American History: African

Dr. Wangari Maathai: Nobel Laureate African Environmentalist

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy62QhxsN8JntJ01FQKRUFChnqkqOUIjrXsloUR2q5epb73u_f9aEsjH2zmmKq9LhyOIODw7Gr6MBQu_Ci7dOR2ZRljASNZrIanIiu02kAc_uOrd7lURQTQV5ed9jxWo87RkFG22D9E50/s1600/Photo+by+Wangari+Maathai.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy62QhxsN8JntJ01FQKRUFChnqkqOUIjrXsloUR2q5epb73u_f9aEsjH2zmmKq9LhyOIODw7Gr6MBQu_Ci7dOR2ZRljASNZrIanIiu02kAc_uOrd7lURQTQV5ed9jxWo87RkFG22D9E50/s1600/Photo+by+Wangari+Maathai.jpg" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo: Nobel Laureate MD Wangari Maathai (4/1/1940 - 9/25/2011) </span></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> MD Wangari Muta Maathai was the showtime African adult woman as well as environmentalist bestowed alongside the Nobel Peace Prize. Dr. Maathai mobilized women to flora to a greater extent than than xl ane M k trees inwards Africa. She championed environmental sustainability equally a at ane time link to human sustainability as well as a tool against poverty. She was described past times Archbishop Desmond Tutu equally a leading vocalism inwards Africa.<br /> <br /> "Professor Maathai introduced the stance of women planting trees inwards Republic of Kenya to trim back poverty as well as conserve the environment," said Archbishop Tutu. Founder of the <a href="http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/">Green Belt Movement</a>. </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> "[Maathai] volition live remembered equally a committed champion of the environment, sustainable development, womens' rights, as well as democracy," stated old U.N. Secretary General Kofi Atta Annan after her decease inwards September 2011. "Her contribution to all these causes volition forever live celebrated as well as honored."</div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <b>Early Life inwards Republic of Kenya inwards East Africa</b></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> On Apr 1, 1940, Wangari Muta was born to Muta Njugi, her father, and Wanjiru Kibicho, her woman bring upward -- a  Kikuyu farming family from the Nyeri District of Kenya, inwards the hamlet of Ihithe. She is noted equally proverb that her parents gave her an early on observe for the soil as well as its bounty. Her showtime formal studies inwards Republic of Kenya began at the historic menstruation of 8 at the Ihithe Primary School as well as later on at St. Cecilia's Intermediate Primary School inwards Nyeri as well as Loreto High School Limuru.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> In 1959, at the destination of British dominion inwards East Africa, a immature Wangari left Republic of Kenya to written report inwards the United States of America at Benedictine College (then Mount St. Scholastica College) inwards the nation of Kansas. She earned a Bachelors of Science inwards 1964 as well as would hap to earn a Master's of Science inwards Biological Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh. She would hap of scientific discipline as well as environmental studies at academy inwards Germany.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> In 1966, Maathai returned to Republic of Kenya where she was appointed question assistant to a zoology professor at University College of Nairobi as well as opened a family-run full general store inwards Nairobi. In Kenya, she would wed Mwangi Mathai as well as accept 3 children: Bangari Maathai, Sangari Maathai as well as Mangari Maathai. After an embattled divorce from Mathai, she succeeded inwards retaining the delineate solid unit of measurement advert past times adding an "a": Maathai.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> In 1971, Maathai became the showtime Eastern African adult woman to earn a Ph.D. when she was awarded a Doctorate of Anatomy. She became a senior lecturer, associate professor as well as chair of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy at the University of Nairobi. It was at the academy that Wangari Maathai began campaigning for equal benefits for women working at the university.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <b>Green Belt Movement</b></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> To honor Nairobi's community leaders, the showtime "Green Belt" tree was planted inwards the city's Kamukunji common inwards 1977. Maathai encouraged Kenyan women to flora native tree nurseries throughout Kenya, agreeing to pay them stipends for each seedling flora inwards a native wood as well as planted elsewhere.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> Maathai became an active environmentalist, vocalism for women as well as for African self-sufficiency. In 2009, she authored the majority "The Challenge for Africa." In the epilogue to her book, "Unbound: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Memoir", MD Maathai writes:</div> <blockquote dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Trees accept been an essential business office of my life as well as have </i><i>provided me alongside many lessons. Trees are living </i><i>symbols of peace as well as hope. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 tree has roots inwards the soil </i><i>yet reaches to the sky. It tells us that inwards social club to aspire </i><i>we require to live grounded, as well as that no thing how high </i><i>we locomote it is from our roots that nosotros clitoris sustenance. It is </i><i>a reminder to all of us who accept had success that we </i><i>cannot forget where nosotros came from. It signifies that no thing how powerful nosotros locomote inwards authorities or how </i><i>many awards nosotros receive, our mightiness as well as forcefulness and </i><i>our mightiness to achieve our goals depend on the people, </i><i>those whose function remains unseen, who are the soil out </i><i>of which nosotros grow, the shoulders on which nosotros stand. </i></div> </div> </blockquote> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/IGMW6YWjMxw" width="560"></iframe>  </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> </div> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" />  <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /> </div>

Dr. Wangari Maathai: Nobel Laureate African Environmentalist

Photo: Nobel Laureate MD Wangari Maathai (4/1/1940 - 9/25/2011) MD Wangari Muta Maathai was the showtime African adult woman ...

Bessie Coleman: Aviation Barnstormer

Bessie Coleman: Aviation Barnstormer

Photo: Bessie Coleman was the origin American of whatever race or sex to earn an international pilot's license too she was the origin...

Garifuna: Africans Inwards St. Vincent, Caribbean In Addition To Honduras, Due South America

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq84ljHWa1QAdKV97Fpdk1GDHti4Wn3VE4Qy3IrQarE9s9U_sTpDNfBu68F4iiLaiQmQcH7vQQhi3RNO-o6JMexK5V4o3EmOkB_FMVP_8EHYiFBodURAqQZECsGvHB41O6mCVDxyLEpaQ/s1600/Photo+of+Joseph+Satuye+Honduras.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq84ljHWa1QAdKV97Fpdk1GDHti4Wn3VE4Qy3IrQarE9s9U_sTpDNfBu68F4iiLaiQmQcH7vQQhi3RNO-o6JMexK5V4o3EmOkB_FMVP_8EHYiFBodURAqQZECsGvHB41O6mCVDxyLEpaQ/s1600/Photo+of+Joseph+Satuye+Honduras.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image of Joseph Satuye (aka Joseph Chatoyer), Chief of the Black Caribs aka Garifuna. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> The millions of Africans living inwards Central America, South America as well as the Caribbean Area - inwards Castilian linguistic communication nations - are amid the most rich examples of African cultural survival inwards the so-called New World. The Garifuna represents a real unique instance of an early on African community to the Americas that held a job solid travelling pocket onto African kinship as well as cultural ties. <br /> <br /> No Garifuna state volition live found on a map today, but in that place are some quondam maps that stand upwards for a region in northern South America by the advert of "Garibana." Here is the icon of one such map found inwards a vintage store inwards Southern California.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA9zgZ9PaNvv5WT-6pNuouJ2p46tV6_o7Kf9kGfeKvNzlbYon0NsBVA1oTDyaLXTr4yCShOovXvtSjk1SJSAGAOPoa_O7A3p3-sqnHc-rK0FFDXhR208psYkxuH9bsamlnR5Y5hH3yIMI/s1600/Garifuna+Garibana+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA9zgZ9PaNvv5WT-6pNuouJ2p46tV6_o7Kf9kGfeKvNzlbYon0NsBVA1oTDyaLXTr4yCShOovXvtSjk1SJSAGAOPoa_O7A3p3-sqnHc-rK0FFDXhR208psYkxuH9bsamlnR5Y5hH3yIMI/s1600/Garifuna+Garibana+map.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Partial icon of map dated 1586 representing America.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiey8Ba3OJ51wXpV8Ty9yyONfK1F33rwWmb-36RLNP-B6YhAwlIFqqh_mTE9LuJOTxykmp5YMhMhyzU__HIW_Onhe2iV28wwJd6L0FZxE1YmayP61j968hgTRHxVOWgPM7oE92-onOQtn4/s1600/Garifuna+Garibana+map+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiey8Ba3OJ51wXpV8Ty9yyONfK1F33rwWmb-36RLNP-B6YhAwlIFqqh_mTE9LuJOTxykmp5YMhMhyzU__HIW_Onhe2iV28wwJd6L0FZxE1YmayP61j968hgTRHxVOWgPM7oE92-onOQtn4/s1600/Garifuna+Garibana+map+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Zoom icon on 1586 map representing percentage described equally "Garibana."</td></tr> </tbody></table> Some commentators study that the Garifuna were inwards the Americas equally early on equally the 1300s, migrants from the West African Republic of Mali Empire. See <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=african-kingdoms-medieval-warfare" target="_blank">African Kingdoms: Medieval Warfare Between Republic of Ghana as well as Republic of Mali Empires</a> (Mansa Musa chronicles go tales from Republic of Mali Empire to East Africa as well as Middle East cir. 1300 C.E).<br /> <br /> Other commentators debate that the Garifuna arrived from ship-wrecked European slave ships that landed on the isle of St. Vincent (aka Saint Vincent, San Vicente) equally early on equally 1635. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 seat historian from Greater-Accra, Ghana, <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=african-kingdoms-medieval-warfare" target="_blank">Kwekudee</a>, asserts they may live kin to the Akan Fante people of West Africa. Kwekudee considered factors such equally the Garifuna's matrilineal  inheritance system, their dancing styles as well as their food, amongst the staple  nutrient existence cassava. <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXnVfocRdpuaNvp64Lipw8Yvr9sIl6q03HnkX2qMoiscviVTeTiaUQ3OjFKQdAgRaEezGseREYTVZ_qjxFG3krWV6_vdV3TJy1AAfbXHjLOqbGGXE247eMj_0ROnnn5S2-2qAy_ptAStM/s1600/Garifuna+DAncers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXnVfocRdpuaNvp64Lipw8Yvr9sIl6q03HnkX2qMoiscviVTeTiaUQ3OjFKQdAgRaEezGseREYTVZ_qjxFG3krWV6_vdV3TJy1AAfbXHjLOqbGGXE247eMj_0ROnnn5S2-2qAy_ptAStM/s1600/Garifuna+DAncers.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: The Chief Joseph Chatoyer Garifuna Folkloric Ballet of New York. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Central to the Garifuna civilization is a rigid collective identity equally a people. The Garifuna receive got their ain unique Garifuna language, music as well as cuisine. The spiritual tradition of the  Garifuna centers to a greater extent than or less an ancestral reverence, honoring the wisdom of the  ancestors they receive got relied  upon for survival for centuries. Like many African communities adjusting to slavery as well as the lost of household unit of measurement as well as tribal kinship ties, the rhythms of the drum as well as  trip the low-cal fantastic would aid to create mutual songs to a greater extent than or less a mutual struggle. This reunified families as well as villages torn from  their traditional homelands inwards Africa. <br /> <br /> <b>The Island of St. Vincent </b><br /> <br /> The Arawak as well as the Kalinago were the native inhabitants of St. Vincent at the fourth dimension Africans began to arrive. The Kalinago, known to a greater extent than oft than non equally the Caribs (hence Caribbeans) past times the Europeans, intermarried amongst the Africans, equally did the Arawak. The population of natives to the isle refused to homecoming Africans to European slavers, according to the<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lTgIOFMw5GsC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=Jean-Baptiste+Labat+saint+vincent+black+carib&source=bl&ots=4brVsDpG8-&sig=HqdoVm_8OgxSxTEFShAKAtTztA4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=st73Uv-rC8O8oQSZx4HABQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Jean-Baptiste%20Labat%20saint%20vincent%20black%20carib&f=false" target="_blank"> accounts of Jean-Baptiste Labat</a>,<span class="st"> a Jesuit priest who lived inwards the Caribbean Area colonies at the plough of </span>the 1700s. Historical accounts study Africans escaping European slave plantations inwards the Caribbean Area for St. Vincent past times canoes as well as rafts. By the 1700s the mixed community of Africans as well as native peoples on the isle of St. Vincent had increased as well as the people became known equally the Garinagu (later Garifuna).<br /> <br /> By 1763, nether the Treaty of Paris, all European claims to the isle of St. Vincent was ceded to the British. The British would receive got to become in, however, to genuinely receive got possession over an isle populated past times complimentary people. The warrior-leader of the Garifuna was <b>Joseph Satuye</b>. For decades, Satuye organized the Garifuna equally <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=african-kingdoms-medieval-warfare" target="_blank">African Maroons</a> inwards state of war against the colonial British mission.<br /> <br /> The British forces, however, overwhelmed the Garifuna after many decades of battles. By 1797, in that place was a lastly give upwards past times the Garifuna. According to the GAHFU, to this 24-hour interval the Vincentians "make an annual  pilgrimage to the isle of Beliceaux to pay homage to the Garifuna  people who were imprisoned on that isle where one-half of the population  died of Yellow Fever, other diseases as well as starvation."<br /> <br /> <b>The Island of Roatán, Honduras</b><br /> <br /> According to the <a href="http://bayislandsdiver.com/History.html" target="_blank">Bay Island Diver</a>, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 diver's guide to the Bay Island of Honduras, the origins of the Garifuna inwards Republic of Honduras was the trial of the following.<br /> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <i>One grouping of slaves was "parked" hither during this fourth dimension during            the oestrus of a battle (between the Castilian as well as British). When the winners came to collect them, the slaves            refused to go. These are the Garifunas who populate much of  the Bay           Islands to this date, soundless maintaining their ain  cultural identity as well as           language. Punta Gorda on Roatán is ane  of many villages where they soundless           brand their homes.  </i></blockquote> While the British defeated the Garifuna inwards St. Vincent, they could non enslave them. An get at enslavement would sure receive got led to an unending as well as continuous get at revolt on the isle the Garifuna knew real well. Instead, the British imprisoned Garifunas on the isle of St. Vincent as well as literally exiled populations of the Garifuna from St. Vincent to the Republic of Honduras coastal isle Roatán (aka Ruatan, Rattan). The British may receive got sought to constitute a novel slave plantation from the Garifuna project inwards Honduras, but fortunately it was without success. <br /> <br /> The Garifuna people would non know slavery inwards Honduras, alone poverty. The Garifuna would grow their populations from Republic of Honduras as well as expand amid the coastal nations of the Americas -- amongst populations of Garifuna straightaway living inwards Belize, Nicaragua as well as Guatemala. Today, the Garifuna are introduce inwards Central as well as South America, too equally across the Caribbean Area as well as the United States.<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><b> The Garifuna Heritage</b></span><br /> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"One  of the unique things to me nearly the Garifuna spirituality is that the  sacred as well as the profane seems to be simultaneously. In the western  agreement of organized religious belief as well as spirituality, that could never happen." </span></i></span></blockquote> <span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></span> <object height="315" width="560"><param name="movie" value="//www.youtube.com/v/BM63f5SBlkw?hl=en_US&version=3"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="//www.youtube.com/v/BM63f5SBlkw?hl=en_US&version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="560" height="315" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object><br /> Video:  Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 documentary celluloid produced past times the National Garifuna Council of Belize.<br />  The celluloid addresses Garifuna Culture including ritual, music, trip the low-cal fantastic as well as  language.<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><b>A Story About the Garifuna Documentary</b></span><br /> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i>"This is what our ancestors receive got left for us as well as this is what God has given to us, our ain culture."</i></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i> "We receive got a huge battle to rescue what is ours again. And nosotros receive got to practice it. And nosotros tin practice it." </i></span></blockquote> <div style="text-align: center;"> - Jorge Castillo, Tornabe, Honduras</div> <br />  <object height="315" width="560"><param name="movie" value="//www.youtube.com/v/hXb2p2WgHxI?version=3&hl=en_US"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="//www.youtube.com/v/hXb2p2WgHxI?version=3&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="560" height="315" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object><br /> Video: This celluloid chronicles the challenges as well as struggles of the Garifuna people to save their identity. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Ben Petersen Film Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Brigham Young University Communications Department Production. </div>

Garifuna: Africans Inwards St. Vincent, Caribbean In Addition To Honduras, Due South America

Image of Joseph Satuye (aka Joseph Chatoyer), Chief of the Black Caribs aka Garifuna. The millions of Africans living inwards Central ...

Forging Fire: The Metallurgical Arts Of Africa

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnVhYzjPmWum1ppPGC1KOXw8E0xc9D5Wb7cVR1n2_CpGJW9snadMGajIwkdndUPbhEkw8-21luYC8bHMBLDXnvfNadehiDA_U4mWXuno_FJDrwb8mp6bmVz05uJVNue5hNeuSQTa2rzko/s1600/Forging+Fire+Metallurgical+Arts+of+Africa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnVhYzjPmWum1ppPGC1KOXw8E0xc9D5Wb7cVR1n2_CpGJW9snadMGajIwkdndUPbhEkw8-21luYC8bHMBLDXnvfNadehiDA_U4mWXuno_FJDrwb8mp6bmVz05uJVNue5hNeuSQTa2rzko/s1600/Forging+Fire+Metallurgical+Arts+of+Africa.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">While it has been advanced past times many European as well as European-descent scholars that the atomic issue 26 historic catamenia began inward Eurasia circa. one one thousand BCE, recent archaeological discoveries inward Nigeria suggests that atomic issue 26 smelting as well as blacksmith move was performed at a much before fourth dimension -- equally early on equally 2000-2500 BCE -- at high-levels of production as well as involving broad merchandise distribution alongside the ancient Igboland peoples inward West Africa. </span><br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCHR-imGt2miB7_d7F4ejZvB-Zh5EyP3ejO8UldvmjftBzh1tqtALeDFH7h_JzlRNbd1qsoymFJoQH3Yhjjrpu-BUnfedVfWUR7eyhWHca_Cx_o7TPfh99CVkNBsNIT8GslCPvGCL83I/s1600/Igbo,+Nsude+pyramids.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCHR-imGt2miB7_d7F4ejZvB-Zh5EyP3ejO8UldvmjftBzh1tqtALeDFH7h_JzlRNbd1qsoymFJoQH3Yhjjrpu-BUnfedVfWUR7eyhWHca_Cx_o7TPfh99CVkNBsNIT8GslCPvGCL83I/s1600/Igbo,+Nsude+pyramids.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">A row of 10 Igbo iron-smelting pyramids at Nsude, Enugu State of Nigeria, Africa. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Carbon dating data has been unattainable to date. </span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpkWTKcaq8xBXs097astRjqNYdlaGHKJhKWk3xbHKV3AlkE7iY0-jo_Z3j77AByy5guujrNYZhkfshKvKLUnAviP9jsJmQtHhN7othBLSAa_XfE11EtbVaKbpLUaQM9LV_VWgV3SeGq88/s1600/Nok+Nigeria+Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpkWTKcaq8xBXs097astRjqNYdlaGHKJhKWk3xbHKV3AlkE7iY0-jo_Z3j77AByy5guujrNYZhkfshKvKLUnAviP9jsJmQtHhN7othBLSAa_XfE11EtbVaKbpLUaQM9LV_VWgV3SeGq88/s1600/Nok+Nigeria+Map.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: left;"></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Prior to this, the earliest known African advances inward metallic plant were found alongside the Nok, who appear to accept been the cultural ancestors of the Yoruba who developed the Ife sculptures centuries later. According to Roger Atwood, writing for <a href="http://archive.archaeology.org/1107/features/nok_nigeria_africa_terracotta.html" target="_blank">Archaeology magazine</a>, "Carbon dating of charcoal within the [Nok] furnaces revealed dates equally far dorsum equally 280 B.C., giving Nok the earliest dates for atomic issue 26 smelting inward sub-Saharan Africa upwardly to that time." H5N1 collection of Nok terra cotta heads as well as figures were found alongside tin mines as well as many of these plant are housed at a museum at Jos inward key Nigeria. Other carbon dating established that items were deposited inward the portion from 500 BCE to 200 past times the Nok. By the 13th century, nosotros meet the Ife cultural arts develop into a sophisticated courtroom fine art that represented specific figure heads such equally kings. </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Also about 500 BCE, <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Nubia</a> was inward her Meroitic stage as well as was producing as well as trading iron. By 270 CE, at electrical flow twenty-four hours <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Ethiopia</a>, coins inward gold, argent as well as bronze were produced past times the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Aksumites</a> nether King Endubis.  </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mkNuBhh9u7BX2RhgPDuOKcTW8Onhvahes3P9fSrmxqSakALIU6pZK8mWgwcR6PFrB7Y-7nv3ExGWiIGJBU3y4AVFGnBpMJ4lnd9e22TJNcOQGfUfadoRPOkd9tr_LOxNNMifGGqwbkA/s1600/Egyptians+artisans+smelted+copper+and+gold+for+artistic,+architectural,+and+even+military+purposes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mkNuBhh9u7BX2RhgPDuOKcTW8Onhvahes3P9fSrmxqSakALIU6pZK8mWgwcR6PFrB7Y-7nv3ExGWiIGJBU3y4AVFGnBpMJ4lnd9e22TJNcOQGfUfadoRPOkd9tr_LOxNNMifGGqwbkA/s1600/Egyptians+artisans+smelted+copper+and+gold+for+artistic,+architectural,+and+even+military+purposes.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Egyptians artisans smelted copper as well as aureate for artistic, architectural, as well as fifty-fifty armed services purposes.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 19.5px;">At i indicate inward Western scientific literature, it was idea that sub-Saharan Africans did non invent atomic issue 26 independently. This notion was abandoned to a greater extent than than a century ago. High German scholar, Ludwig Beck, who published a five-volume history of atomic issue 26 betwixt 1884 as well as 1903, wrote inward his foremost volume: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 19.5px;">". . . [w]e meet everywhere an master copy fine art of producing atomic issue 26 alongside the numerous native tribes of Africa, which is inward its entire essence non imported but master copy as well as . . . must survive really old."  </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.5;">The American linguist Christopher Ehret asserts the following:</span><br /> <blockquote style="background-color: white; color: #3b3b3b; line-height: 1.5;"> <i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Africa S of the Sahara, it right away seems, was domicile to a split upwardly as well as independent innovation of atomic issue 26 metallurgy . . . To amount upwardly the available evidence, atomic issue 26 engineering across much of sub-Saharan Africa has an African beginning dating to before one one thousand BCE.</span></i></blockquote> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.5px;">"More as well as to a greater extent than numerous datings are pushing dorsum the get-go of atomic issue 26 production inward Africa to at to the lowest degree the middle of the minute millennium BC, which would acquire inward i of the world's oldest metallurgies," states Hamady Bocoum, Senegalese archeologist. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.5px;">Gaston Maspéro, a French Egyptologist, concluded that ancient Arab Republic of Egypt learned atomic issue 26 plant from Africans to the south. This persuasion was corroborated past times the High German Felix von Luschan, who also idea sub-Saharan Africans originated atomic issue 26 technology, equally did the British metallurgist William Gowland.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /> </span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu0UbGMPp64jSr0etfh0U8QMR4TsZxANIjRI6LBRCV_6xbYaBeXzs0o6FnSYhXbqsYhfdqyWwPsIWnyy5BJA44qSnk3pmCpF8h26OUM3mZ9-2h6gUBR38DFCgELLxJXoQVZ7jO4qyaMGQ/s1600/Ibgo+Nigeria+Map.jpg" width="320" /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The to a greater extent than recent scholarship of physician Pamela Eze-Uzomaka, Nigerian scholar, states that the study of the prehistoric atomic issue 26 smelting site at Lejja, Nigeria has found the existence of a thriving atomic issue 26 smelting community with hundreds of furnaces, tuyeres as well as slags visible from the surface at the primary hamlet square. Interrupted past times modern history, this atomic issue 26 smelting Lejja site has been reported past times physician Eze-Uzomaka equally extinct, no active atomic issue 26 smiths inward the community. The debris from the atomic issue 26 smelting site has, however, been radiocarbon dated to around 2000 BC. </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">As early on equally precolonial times, atomic issue 26 move inward ancient Igboland was highly ritualized. Supernatural forces were solicited past times the smiths as well as smelters to participate inward as well as supervise the production procedure for metals. This is described past times Onwuka N. Joku equally the "magico-religious context of atomic issue 26 production" that releases the powers of iron. </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Joku writes:</span></div> <blockquote class="tr_bq" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Traditional atomic issue 26 working involved considerable technical as well as artistic science equally good equally brawn. However, to the Igbo, a lot to a greater extent than was required, namely, the possession of esoteric powers. Such esoteric powers were deemed inevitable equally atomic issue 26 was believed to possess inherent mystical qualities. Iron was 'charged' as well as consequently unsafe to all persons except those who had the uncommon gift of knowing how to get got it. The heart as well as soul of this noesis was 'acquired past times blood'; that is, it was inherited past times birth.</span></i></blockquote> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The apprenticeship grooming was long as well as rigorous throughout Igboland. The atomic issue 26 smithing guilds held varying strickness inward allowing entrants from non-smithing lineages. An aspiring apprentice from a non-smithing identify unit of measurement could survive required to undergo a issue of associated practices as well as rituals before attempting to practise smithing. Without the mystical powers obtained from the atomic issue 26 deity through blood lines, the mysterious human activeness of turning public into atomic issue 26 as well as atomic issue 26 into tools, ornaments as well as other items was to a greater extent than oft than non idea to survive adjacent to impossible, within the guilds. Again, entry into a social club without beingness inward the identify unit of measurement job was possible alongside some guilds, with additional rituals as well as tests for the aspirant.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Eze-Uzomaka's query also links prehistoric Igbo atomic issue 26 smith as well as smelting take away to ancient Nile Valley civilizations. She asserts that many of the same deities were beingness employed on the West as well as East coasts of Africa inward prehistoric times. She states that the ancient Lost City of Heliopolis, referenced past times the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">ancient Egyptians</a>, was located inward Igboland where atomic issue 26 move was produced take away for distribution to locations equally far equally the Nile Valley portion of Africa. The Igbo-Kmt connecter existed at Lejja, states Eze-Uzomaka. This ancient Igboland was the Lost City of Heliopolis, the <a href="http://maatlaws.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Ancient Egyptian Duat</a>, Temple of the Sun.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The tape provides prove that the ancient Africans enjoyed a sophisticated agreement as well as human relationship to natural metals. These metals were employed inward their arts, coins, tools as well as weapons. Metallurgical guilds arose to develop as well as protect the noesis attained alongside the people of dissimilar regions. The existence of highly sophisticated inter-Africa merchandise inward metals is in all probability the close exciting seem of the electrical flow scholarship. If West Africans were supplying atomic issue 26 equally far equally the Nile Valley regions, the relationships alongside African peoples on the continent is sure enough inward its infancy stages of discovery.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>References: </i></b></span><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Scenes from Papyrus Book of Coming Forth past times Day of Hunefer, cir. 1300 B.C. Dover Edition: 1967, pp. 283, 289, 368 (reference to retrieving Amen-Ra's atomic issue 26 from a double bight, 2 bodies of water. See West Africa's river bights of Biafra (nka Bonny) as well as Benin; meet also, double plume plums of Osiris representing 2 river bights). </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Eze-Uzomaka, Pamela. </span><a href="http://www.academia.edu/4103707/Iron_and_its_influence_on_the_prehistoric_site_of_Lejja" target="_blank">Iron as well as its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (whitepaper available equally gratis download, concluding visited 10/13/14).</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Joku, Onwuka N,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1580821?" target="_blank">Magic, Religion as well as Iron Technology inward Precolonial North-western Igboland</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, Journal of Religion inward Africa XX, three (1991) (Jstor access required, concluding visited 10/13/14).</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>Further reading</i></b>: </span><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;">Acholonu, Catherine Obianuju, </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00L3W6JPY/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B00L3W6JPY&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=ZMX6REP3CMU33BZN" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;" target="_blank">Eden inward Sumer on the Niger</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;"> (Kindle Edition).</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Alpern, Stanley B., </span><a href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_in_africa/v032/32.1alpern.pdf" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank">Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron inward Sub-Saharan Africa?</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> History inward Africa, Volume 32 (2005) </span></li> </ul> </div> </div>

Forging Fire: The Metallurgical Arts Of Africa

While it has been advanced past times many European as well as European-descent scholars that the atomic issue 26 historic catamenia be...

The Linguistic Communication Of Symbols Inwards Africa

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjojMk6qhhmHYS2ddxRavIsqsE4ZmtOu5Y0c5V0q8wUO_t5HHXLuIws94WtQhSEFs_xMwwBnrN7IUEOoEPDs6rMi_aBzQGrkwBf4HD_lGIHWzw-8ke38ETebuo2UgBuZDma9KVgMz6K6Ds/s1600/ANANSE+NTONTAN+spider+web+symbol+of+wisdom,+creativity+and+the+complexities+of+life+Ananse.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjojMk6qhhmHYS2ddxRavIsqsE4ZmtOu5Y0c5V0q8wUO_t5HHXLuIws94WtQhSEFs_xMwwBnrN7IUEOoEPDs6rMi_aBzQGrkwBf4HD_lGIHWzw-8ke38ETebuo2UgBuZDma9KVgMz6K6Ds/s1600/ANANSE+NTONTAN+spider+web+symbol+of+wisdom,+creativity+and+the+complexities+of+life+Ananse.gif" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Spider spider web symbol for wisdom inwards West Africa, <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com/p/african-folktales.html" target="_blank">Ananse</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> Symbols are visual keys that accept pregnant to people amongst a mutual heritage around a given symbol. The Gospel of Saint Philip states that "truth did non come upwards into the Earth naked, only it came inwards types too images. One volition non have the truth inwards whatever other way."<br /> <br /> Important iconic symbols arose inwards many human groups across the globe. The symbol was designed to communicate too exactly remind its viewer of concepts inwards the world. They may serve equally roadsigns, maps or instructionals for the viewer. Not surprisingly, symbols accept had a deep behavior upon on human psychology too spiritual life, relaying the intuitive wisdom of the ancients.<br /> <br /> In Africa, where tape of the oldest human communities lie, in that location are  many tribal families that locomote symbols to tell stories too supply  information, reminders too lessons. These symbols are considered sacred,  too were primarily used inwards ceremonial too religious contexts. <br /> <br /> <b>EAST AFRICAN SYMBOLS </b><br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JXeQfAXA4COgABGMnA2sZS4eJH5_GdXfUb6q2xrzBG9nZk9oDM5LYyzOeAKYvVtp0kfxadMNCggvGRGxmsq97OSBhogkRykWrrXQzMM0r8NwxZdj7LzPD7tMhTgRjJV6xh4oPwdEzes/s1600/Isis+featured+on+ankh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9JXeQfAXA4COgABGMnA2sZS4eJH5_GdXfUb6q2xrzBG9nZk9oDM5LYyzOeAKYvVtp0kfxadMNCggvGRGxmsq97OSBhogkRykWrrXQzMM0r8NwxZdj7LzPD7tMhTgRjJV6xh4oPwdEzes/s1600/Isis+featured+on+ankh.jpg" width="113" /></a></div> Among the oldest cast of surviving written script is a symbolic ane --  hieroglyphics, a  mixture of symbols too signs. Some pictures inside a hieroglyphic may  easily live recognizable to a viewer equally acts of  humans or human-made objects. Some symbols select really specific pregnant  that volition live unknown to an outsider who has non studied the pregnant of  the epitome inside the context it was initially relayed. Other  symbols inside hieroglyphic writing accept phonetic value. <br /> <br /> An of import symbol inwards ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics is the ankh, represented here. The ankh combines the symbols of Osiris (the T cross) too Isis (the oval) to symbolize immortality. Osiris too Isis -- blood brother too sister-- were the 2 earliest God too Goddess inwards <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">ancient Egyptian</a> tradition. Isis is the start ancient Egyptian goddess to look inwards surviving East African cultural history. Isis represents the divine woman nurture too  protector. She is equally good depicted inwards ancient Egyptian symbols equally a kite, a  cast assumed to search for the dismembered trunk of her blood brother Osiris.  <br /> <br /> The patriarchal Christian cross borrowed it's iconography from the older ankh  symbol, removing the woman individual Isis representation. The ancient Egyptian ceremonies often line gods ceremonially  carrying  the ankh, much similar the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians locomote the cross  symbol inwards its processionals.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXuiwN2sIyclrkV_e_Zktk105UDqDOIV2SIOS1X19-_aYDhDY1B9vETJjJdX6YVoXSbxw__VLdvyXWXBLzhnY6_YDKi-WRhGaCOuGe2uH6cERwC9BQzxkO-B1oMqCA7rxg1uYr5yRY51E/s1600/The+goddess+Isis+gives+pharaoh+Seti+I+breath+of+life,+in+the+form+of+an+ankh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXuiwN2sIyclrkV_e_Zktk105UDqDOIV2SIOS1X19-_aYDhDY1B9vETJjJdX6YVoXSbxw__VLdvyXWXBLzhnY6_YDKi-WRhGaCOuGe2uH6cERwC9BQzxkO-B1oMqCA7rxg1uYr5yRY51E/s1600/The+goddess+Isis+gives+pharaoh+Seti+I+breath+of+life,+in+the+form+of+an+ankh.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The goddess Isis gives pharaoh Seti I breath of life, inwards the cast of an ankh </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> Other Nile Valley symbols were the Sun disk too the pyramid. The winged-sun disk symbol represents the Sun god Ra. Ra rules the Sun too the skies, equally the creator of the world. The pharaohs (kings) honored Ra equally sons (suns) inwards their iconography. Ra is said to accept resided inwards Heliopolis, an ancient Egyptian city. The symbol for Ra too his attributes is the obelisk too the Sun rays. The pyramid represents some other of import East African symbol. The ancient Egyptians used the pyramids for initiations  into the mystery schools, equally good equally homes for those who transcended  through <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">the duat</a>. It symbolizes the  highest score of spiritual attainment, an ascent of the hierarchy of  enlightenment. <br /> <br /> <b>WEST AFRICAN SYMBOLS</b><br /> <br /> There were equally good many symbols used inwards West Africa to select messages too values inside community. The Akan too the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Asante</a> tribes of West Africa both locomote Adinkra symbols. The symbols are constitute ofttimes inwards the West African Earth of Ghana. The symbols are incorporated into fabrics too on interior wall designs, or on pottery. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixiK0YWuo0Td7cD5ptGSWFBpR39Vd5ypoWjWpMFid7_6j-kSPjBdOTfcRc8tr5Ah8TIUiEAUE9_TzzmKdSBQLFdxGuJdxpo1HfugRxScDVNeD1RLfRNwlySdibXvShIsVkMV9n4xhGgLo/s1600/Adinkra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixiK0YWuo0Td7cD5ptGSWFBpR39Vd5ypoWjWpMFid7_6j-kSPjBdOTfcRc8tr5Ah8TIUiEAUE9_TzzmKdSBQLFdxGuJdxpo1HfugRxScDVNeD1RLfRNwlySdibXvShIsVkMV9n4xhGgLo/s1600/Adinkra.jpg" width="492" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvY-j4635HUUPgbjKa1l_ehzTbZLnseokS3pZ98_Nur3O7sXM0Q9bKRn-ilXAVrO2PZSEti5mi5W3bJTiOm9HGGgC9hyphenhyphen3MK1bOHPDy7xwybDRDofPdS6_at67NovfyB9ZmvrianYI0i8/s1600/fern+adinkra+symbol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdvY-j4635HUUPgbjKa1l_ehzTbZLnseokS3pZ98_Nur3O7sXM0Q9bKRn-ilXAVrO2PZSEti5mi5W3bJTiOm9HGGgC9hyphenhyphen3MK1bOHPDy7xwybDRDofPdS6_at67NovfyB9ZmvrianYI0i8/s1600/fern+adinkra+symbol.jpg" width="118" /></a></div> Used ofttimes past times pre-colonial Ghanaian people, the Adinkra stamps were made from gourds too used to select of import concepts. These symbols may exhibit upwards inwards jewelry designs to select pregnant to those inside the civilization equally clearly equally phonetic text represents meaningful words to those who are native to European languages, such equally English. <br /> <br /> For example, inwards Republic of Ghana the aya or "fern"  adinkra symbol represents endurance too resourcefulness. "An private who wears  this symbol suggests that he has endured many adversities too outlasted  much difficulty," states W. Bruce Willis inwards his mass <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0966153219/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0966153219&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=PXONJAD6SMPEL3VZ" target="_blank">The Adinkra Dictionary</a>. The aya represents a known West African works life that tin grow inwards hard  places. It tin withstand dry out reason too various weather condition conditions too  shortly came to correspond human perseverance inwards life. Among  the Ghanaians, this is a symbol of hardiness, endurance too defiance.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRJmZ5O7UJhr-oDbe_V5BwOAUkDokJMxMeshrBsZcAeI3CHFSXj7imErdQVQ4K8GcKUQS_8Rrz_NWUWE7rb3qNr9aMV3G2o8O0eg_MEEBM1KNiriRfuvtgT3_RY-NUJvJQa5ts6T6hghY/s1600/Adinkira+stamps+made+from+gourds+West+African+symbols+were+a+form+of+thought+or+conveyance+used+by+pre-colonial+Ghanaian+people+symbol+has+a+discrete+but+abstractive+meaning.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRJmZ5O7UJhr-oDbe_V5BwOAUkDokJMxMeshrBsZcAeI3CHFSXj7imErdQVQ4K8GcKUQS_8Rrz_NWUWE7rb3qNr9aMV3G2o8O0eg_MEEBM1KNiriRfuvtgT3_RY-NUJvJQa5ts6T6hghY/s1600/Adinkira+stamps+made+from+gourds+West+African+symbols+were+a+form+of+thought+or+conveyance+used+by+pre-colonial+Ghanaian+people+symbol+has+a+discrete+but+abstractive+meaning.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> Africa’s rich too various artistic traditions vividly limited a spiritual sentiment of the world. The position out of symbolic systems inwards Africa is beyond this writer's capacity to fathom, based on the important cultural variety inside the African continent. Symbols may arise on masks too ornaments, inside architectural designs or inwards hairpieces too clothing. From East Africa to West Africa -- Southern Africa to Northern Africa -- the people of Africa accept a broad array of symbols waiting to live examined past times those interested inwards learning to a greater extent than well-nigh African history too its ancient, various cultural heritage.  </div>

The Linguistic Communication Of Symbols Inwards Africa

Spider spider web symbol for wisdom inwards West Africa, Ananse Symbols are visual keys that accept pregnant to people amongst a mutual...

A Due West African Folktale Of The Even Out Of Oshún's Flying To Olodumare

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJA9_qNgWo5FvOmL01p2_Ix90VbastpwVIr7liTZ1N1QnvlvV4Vb20lsNuvQ4WOl1icJaG2vT9zBqRwO1RZy-koCa6Owyx0iv0Us49tBb1-niJvoouhX1wq7hclPpvWO5bc67mAgFRi-g/s1600/oludumare.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJA9_qNgWo5FvOmL01p2_Ix90VbastpwVIr7liTZ1N1QnvlvV4Vb20lsNuvQ4WOl1icJaG2vT9zBqRwO1RZy-koCa6Owyx0iv0Us49tBb1-niJvoouhX1wq7hclPpvWO5bc67mAgFRi-g/s320/oludumare.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Oludumare is ane of iii manifestations of the Supreme God inwards the Yoruban pantheon</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">It has been said inwards the sacred stories of our West African Yoruba tradition that Oshún (sometimes written Oshun or Osun) is the solely Orisa able to approach Olodumare (aka Olorun) directly, carrying prayers from the oral fissure of humanity to Olodumare's ears. This is the flush of Oshún's flying as well as how she became the messenger of Olodumare. </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">In the early on days of the world, as well as of Ilé Ifé, the orishas became tired of serving Olodumare. They began to resist the Lord of Heaven's edicts as well as to fifty-fifty plot the overthrow of Olodumare's kingdom inwards sky as well as earth. They felt they didn't demand Olodumare as well as that every bit the Lord of Heaven was thence distant anyway, they could but dissever the aché or powers alongside themselves as well as that things would operate much ameliorate that way.<br /><br />When Olodumare caught air current of this mental attitude as well as their plots, the Lord of Heaven acted simply as well as decisively. Olodumare simply withheld the pelting from the earth. Soon the public was encompassed yesteryear a staggering drought, the basis became parched as well as cracked, the plants withered as well as died without water. And it wasn't long earlier all on earth, orishas as well as their children alike began to starve.<br /><br />After a brusque time, growling bellies as well as sallow faces began to verbalise louder than pride as well as rebelliousness. They unanimously decided to operate to Olodumare as well as beg for forgiveness inwards hopes that this would convey pelting dorsum to the world. But they had a problem: none of them could accomplish the distant habitation of Olodumare. They sent all the birds ane yesteryear ane to endeavor the journeying but each as well as every ane of them failed, tiring long earlier reaching the palace of the Lord of Heaven. It began to appear that all promise was lost.<br /> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcHWnVHQlqJotir4Kv-J0RyTxC2KfZMAT7_CtQMWtIp6RZOXKIYvPk2PT32Uc96d48WX8N6rWJ3lWgkLXfhw8IR5DOqdxfLiIg0iSghtmqxZxgPJbK06simh6KiyhgtBMPJfU1d6C7tqE/s1600/west+african+folk+tale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcHWnVHQlqJotir4Kv-J0RyTxC2KfZMAT7_CtQMWtIp6RZOXKIYvPk2PT32Uc96d48WX8N6rWJ3lWgkLXfhw8IR5DOqdxfLiIg0iSghtmqxZxgPJbK06simh6KiyhgtBMPJfU1d6C7tqE/s320/west+african+folk+tale.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Then ane day, the peacock, who was inwards reality Oshún herself, came to offering her services to salve the public from this drought. Once again, at that topographic point was full general upheaval as well as fifty-fifty to a greater extent than laughter every bit the orishas considered the sentiment of this vain as well as pampered aeroplane task such a courageous as well as unsafe journey. "You mightiness intermission a nail," said one.<br /> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">But the footling peacock persisted. As they had naught to lose, they agreed to allow Oshún continue the world's behalf. So the footling peacock flew off towards the Sun as well as the palace of Olodumare. Oshún presently tired of the journey, but she kept flying always higher, determined to accomplish the Lord of Heaven as well as to straight plea for the world.<br /><br />Going withal higher, Oshún's feathers began to operate scraggly as well as dark from the withering oestrus of the sun, as well as all the feathers were burned from her head.<br /> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>But she kept flying.</i><br /> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Finally, through sheer volition as well as decision she arrived at the gates of Olodumare's palace. When Olodumare came upon her she was a miserable sight. Oshún had lost much of her feathers as well as the ones that remained were black. In all truth, Oshún was looking quite scraggly. To larn to sky she had to wing thence around the Sun as well as sacrifice her beautiful feathers. The Lord of Heaven took compassion on Oshún as well as brought her to the Palace where she was fed as well as given water, as well as her wounds were treated.<br /><br />He asked Oshún why she had made such a perilous journey. She explained the Earth of public as well as went on to say Olodumare that she had come upwards at adventure of her ain life thence that humanity mightiness live.<br /> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5P_0Rf0OdhDiHs3VOs3a2zqiRNkmEHv4J4T4-TJcmYzbrm1j-Zr6RZS9QOpQjGDXGdZ9dMZhd_e_7lx537T0JuvfB9BuBQsh6YQ88NWQI1SWMsefXxNHKkvPeko-iFjHk6NLcRQd98o/s1600/olodumare+God+in+Yoruba.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5P_0Rf0OdhDiHs3VOs3a2zqiRNkmEHv4J4T4-TJcmYzbrm1j-Zr6RZS9QOpQjGDXGdZ9dMZhd_e_7lx537T0JuvfB9BuBQsh6YQ88NWQI1SWMsefXxNHKkvPeko-iFjHk6NLcRQd98o/s400/olodumare+God+in+Yoruba.jpg" width="400" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Olodumare looked to the world. He as well as thence looked to Oshún's plaintive face. It was obvious that everything she had said was truthful as well as he was moved yesteryear </span></span></span></span></span><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Oshún</span></span></span></span></span>'s capacity to love. The Lord of Heaven turned to the peacock, who wasn't a peacock anymore. The flying for humanity turned Oshún's outer cast into that of a vulture. </span></span></span></span></span><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">He ordered the rains to autumn from heaven.<br /><br />Then Olodumare looked deeply into Oshún's eyes as well as into her heart, as well as thence announced that for all eternity she would live on the Messenger of the House of Olodumare as well as that all would select to observe her every bit such. From that twenty-four hours forward, inwards this path, Oshún became known every bit Ikolé, the messenger of the House of Olodumare. Ikolé also is the lift for the vulture inwards Lacumí. And from that twenty-four hours the path of Oshún known every bit Ibú Ikolé was revered as well as became associated with her bird, the vulture. The vulture as well as thence returned to earth, bringing with her the rain, where she met with slap-up rejoicing.<br /><br />As benefits a Queen or Iyalodde, </span></span></span></span></span><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Oshún</span></span></span></span></span> graciously refrained from reminding them of their jibes as well as abuses every bit she could encounter the shame on their faces. This is why, whenever a someone is to operate initiated every bit a priest inwards the Yoruban religion, no affair which orisha they are having seated inwards their heads, they must starting fourth dimension operate to the river as well as give an employment organization human relationship of what they are to create -- every bit Oshún is the Messenger of Olodumare.</span></span></span></span></span></div> </div>

A Due West African Folktale Of The Even Out Of Oshún's Flying To Olodumare

Oludumare is ane of iii manifestations of the Supreme God inwards the Yoruban pantheon It has been said inwards the sacred stories o...

American History