American History

Maggie L. Walker: Starting Fourth Dimension African American Adult Woman To Establish A Depository Fiscal Establishment Inwards The United States

Maggie L. Walker: Starting Fourth Dimension African American Adult Woman To Establish A Depository Fiscal Establishment Inwards The United States

Photo of Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker (b. 7/15/1864 - d. 12/15/1934) Maggie Lena Mitchell was born on July 15, 1864, the miss of Eliza...

Margaret Walker: A Author As Well As Poet Of The Dark Chicago Renaissance

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnvoHHhrBYf2b1HblRZXvSZ3PJ294MWVFduiWVp4UQ_iY3slbVt-Aj3ddSeFKOF3YIan5o1ASsT8XtF9BPdbuId2Ib0DqV7K8_4-MGgmALaHKfINFQoFendVdsPN39b4ivOTt_Z4JHUW4/s1600/Photo+Image+of+Margaret+Walker+an+African+American+Poet+and+Writer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnvoHHhrBYf2b1HblRZXvSZ3PJ294MWVFduiWVp4UQ_iY3slbVt-Aj3ddSeFKOF3YIan5o1ASsT8XtF9BPdbuId2Ib0DqV7K8_4-MGgmALaHKfINFQoFendVdsPN39b4ivOTt_Z4JHUW4/s1600/Photo+Image+of+Margaret+Walker+an+African+American+Poet+and+Writer.jpg" width="268" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="st"><strong>Margaret Walker</strong> (b. July 7, 1915 – d. Nov 30, 1998). </span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <span class="st"></span><br /> <span class="st">Margaret Walker was a poet together with author of African descent born inward Birmingham, Alabama. The eldest of v children, her manlike mortal bring upward was Sigismund C. Walker, a Methodist minister, linguist and professor. Her woman bring upward was Marion Dozier Walker, a musicologist together with professor. In 1925, W</span><span class="st">alker's family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. She underwent her early on instruction inward New Orleans, including two years of college at New Orleans University (now Dillard University). Encouraged yesteryear Langston Hughes, Walker moved to Chicago together with attend Northwestern University. In 1934, she would earn her B.A. inward English, amongst a focus on Romantic poets, at the historic catamenia of nineteen years. </span><br /> <span class="st"></span><br /> <span class="st">The habitation of Walker's kickoff published poesy form was <em>The Crisis</em> magazine, published yesteryear W. E. B. Du Bois. By 1935, she was active in the South Side Writers’ Group of the Federal Writers’ Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Her award-winning poesy form For My People was kickoff published inward 1937. </span><span class="st">Walker soon became part of the thriving <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0252078586/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0252078586&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=UBXIU5WF3BJQHXQF" target="_blank">Black Chicago Renaissance</a>, a cultural arts campaign amid African Americans that began inward the 1930s. <span class="st">Her almost well-known operate is her classic novel <em>Jubilee</em>, published in 1966.</span></span><br /> <span class="st"></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcjAJhoagTpnune7QkBNrANXev6wN8wXpGpxWNJONfhJYl_7Ws84gfNTg7G55vnaaehz8QmrhsgkWh08siDdCc2LV5Wj5RZNGd_kgSz5aizAFTQdtbhioXGnOl4Foi95XiOj4XwYufAz4/s1600/Bronzeville.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcjAJhoagTpnune7QkBNrANXev6wN8wXpGpxWNJONfhJYl_7Ws84gfNTg7G55vnaaehz8QmrhsgkWh08siDdCc2LV5Wj5RZNGd_kgSz5aizAFTQdtbhioXGnOl4Foi95XiOj4XwYufAz4/s1600/Bronzeville.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <br /> <span class="st">For Walker, Chicago was a cultural blast city.  The Great Migration of African Americans from the South to Chicago's neighborhoods brought the promise of a people to the city. While non equally good known equally its sis renaissance inward Harlem, the campaign included such famous African American writers equally Arna Bontemps, Gwendolyn Brooks, Lorraine Hansberry, Margaret Walker together with Richard Wright. Musicians active during the Black Chicago Renaissance were such luminaries equally Louis Armstrong, Thomas A. Dorsey together with Earl Hines. Live Jazz together with Blues clubs, such as the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=chicago-palm-tavern" target="_blank">Palm Tavern</a>, were many inward Chicago's predominantly African-American Bronzeville community.</span><br /> <div class="tab-content active" id="poem-top"> <h1> For My People</h1> </div> <span class="author">by Margaret Walker</span><br />       <br /> <div class="tab-content active" id="poem"> <div class="poem"> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> For my people everywhere singing their slave songs </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      repeatedly: their dirges together with their ditties together with their blues </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      together with jubilees, praying their prayers nightly to an </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      unknown god, bending their knees humbly to an </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      unseen power;<br />  </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> For my people lending their strength to the years, to the </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     gone years together with the forthwith years together with the mayhap years, </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     washing ironing cooking scrubbing sewing mending </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     hoeing plowing earthworks planting pruning patching</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     dragging along never gaining never reaping never </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     knowing together with never understanding;</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <br /> For my playmates inward the clay together with dust together with sand of Alabama</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     backyards playing baptizing together with preaching together with physician </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     together with jail together with soldier together with schoolhouse together with mama together with cooking </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     together with playhouse together with concert together with shop together with pilus and</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     Miss Choomby together with company;</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <br /> For the cramped bewildered years nosotros went to schoolhouse to larn </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     to know the reasons why together with the answers to together with the </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     people who together with the places where together with the days when, inward </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     retentivity of the bitter hours when nosotros discovered nosotros </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     were dark together with miserable together with minor together with dissimilar together with nobody </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     cared together with nobody wondered together with nobody understood;</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <br /> For the boys together with girls who grew inward spite of these things to </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     live human being together with woman, to express joy together with trip the low-cal fantastic together with sing together with </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     play together with sip their vino together with religious belief together with success, to </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     espouse their playmates together with acquit children together with and then die</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     of consumption together with anemia together with lynching;</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <br /> For my people thronging 47th Street inward Chicago together with Lenox </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     Avenue inward New York together with Rampart Street inward New </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     Orleans, lost disinherited dispossessed together with happy </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     people filling the cabarets together with taverns together with other </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     people’s pockets together with needing staff of life together with shoes together with milk and</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     Blue Planet together with coin together with something—something all our own;</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <br /> For my people walking blindly spreading joy, losing fourth dimension </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      beingness lazy, sleeping when hungry, shouting when </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      burdened, drinking when hopeless, tied, together with shackled </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      together with tangled amid ourselves yesteryear the unseen creatures </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      who tower over us omnisciently together with laugh;</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <br /> For my people blundering together with groping together with floundering inward </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      the dark of churches together with schools together with clubs </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      together with societies, associations together with councils together with committees together with </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      conventions, distressed together with disturbed together with deceived together with </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      devoured yesteryear money-hungry glory-craving leeches, </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      preyed on yesteryear facile forcefulness of acre together with fad together with novelty, yesteryear </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">      fake prophet together with holy believer;</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <br /> For my people standing staring trying to fashion a ameliorate way</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     from confusion, from hypocrisy together with misunderstanding, </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     trying to fashion a public that volition represent all the people, </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     all the faces, all the adams together with eves together with their countless generations;</div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <br /> Let a novel globe rise. Let unopen to other public live born. Let a </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     bloody peace live written inward the sky. Let a instant </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     generation total of courage resultant forth; allow a people </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     loving liberty come upward to growth. Let a beauty total of </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     healing together with a strength of lastly clenching live the pulsing </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     inward our spirits together with our blood. Let the martial songs </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     live written, allow the dirges disappear. Let a race of men forthwith </div> <div style="padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">     rising together with accept control.</div> </div> </div> </div>

Margaret Walker: A Author As Well As Poet Of The Dark Chicago Renaissance

Margaret Walker (b. July 7, 1915 – d. Nov 30, 1998). Margaret Walker was a poet together with author of African descent born inward B...

Mary Mcleod Bethune: My Final Volition Too Testament

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4MlEmdSxUQiEeNGnKH611Z6ZxYdFrzF1ERvKZtzNOZctH8F9HD0S24-mxGElHi6CjfE3h9dBm5GMu8Nc-wcrvaeP2SW1jcEGygNodHTEO3aDPD3fjwSfoTUBQyZ0EB_IN3bPh6tDe8QQ/s1600/Photo+of+Mary+McLeod+Bethune.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4MlEmdSxUQiEeNGnKH611Z6ZxYdFrzF1ERvKZtzNOZctH8F9HD0S24-mxGElHi6CjfE3h9dBm5GMu8Nc-wcrvaeP2SW1jcEGygNodHTEO3aDPD3fjwSfoTUBQyZ0EB_IN3bPh6tDe8QQ/s1600/Photo+of+Mary+McLeod+Bethune.jpg" width="280" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: H5N1 immature Mary McLeod Bethune (b. <span class="kno-fv _jI">July 10, 1875 - d. May 18, 1955)</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <em>Born July 10, 1875 inwards Mayesville, South Carolina, Mary Jane McLeod Bethune became a civil rights leader as well as educator known best for creating a person schoolhouse for African-American students inwards Daytona Beach, Florida -- now known every bit </em><a href="http://www.cookman.edu/about_BCU/history/our_founder.html" target="_blank"><em>Bethune-Cookman University</em></a><em>. Born to enslaved African parents, Sam as well as Patsy McLeod, she has left her legacy upon the wall of time: serving the African-American community, advising United States of America presidents, as well as more. Rising from the humblest background, she became an icon of African womanhood every bit preserver as well as a adult woman of courage inwards the expression upwards of slap-up social as well as economical challenges. Below is ane of McLeod's writings -- more of a prayer poem -- titled</em> My Last Will as well as Testament<em>.</em> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: medium;">If I remove hold a legacy to larn out my people, it is<br /> my philosophy of living as well as serving.  </span><br /> <br /> Here, Then, is My Legacy...<br /> <ul> <li>I larn out y'all love.<br /><ul><i>Love builds. It is positive as well as helpful.</i></ul>  </li> <li>I larn out y'all hope.</li> <ul><i>Yesterday, our ancestors endured the degradation of slavery, even then they retained their dignity.</i></ul> <ul> </ul> <li>I larn out y'all the challenge of developing<br />        confidence inwards ane another.</li> <ul><i>This variety of confidence volition assist the economical ascent of the race past times bringing together the pennies as well as dollars of our people as well as ploughing them into useful channels.</i></ul> <ul> </ul> <li>I larn out y'all thirst for education.</li> <ul><i>Knowledge is the prime number postulate of the hour.</i> </ul> <ul> </ul> <li>I larn out y'all a honour for the uses of power.</li> <ul><i>Power, intelligently directed, tin Pb to to a greater extent than freedom.</i></ul> <ul> </ul> <li>I larn out y'all faith.</li> <ul><i>Faith inwards God is the greatest power, exactly great, too, is faith inwards oneself.</i></ul> <ul> </ul> <li>I larn out y'all racial dignity.</li> <ul><i>I wish Negroes to keep their human dignity at all costs.</i></ul> <ul> </ul> <li type="Disk">I larn out y'all a wish to alive harmoniously amongst your boyfriend man. </li> </ul> <br /> <ul> <li type="Disk">I larn out you, finally, a responsibleness to our immature people.<br /><ul><i>The the world around us actually belongs to youth, for youth volition remove hold over its futurity management.</i></ul> <br /> <center> Mary McLeod Bethune</center> </li> </ul> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwIOoKYXXtfw1e3G0RODPeS5F5hvnSqCm8_KjiiDtwIZJlusECEeR4yuQ4eJXP5UmkVhXmvtF_nVt-I1Uy4MQx2CqXmb9dBcCuvkAxDNH3eXC6d-tOFyizJhxg5xAOGHWhTtPom7mZZ_c/s1600/Mary+McLeod+Bethune+Public+Memorial+Statue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwIOoKYXXtfw1e3G0RODPeS5F5hvnSqCm8_KjiiDtwIZJlusECEeR4yuQ4eJXP5UmkVhXmvtF_nVt-I1Uy4MQx2CqXmb9dBcCuvkAxDNH3eXC6d-tOFyizJhxg5xAOGHWhTtPom7mZZ_c/s1600/Mary+McLeod+Bethune+Public+Memorial+Statue.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bronze memorial statue of Mary McLeod Bethune, past times Robert Berks, located inwards Washington D.C.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div align="left"> </div> </div>

Mary Mcleod Bethune: My Final Volition Too Testament

Photo: H5N1 immature Mary McLeod Bethune (b. July 10, 1875 - d. May 18, 1955) Born July 10, 1875 inwards Mayesville, South Carolina, ...

Oscar Micheaux: An Early On African American Filmmaker

Oscar Micheaux: An Early On African American Filmmaker

Photo of Oscar Micheaux (b. Jan 2, 1884 – d. March 25, 1951) The long history of African American celluloid is close a national secret....

Forging Fire: The Metallurgical Arts Of Africa

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnVhYzjPmWum1ppPGC1KOXw8E0xc9D5Wb7cVR1n2_CpGJW9snadMGajIwkdndUPbhEkw8-21luYC8bHMBLDXnvfNadehiDA_U4mWXuno_FJDrwb8mp6bmVz05uJVNue5hNeuSQTa2rzko/s1600/Forging+Fire+Metallurgical+Arts+of+Africa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnVhYzjPmWum1ppPGC1KOXw8E0xc9D5Wb7cVR1n2_CpGJW9snadMGajIwkdndUPbhEkw8-21luYC8bHMBLDXnvfNadehiDA_U4mWXuno_FJDrwb8mp6bmVz05uJVNue5hNeuSQTa2rzko/s1600/Forging+Fire+Metallurgical+Arts+of+Africa.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">While it has been advanced past times many European as well as European-descent scholars that the atomic issue 26 historic catamenia began inward Eurasia circa. one one thousand BCE, recent archaeological discoveries inward Nigeria suggests that atomic issue 26 smelting as well as blacksmith move was performed at a much before fourth dimension -- equally early on equally 2000-2500 BCE -- at high-levels of production as well as involving broad merchandise distribution alongside the ancient Igboland peoples inward West Africa. </span><br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCHR-imGt2miB7_d7F4ejZvB-Zh5EyP3ejO8UldvmjftBzh1tqtALeDFH7h_JzlRNbd1qsoymFJoQH3Yhjjrpu-BUnfedVfWUR7eyhWHca_Cx_o7TPfh99CVkNBsNIT8GslCPvGCL83I/s1600/Igbo,+Nsude+pyramids.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCHR-imGt2miB7_d7F4ejZvB-Zh5EyP3ejO8UldvmjftBzh1tqtALeDFH7h_JzlRNbd1qsoymFJoQH3Yhjjrpu-BUnfedVfWUR7eyhWHca_Cx_o7TPfh99CVkNBsNIT8GslCPvGCL83I/s1600/Igbo,+Nsude+pyramids.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">A row of 10 Igbo iron-smelting pyramids at Nsude, Enugu State of Nigeria, Africa. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Carbon dating data has been unattainable to date. </span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpkWTKcaq8xBXs097astRjqNYdlaGHKJhKWk3xbHKV3AlkE7iY0-jo_Z3j77AByy5guujrNYZhkfshKvKLUnAviP9jsJmQtHhN7othBLSAa_XfE11EtbVaKbpLUaQM9LV_VWgV3SeGq88/s1600/Nok+Nigeria+Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpkWTKcaq8xBXs097astRjqNYdlaGHKJhKWk3xbHKV3AlkE7iY0-jo_Z3j77AByy5guujrNYZhkfshKvKLUnAviP9jsJmQtHhN7othBLSAa_XfE11EtbVaKbpLUaQM9LV_VWgV3SeGq88/s1600/Nok+Nigeria+Map.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: left;"></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Prior to this, the earliest known African advances inward metallic plant were found alongside the Nok, who appear to accept been the cultural ancestors of the Yoruba who developed the Ife sculptures centuries later. According to Roger Atwood, writing for <a href="http://archive.archaeology.org/1107/features/nok_nigeria_africa_terracotta.html" target="_blank">Archaeology magazine</a>, "Carbon dating of charcoal within the [Nok] furnaces revealed dates equally far dorsum equally 280 B.C., giving Nok the earliest dates for atomic issue 26 smelting inward sub-Saharan Africa upwardly to that time." H5N1 collection of Nok terra cotta heads as well as figures were found alongside tin mines as well as many of these plant are housed at a museum at Jos inward key Nigeria. Other carbon dating established that items were deposited inward the portion from 500 BCE to 200 past times the Nok. By the 13th century, nosotros meet the Ife cultural arts develop into a sophisticated courtroom fine art that represented specific figure heads such equally kings. </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Also about 500 BCE, <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Nubia</a> was inward her Meroitic stage as well as was producing as well as trading iron. By 270 CE, at electrical flow twenty-four hours <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Ethiopia</a>, coins inward gold, argent as well as bronze were produced past times the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Aksumites</a> nether King Endubis.  </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mkNuBhh9u7BX2RhgPDuOKcTW8Onhvahes3P9fSrmxqSakALIU6pZK8mWgwcR6PFrB7Y-7nv3ExGWiIGJBU3y4AVFGnBpMJ4lnd9e22TJNcOQGfUfadoRPOkd9tr_LOxNNMifGGqwbkA/s1600/Egyptians+artisans+smelted+copper+and+gold+for+artistic,+architectural,+and+even+military+purposes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mkNuBhh9u7BX2RhgPDuOKcTW8Onhvahes3P9fSrmxqSakALIU6pZK8mWgwcR6PFrB7Y-7nv3ExGWiIGJBU3y4AVFGnBpMJ4lnd9e22TJNcOQGfUfadoRPOkd9tr_LOxNNMifGGqwbkA/s1600/Egyptians+artisans+smelted+copper+and+gold+for+artistic,+architectural,+and+even+military+purposes.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Egyptians artisans smelted copper as well as aureate for artistic, architectural, as well as fifty-fifty armed services purposes.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 19.5px;">At i indicate inward Western scientific literature, it was idea that sub-Saharan Africans did non invent atomic issue 26 independently. This notion was abandoned to a greater extent than than a century ago. High German scholar, Ludwig Beck, who published a five-volume history of atomic issue 26 betwixt 1884 as well as 1903, wrote inward his foremost volume: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 19.5px;">". . . [w]e meet everywhere an master copy fine art of producing atomic issue 26 alongside the numerous native tribes of Africa, which is inward its entire essence non imported but master copy as well as . . . must survive really old."  </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.5;">The American linguist Christopher Ehret asserts the following:</span><br /> <blockquote style="background-color: white; color: #3b3b3b; line-height: 1.5;"> <i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Africa S of the Sahara, it right away seems, was domicile to a split upwardly as well as independent innovation of atomic issue 26 metallurgy . . . To amount upwardly the available evidence, atomic issue 26 engineering across much of sub-Saharan Africa has an African beginning dating to before one one thousand BCE.</span></i></blockquote> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.5px;">"More as well as to a greater extent than numerous datings are pushing dorsum the get-go of atomic issue 26 production inward Africa to at to the lowest degree the middle of the minute millennium BC, which would acquire inward i of the world's oldest metallurgies," states Hamady Bocoum, Senegalese archeologist. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.5px;">Gaston Maspéro, a French Egyptologist, concluded that ancient Arab Republic of Egypt learned atomic issue 26 plant from Africans to the south. This persuasion was corroborated past times the High German Felix von Luschan, who also idea sub-Saharan Africans originated atomic issue 26 technology, equally did the British metallurgist William Gowland.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /> </span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu0UbGMPp64jSr0etfh0U8QMR4TsZxANIjRI6LBRCV_6xbYaBeXzs0o6FnSYhXbqsYhfdqyWwPsIWnyy5BJA44qSnk3pmCpF8h26OUM3mZ9-2h6gUBR38DFCgELLxJXoQVZ7jO4qyaMGQ/s1600/Ibgo+Nigeria+Map.jpg" width="320" /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The to a greater extent than recent scholarship of physician Pamela Eze-Uzomaka, Nigerian scholar, states that the study of the prehistoric atomic issue 26 smelting site at Lejja, Nigeria has found the existence of a thriving atomic issue 26 smelting community with hundreds of furnaces, tuyeres as well as slags visible from the surface at the primary hamlet square. Interrupted past times modern history, this atomic issue 26 smelting Lejja site has been reported past times physician Eze-Uzomaka equally extinct, no active atomic issue 26 smiths inward the community. The debris from the atomic issue 26 smelting site has, however, been radiocarbon dated to around 2000 BC. </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">As early on equally precolonial times, atomic issue 26 move inward ancient Igboland was highly ritualized. Supernatural forces were solicited past times the smiths as well as smelters to participate inward as well as supervise the production procedure for metals. This is described past times Onwuka N. Joku equally the "magico-religious context of atomic issue 26 production" that releases the powers of iron. </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Joku writes:</span></div> <blockquote class="tr_bq" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Traditional atomic issue 26 working involved considerable technical as well as artistic science equally good equally brawn. However, to the Igbo, a lot to a greater extent than was required, namely, the possession of esoteric powers. Such esoteric powers were deemed inevitable equally atomic issue 26 was believed to possess inherent mystical qualities. Iron was 'charged' as well as consequently unsafe to all persons except those who had the uncommon gift of knowing how to get got it. The heart as well as soul of this noesis was 'acquired past times blood'; that is, it was inherited past times birth.</span></i></blockquote> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The apprenticeship grooming was long as well as rigorous throughout Igboland. The atomic issue 26 smithing guilds held varying strickness inward allowing entrants from non-smithing lineages. An aspiring apprentice from a non-smithing identify unit of measurement could survive required to undergo a issue of associated practices as well as rituals before attempting to practise smithing. Without the mystical powers obtained from the atomic issue 26 deity through blood lines, the mysterious human activeness of turning public into atomic issue 26 as well as atomic issue 26 into tools, ornaments as well as other items was to a greater extent than oft than non idea to survive adjacent to impossible, within the guilds. Again, entry into a social club without beingness inward the identify unit of measurement job was possible alongside some guilds, with additional rituals as well as tests for the aspirant.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Eze-Uzomaka's query also links prehistoric Igbo atomic issue 26 smith as well as smelting take away to ancient Nile Valley civilizations. She asserts that many of the same deities were beingness employed on the West as well as East coasts of Africa inward prehistoric times. She states that the ancient Lost City of Heliopolis, referenced past times the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">ancient Egyptians</a>, was located inward Igboland where atomic issue 26 move was produced take away for distribution to locations equally far equally the Nile Valley portion of Africa. The Igbo-Kmt connecter existed at Lejja, states Eze-Uzomaka. This ancient Igboland was the Lost City of Heliopolis, the <a href="http://maatlaws.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Ancient Egyptian Duat</a>, Temple of the Sun.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The tape provides prove that the ancient Africans enjoyed a sophisticated agreement as well as human relationship to natural metals. These metals were employed inward their arts, coins, tools as well as weapons. Metallurgical guilds arose to develop as well as protect the noesis attained alongside the people of dissimilar regions. The existence of highly sophisticated inter-Africa merchandise inward metals is in all probability the close exciting seem of the electrical flow scholarship. If West Africans were supplying atomic issue 26 equally far equally the Nile Valley regions, the relationships alongside African peoples on the continent is sure enough inward its infancy stages of discovery.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>References: </i></b></span><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Scenes from Papyrus Book of Coming Forth past times Day of Hunefer, cir. 1300 B.C. Dover Edition: 1967, pp. 283, 289, 368 (reference to retrieving Amen-Ra's atomic issue 26 from a double bight, 2 bodies of water. See West Africa's river bights of Biafra (nka Bonny) as well as Benin; meet also, double plume plums of Osiris representing 2 river bights). </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Eze-Uzomaka, Pamela. </span><a href="http://www.academia.edu/4103707/Iron_and_its_influence_on_the_prehistoric_site_of_Lejja" target="_blank">Iron as well as its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (whitepaper available equally gratis download, concluding visited 10/13/14).</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Joku, Onwuka N,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1580821?" target="_blank">Magic, Religion as well as Iron Technology inward Precolonial North-western Igboland</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, Journal of Religion inward Africa XX, three (1991) (Jstor access required, concluding visited 10/13/14).</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>Further reading</i></b>: </span><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;">Acholonu, Catherine Obianuju, </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00L3W6JPY/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B00L3W6JPY&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=ZMX6REP3CMU33BZN" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;" target="_blank">Eden inward Sumer on the Niger</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;"> (Kindle Edition).</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Alpern, Stanley B., </span><a href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_in_africa/v032/32.1alpern.pdf" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank">Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron inward Sub-Saharan Africa?</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> History inward Africa, Volume 32 (2005) </span></li> </ul> </div> </div>

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