmec sculpture</td></tr> </tbody></table> The share of United Mexican States is purpose of the earliest known civilisation inwards the Americas, the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=africans-of-esmeraldas-ecuador-look-at" target="_blank">Olmec</a> kingdom whose remaining sculptures portray prominent negroid features. Additionally, the wisdom Estevanico exhibited to go against these historical odds tin sack also live contributed to knowledge obtained from his native African people of Morocco. He was already 23 years one-time when captured into European slavery.<br /> <br /> What remains of the tape states that yesteryear 1539 Estevanico led Fray Marcos of Nice into what is instantly known equally the western share of the State of New Mexico, inwards the United States. He knew the share equally good equally many non-Natives because of his 8 years wondering too trading amongst native tribes after the Castilian expedition's shipwreck. Ultimately, Estevanico's demise arose when the natives saw Estevanico leading the expedition of white European men into the region. That year, inwards 1539, he was killed yesteryear the indigenous people at Hawikuh, New Mexico.</div>

Estevanico Aka Estaban: The Due North African Moor Enslaved On 1528 Spanish Expedition To Americas

Estevanico aka Estaban (b. 1490 - d. 1539) Estevanico aka Estaban was a Berber-speaking Moor born inwards North Africa too is amid the ...

The Linguistic Communication Of Symbols Inwards Africa

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjojMk6qhhmHYS2ddxRavIsqsE4ZmtOu5Y0c5V0q8wUO_t5HHXLuIws94WtQhSEFs_xMwwBnrN7IUEOoEPDs6rMi_aBzQGrkwBf4HD_lGIHWzw-8ke38ETebuo2UgBuZDma9KVgMz6K6Ds/s1600/ANANSE+NTONTAN+spider+web+symbol+of+wisdom,+creativity+and+the+complexities+of+life+Ananse.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjojMk6qhhmHYS2ddxRavIsqsE4ZmtOu5Y0c5V0q8wUO_t5HHXLuIws94WtQhSEFs_xMwwBnrN7IUEOoEPDs6rMi_aBzQGrkwBf4HD_lGIHWzw-8ke38ETebuo2UgBuZDma9KVgMz6K6Ds/s1600/ANANSE+NTONTAN+spider+web+symbol+of+wisdom,+creativity+and+the+complexities+of+life+Ananse.gif" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Spider spider web symbol for wisdom inwards West Africa, <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com/p/african-folktales.html" target="_blank">Ananse</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> Symbols are visual keys that accept pregnant to people amongst a mutual heritage around a given symbol. The Gospel of Saint Philip states that "truth did non come upwards into the Earth naked, only it came inwards types too images. One volition non have the truth inwards whatever other way."<br /> <br /> Important iconic symbols arose inwards many human groups across the globe. The symbol was designed to communicate too exactly remind its viewer of concepts inwards the world. They may serve equally roadsigns, maps or instructionals for the viewer. Not surprisingly, symbols accept had a deep behavior upon on human psychology too spiritual life, relaying the intuitive wisdom of the ancients.<br /> <br /> In Africa, where tape of the oldest human communities lie, in that location are  many tribal families that locomote symbols to tell stories too supply  information, reminders too lessons. These symbols are considered sacred,  too were primarily used inwards ceremonial too religious contexts. <br /> <br /> <b>EAST AFRICAN SYMBOLS </b><br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JXeQfAXA4COgABGMnA2sZS4eJH5_GdXfUb6q2xrzBG9nZk9oDM5LYyzOeAKYvVtp0kfxadMNCggvGRGxmsq97OSBhogkRykWrrXQzMM0r8NwxZdj7LzPD7tMhTgRjJV6xh4oPwdEzes/s1600/Isis+featured+on+ankh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JXeQfAXA4COgABGMnA2sZS4eJH5_GdXfUb6q2xrzBG9nZk9oDM5LYyzOeAKYvVtp0kfxadMNCggvGRGxmsq97OSBhogkRykWrrXQzMM0r8NwxZdj7LzPD7tMhTgRjJV6xh4oPwdEzes/s1600/Isis+featured+on+ankh.jpg" width="113" /></a></div> Among the oldest cast of surviving written script is a symbolic ane --  hieroglyphics, a  mixture of symbols too signs. Some pictures inside a hieroglyphic may  easily live recognizable to a viewer equally acts of  humans or human-made objects. Some symbols select really specific pregnant  that volition live unknown to an outsider who has non studied the pregnant of  the epitome inside the context it was initially relayed. Other  symbols inside hieroglyphic writing accept phonetic value. <br /> <br /> An of import symbol inwards ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics is the ankh, represented here. The ankh combines the symbols of Osiris (the T cross) too Isis (the oval) to symbolize immortality. Osiris too Isis -- blood brother too sister-- were the 2 earliest God too Goddess inwards <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">ancient Egyptian</a> tradition. Isis is the start ancient Egyptian goddess to look inwards surviving East African cultural history. Isis represents the divine woman nurture too  protector. She is equally good depicted inwards ancient Egyptian symbols equally a kite, a  cast assumed to search for the dismembered trunk of her blood brother Osiris.  <br /> <br /> The patriarchal Christian cross borrowed it's iconography from the older ankh  symbol, removing the woman individual Isis representation. The ancient Egyptian ceremonies often line gods ceremonially  carrying  the ankh, much similar the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians locomote the cross  symbol inwards its processionals.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXuiwN2sIyclrkV_e_Zktk105UDqDOIV2SIOS1X19-_aYDhDY1B9vETJjJdX6YVoXSbxw__VLdvyXWXBLzhnY6_YDKi-WRhGaCOuGe2uH6cERwC9BQzxkO-B1oMqCA7rxg1uYr5yRY51E/s1600/The+goddess+Isis+gives+pharaoh+Seti+I+breath+of+life,+in+the+form+of+an+ankh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXuiwN2sIyclrkV_e_Zktk105UDqDOIV2SIOS1X19-_aYDhDY1B9vETJjJdX6YVoXSbxw__VLdvyXWXBLzhnY6_YDKi-WRhGaCOuGe2uH6cERwC9BQzxkO-B1oMqCA7rxg1uYr5yRY51E/s1600/The+goddess+Isis+gives+pharaoh+Seti+I+breath+of+life,+in+the+form+of+an+ankh.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The goddess Isis gives pharaoh Seti I breath of life, inwards the cast of an ankh </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> Other Nile Valley symbols were the Sun disk too the pyramid. The winged-sun disk symbol represents the Sun god Ra. Ra rules the Sun too the skies, equally the creator of the world. The pharaohs (kings) honored Ra equally sons (suns) inwards their iconography. Ra is said to accept resided inwards Heliopolis, an ancient Egyptian city. The symbol for Ra too his attributes is the obelisk too the Sun rays. The pyramid represents some other of import East African symbol. The ancient Egyptians used the pyramids for initiations  into the mystery schools, equally good equally homes for those who transcended  through <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">the duat</a>. It symbolizes the  highest score of spiritual attainment, an ascent of the hierarchy of  enlightenment. <br /> <br /> <b>WEST AFRICAN SYMBOLS</b><br /> <br /> There were equally good many symbols used inwards West Africa to select messages too values inside community. The Akan too the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Asante</a> tribes of West Africa both locomote Adinkra symbols. The symbols are constitute ofttimes inwards the West African Earth of Ghana. The symbols are incorporated into fabrics too on interior wall designs, or on pottery. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixiK0YWuo0Td7cD5ptGSWFBpR39Vd5ypoWjWpMFid7_6j-kSPjBdOTfcRc8tr5Ah8TIUiEAUE9_TzzmKdSBQLFdxGuJdxpo1HfugRxScDVNeD1RLfRNwlySdibXvShIsVkMV9n4xhGgLo/s1600/Adinkra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixiK0YWuo0Td7cD5ptGSWFBpR39Vd5ypoWjWpMFid7_6j-kSPjBdOTfcRc8tr5Ah8TIUiEAUE9_TzzmKdSBQLFdxGuJdxpo1HfugRxScDVNeD1RLfRNwlySdibXvShIsVkMV9n4xhGgLo/s1600/Adinkra.jpg" width="492" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvY-j4635HUUPgbjKa1l_ehzTbZLnseokS3pZ98_Nur3O7sXM0Q9bKRn-ilXAVrO2PZSEti5mi5W3bJTiOm9HGGgC9hyphenhyphen3MK1bOHPDy7xwybDRDofPdS6_at67NovfyB9ZmvrianYI0i8/s1600/fern+adinkra+symbol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvY-j4635HUUPgbjKa1l_ehzTbZLnseokS3pZ98_Nur3O7sXM0Q9bKRn-ilXAVrO2PZSEti5mi5W3bJTiOm9HGGgC9hyphenhyphen3MK1bOHPDy7xwybDRDofPdS6_at67NovfyB9ZmvrianYI0i8/s1600/fern+adinkra+symbol.jpg" width="118" /></a></div> Used ofttimes past times pre-colonial Ghanaian people, the Adinkra stamps were made from gourds too used to select of import concepts. These symbols may exhibit upwards inwards jewelry designs to select pregnant to those inside the civilization equally clearly equally phonetic text represents meaningful words to those who are native to European languages, such equally English. <br /> <br /> For example, inwards Republic of Ghana the aya or "fern"  adinkra symbol represents endurance too resourcefulness. "An private who wears  this symbol suggests that he has endured many adversities too outlasted  much difficulty," states W. Bruce Willis inwards his mass <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0966153219/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0966153219&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=PXONJAD6SMPEL3VZ" target="_blank">The Adinkra Dictionary</a>. The aya represents a known West African works life that tin grow inwards hard  places. It tin withstand dry out reason too various weather condition conditions too  shortly came to correspond human perseverance inwards life. Among  the Ghanaians, this is a symbol of hardiness, endurance too defiance.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRJmZ5O7UJhr-oDbe_V5BwOAUkDokJMxMeshrBsZcAeI3CHFSXj7imErdQVQ4K8GcKUQS_8Rrz_NWUWE7rb3qNr9aMV3G2o8O0eg_MEEBM1KNiriRfuvtgT3_RY-NUJvJQa5ts6T6hghY/s1600/Adinkira+stamps+made+from+gourds+West+African+symbols+were+a+form+of+thought+or+conveyance+used+by+pre-colonial+Ghanaian+people+symbol+has+a+discrete+but+abstractive+meaning.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRJmZ5O7UJhr-oDbe_V5BwOAUkDokJMxMeshrBsZcAeI3CHFSXj7imErdQVQ4K8GcKUQS_8Rrz_NWUWE7rb3qNr9aMV3G2o8O0eg_MEEBM1KNiriRfuvtgT3_RY-NUJvJQa5ts6T6hghY/s1600/Adinkira+stamps+made+from+gourds+West+African+symbols+were+a+form+of+thought+or+conveyance+used+by+pre-colonial+Ghanaian+people+symbol+has+a+discrete+but+abstractive+meaning.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> Africa’s rich too various artistic traditions vividly limited a spiritual sentiment of the world. The position out of symbolic systems inwards Africa is beyond this writer's capacity to fathom, based on the important cultural variety inside the African continent. Symbols may arise on masks too ornaments, inside architectural designs or inwards hairpieces too clothing. From East Africa to West Africa -- Southern Africa to Northern Africa -- the people of Africa accept a broad array of symbols waiting to live examined past times those interested inwards learning to a greater extent than well-nigh African history too its ancient, various cultural heritage.  </div>

The Linguistic Communication Of Symbols Inwards Africa

Spider spider web symbol for wisdom inwards West Africa, Ananse Symbols are visual keys that accept pregnant to people amongst a mutual...

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper: Early On African American Civil Rights Activist, Poet In Addition To Author

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSKOvOMl-_Wc8EGVE0GMEGMJA9lEWyGJ3ymkLlJS3YN72Gykcv0-A5taVcItIf7YzBOq5Jc-x6MqBvRiuO8wbmch918whgCS5ABpY4JuhE20j0UeExfYMSTA2cLF1KVkPGxh7qS-BjOgk/s1600/Frances+Harper+Black+History+African+History.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSKOvOMl-_Wc8EGVE0GMEGMJA9lEWyGJ3ymkLlJS3YN72Gykcv0-A5taVcItIf7YzBOq5Jc-x6MqBvRiuO8wbmch918whgCS5ABpY4JuhE20j0UeExfYMSTA2cLF1KVkPGxh7qS-BjOgk/s1600/Frances+Harper+Black+History+African+History.jpg" width="205" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (b. 9/24/1825 - d. 2/22/1911)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was born as a complimentary woman during a fourth dimension of slavery inwards the the States of America. She was born to free African parents in Baltimore, Maryland on September 24, 1825.  In 1828, at the historic catamenia of three, her woman parent died together with she was sent to live on raised past times her maternal aunt who had married Rev. William Watkins. Rev. Watkins was a notable African Methodist Episcopal Church minister, a civil rights activist and an educator. Harper received her formal pedagogy at the family-operated Watkins Academy for Negro Youth. </div> <br /> After coming of age, Harper left the Watkins' residence to become a slavery abolitionist, women suffrage advocate, together with writer attributed to a issue of bully acts. For example, inwards 1858, at the historic catamenia of 33 -- together with earlier the U.S. Civil War -- Ms. Harper refused to ride inwards the “colored” department of a segregated trolley auto inwards Philadelphia. This was 100 years earlier Rosa Parks' bully correspond jurist inwards the USA. <br /> <br /> Actively involved inwards the slavery abolishionist movement, Harper was a staunch advocate for equal rights for Africans inwards the young nation actively involved inwards trafficking of humans every bit slaves. She was a sought afterwards orator and spoke on the equality of all races together with genders, calling for increased temperance inwards civil society.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjaaeP1YPlaTuEC-WKwdS8U7RcpQ-yLxFv0cGpbKibsNus06Oq7JGeVhNp6qDo1ZidcTBR1UG7gWlxHEjH-53X8Cmfps3P2xFSjc8ArGIC1mNCjioS6gqRXiwuyLB6kfuEoc59nycWYQ0/s1600/frances-ellen-watkins-harper-448.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjaaeP1YPlaTuEC-WKwdS8U7RcpQ-yLxFv0cGpbKibsNus06Oq7JGeVhNp6qDo1ZidcTBR1UG7gWlxHEjH-53X8Cmfps3P2xFSjc8ArGIC1mNCjioS6gqRXiwuyLB6kfuEoc59nycWYQ0/s1600/frances-ellen-watkins-harper-448.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo of Frances Ellen Watkins Harper inwards her elderberry years.</td></tr> </tbody></table> Frances Harper's short flush "The Two Offers", first published in June 1859, is historically notable as the origin curt flush published past times an American woman of whatever race or ethnicity. By 1892, Harper would unwrap <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0486479013/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0486479013&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=ZWC3SBNRXF4JMTHY" target="_blank">Iola Leroy; or, Shadows Uplifted</a></em>, which many literary commentators distinguish every bit the origin new written past times an African-American woman.<br /> <br /> Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 prolific poet, Harper published nine volumes of poesy all related to equal rights. Arguably her about famous verse form is “Bury Me In Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Free Land.” The flush behind the verse form is that it was written while Ms. Harper was traveling on a lecture tour inwards the belatedly 1850s. At the fourth dimension she wrote the poem, she was really sick and may convey idea she was writing a final testament to her people. A literary masterpiece, the poem was origin published inwards 1864.<br /> <br /> <strong><em>BURY ME IN Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 FREE LAND</em></strong><br /> <dl><dd>Make me a grave where'er you lot will,</dd><dd>In a lowly plain, or a lofty hill;</dd><dd>Make it alongside earth's humblest graves,</dd><dd>But non inwards a province where men are slaves.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>I could non residuum if about my grave</dd><dd>I heard the steps of a trembling slave;</dd><dd>His shadow higher upwards my soundless tomb</dd><dd>Would go far a house of fearful gloom.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>I could non residuum if I heard the tread</dd><dd>Of a coffle gang to the slaughter-house led,</dd><dd>And the mother's shriek of wild despair</dd><dd>Rise similar a curse on the trembling air.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>I could non slumber if I saw the lash</dd><dd>Drinking her blood at each fearful gash,</dd><dd>And I saw her babes torn from her breast,</dd><dd>Like trembling doves from their parent nest.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>I'd shudder together with start if I heard the bay</dd><dd>Of bloodhounds seizing their human prey,</dd><dd>And I heard the captive plead inwards vain</dd><dd>As they jump afresh his galling chain.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>If I saw immature girls from their mother's arms</dd><dd>Bartered together with sold for their youthful charms,</dd><dd>My optic would flash with a mournful flame,</dd><dd>My death-paled cheek grow scarlet with shame.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>I would sleep, beloved friends, where bloated might</dd><dd>Can rob no homo of his dearest right;</dd><dd>My residuum shall live on calm inwards whatever grave</dd><dd>Where none tin give the sack telephone telephone his blood brother a slave.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>I enquire no monument, proud together with high,</dd><dd>To arrest the gaze of the passers-by;</dd><dd>All that my yearning spirit craves,</dd><dd>Is bury me non inwards a province of slaves.</dd></dl> </div>

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper: Early On African American Civil Rights Activist, Poet In Addition To Author

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (b. 9/24/1825 - d. 2/22/1911) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was born as a complimentary woman during a fou...

Lillian Ngoyi: Woman Bring Upwards Of The Dark Resistance Inward S Africa

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivHOhwOSXs2iSbPZLCNzUq0VJhMRrp54D-iidu7hP69gqJ7Pf9u55KfpBcV_YwmCYg_6XXurlydfOx_dnp3PLquG8fv4dJzA3vEi7anDOSR_CUX1X7gfjmxeJg7QjqBsq5CPRv67XaN0I/s1600/ngoyi_l_delivers_the_oration+in+South+Africa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivHOhwOSXs2iSbPZLCNzUq0VJhMRrp54D-iidu7hP69gqJ7Pf9u55KfpBcV_YwmCYg_6XXurlydfOx_dnp3PLquG8fv4dJzA3vEi7anDOSR_CUX1X7gfjmxeJg7QjqBsq5CPRv67XaN0I/s320/ngoyi_l_delivers_the_oration+in+South+Africa.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lillian Ngoyi known equally "mother of the Black resistance" inwards South Africa.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Lillian Masediba Ngoyi, (b. 9/25/11 - d. 3/13/1980) was 69 when she died of pump failure inwards her two-room  line of piece of occupation solid inwards Mzimhlophe, a department of Soweto. She had been banned nether  South Africa's apartheid laws for fifteen years when her obituary appeared inwards  the newspaper. The obituary was the showtime fourth dimension her advert would legally  live allowed inwards impress equally the apartheid ban meant that no 1 could impress  anything close Lillian or quote her publicly without beingness inwards violation  of the banning law against her inwards South Africa at the time. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Lillian  Ngoyi is remembered. She was 1 of 6 children born inwards Pretoria. Her  manly someone raise was a mine-worker in addition to her woman raise supplemented their household  income past times laundering clothes. Her identify unit of measurement was unopen relatives of Chief  Phatudi of the Lebowa homeland. Es'kia Mphahlele, the celebrated  African writer who wrote <a href="http://amzn.to/1TxRgfp" target="_blank"><i>Down Second Avenue</i></a>, was too named alongside her  kin. Models of leadership were acquaint inwards her family.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Lillian  began community organizing early. She became active inwards the Garment  Workers Union when she worked equally a machinist inwards a wearable manufacturing works life for  10 years. By 1956, she was the national president of both the  Federation of African Women (FAW) in addition to the African National Congress  Women's League (ANCWL), a branch of the African National Congress. As president of the women's league, she is oftentimes noted equally the showtime adult woman elected to an executive commission of the ANC.</div> <div> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBhjKEzK5ficYofTnahyphenhyphen56hQCSRyLBxrw7YPS6PoU8cq5v3eFgojgh7LdwGjOeDiXdgM2LOb9Yf7BKu5iuk5Uu-RkbEitMJxbhnin8LwQXFxYxwsyjxzbK9c9j1w1kVD3LxkNBXHYzGG8/s1600/Photo+Lilian+Ngoya.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBhjKEzK5ficYofTnahyphenhyphen56hQCSRyLBxrw7YPS6PoU8cq5v3eFgojgh7LdwGjOeDiXdgM2LOb9Yf7BKu5iuk5Uu-RkbEitMJxbhnin8LwQXFxYxwsyjxzbK9c9j1w1kVD3LxkNBXHYzGG8/s200/Photo+Lilian+Ngoya.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lillian equally machinist inwards wearable factory.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Soon,  nosotros uncovering Lillian inwards Johannesburg where she in addition to her enlisted friends become  into a "Whites Only" department of the Rissik Street Post Office. They  were right away told to motion to the non-white section. They refused. In fact, they  had to refuse. The "Whites Only" department was the entirely department that  allowed for sending a telegram to the prime number minister. Their destination was to  ship a telegram to the prime number minister. They were before long arrested past times police line for resisting. Once exterior the post office,  they were met past times a cheering crowd. After 5 courtroom appearances, the charges were dropped. As  the president of FAW in addition to ANCWL, however, Lillian was nether the constant oculus of the  policing authorities inwards South Africa.<br /> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1966, Lillian Ngoyi was elected, together  with Dora Tamana of Cape Town, to stand upwards for the FAW at a conference of  the Womens' International Democratic Federation inwards Switzerland. Both of  the ladies knew they would never have larn out visas from the South African government. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 lack of  visa would non halt them. They were captured  equally stow away on a ship headed to Cape Town to grab a bird that would  convey them to Switzerland. After beingness released past times the police, they  traveled to Johannesburg in addition to received the aid of <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=nelson-rolihlahla-mandela" target="_blank">Nelson Mandela</a> in addition to  Oliver Tambo to board a bird to England.<br /> <br /></div> <div> </div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVGM5T1gmXKgT0sddfB2umA8ONhFegefe6ZiZ8I-OELg9l2K6PnO9TdLokau_NasMF3asPStFPRRRVXsdZmXrihcsEUEPJ8M7bAYG_PnGPWN9fBqKdlgRy3PmJbe-O_QK_djtYJNvFMK0/s1600/Photo+Lilian+Ngoya+African+National+Congress.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVGM5T1gmXKgT0sddfB2umA8ONhFegefe6ZiZ8I-OELg9l2K6PnO9TdLokau_NasMF3asPStFPRRRVXsdZmXrihcsEUEPJ8M7bAYG_PnGPWN9fBqKdlgRy3PmJbe-O_QK_djtYJNvFMK0/s400/Photo+Lilian+Ngoya+African+National+Congress.jpg" width="390" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lillian Ngoyi, showtime adult woman elected to an ANC executive committee.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> They  did non become far straight to Switzerland. Instead, Lillian spent ii  months speaking inwards England to large groups close the apartheid overstep laws  in addition to the Bantu Education Act, with reports of audiences beingness brought to tears. She went on to  Deutschland in addition to was greeted with grand displays of bloom bouquets. Her lastly halt  was inwards Switzerland for the World Conference. She was before long invited to Russian Federation  in addition to accepted. She went on to China. Though she knew the penalization awaiting her inwards South Africa, she loved her province then much that  she returned. When arriving at the January Smuts Airport inwards South Africa she  kissed the Blue Planet of her homeland, happy to live dorsum on African soil. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The South African authorities silenced her. She  was non allowed to reveal written communication nor to address a  crowd. She lived nether a banning order, with entirely a few alongside the  younger generations knowing the sacrifices she made. This was non the historic menstruation where a Google.com search would laissez passer on you lot information at your finger tips. While many of the  men of the anti-apartheid crusade are known, at that topographic point were a issue of  women similar Lillian Ngoyi whose efforts led the agency to the halt of legal  apartheid inwards South Africa. Let us non forget her courageous works.</div> <div> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> </div>

Lillian Ngoyi: Woman Bring Upwards Of The Dark Resistance Inward S Africa

Lillian Ngoyi known equally "mother of the Black resistance" inwards South Africa. Lillian Masediba Ngoyi, (b. 9/25/11 - d. ...