Patrice Émery Lumumba: Get-Go Prime Number Government Minister Of The Congo

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_inb4FHimPoXhKLb9kE8WLFmusgzfRsxOVWUmm3meiF2Uo7OyxUXYiQR7dE7-pkH_Zz8m2FHzVXNj5Y0nub64fi_OtcXwiQsKmMRW0p0IDKuzVWqnhL2E_bf0bb-32sCJesoJVFijY6E/s1600/Photo+of+Patrice+Lumumba2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_inb4FHimPoXhKLb9kE8WLFmusgzfRsxOVWUmm3meiF2Uo7OyxUXYiQR7dE7-pkH_Zz8m2FHzVXNj5Y0nub64fi_OtcXwiQsKmMRW0p0IDKuzVWqnhL2E_bf0bb-32sCJesoJVFijY6E/s1600/Photo+of+Patrice+Lumumba2.jpg" width="269" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Photo of Patrice Émery Lumumba </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>(July 2, 1925– Jan 17, 1961)</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> Patrice Émery Lumumba (aka Patrice Hemery Lumumba) was born July 2, 1925 inward Onalua, Katakokombe, Kasai Province inward what is at i time the Democratic Republic of the Congo. One of 4 sons, Lumumba was a fellow member of the Tetela tribal group. His teaching included missionary schoolhouse training. After completing his education, he passed the postal clerk examination too began to go inward Kinshasa (then Léopoldville). In 1951, Lumumba married Pauline Opangu too they would become on to bring 5 children: François, Patrice Junior, Julienne, Roland too Guy-Patrice Lumumba.</div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvoWQqBmpHv6Xmo_tskn6O5YV0B1rfJLsI_LIcG1Ak16_UQt92bc0d-rVH2lorVpBxggoRjDrlfVI3bSQjet5J5oy7xdgIhfZdnx5otR10gBxzGxFyrcXNiyZ8N1bIozUl9DKPbxiOLec/s1600/Image+of+Patrice+Lumumba2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvoWQqBmpHv6Xmo_tskn6O5YV0B1rfJLsI_LIcG1Ak16_UQt92bc0d-rVH2lorVpBxggoRjDrlfVI3bSQjet5J5oy7xdgIhfZdnx5otR10gBxzGxFyrcXNiyZ8N1bIozUl9DKPbxiOLec/s1600/Image+of+Patrice+Lumumba2.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of a youthful Patrice Lumumba inward the Belgian-Congo</span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1955, Lumumba began to acquire into political life. He became a regional leader for the Cercles of Stanleyville too joined the Liberal Party of Kingdom of Belgium where he served every bit editor too distributor of information. While traveling inward Kingdom of Belgium that same year, Lumumba was arrested past times the colonial authorities constabulary too charged amongst embezzling postal service role funds. In July 1956, Lumumba was released after serving 12 months of a two-year sentence. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> By 1958, Lumumba had re-entered political life too began to organize for Mouvement National Congolais (MNC). In Dec 1958, he represented the MNC every bit president at the All-African Peoples' Conference held inward Accra, Ghana, hosted past times Ghanaian President <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=kwame-nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> <b>Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba too the Congo-Brazzaville </b><br /> <b><br /></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3mbGUnGFD_zuSHpHfAWtYQbkQ28PDYdaog6EAN1pMYfPWm4oafBePSQvPa1IHVUiEHfaq0JXYVrCJC_2C5XUPU2awSpzUMrOJDUy0kYfbAuljfivBhrrhLN9UcUVadkdiyP1KfX14M8E/s1600/Patrice+Lumumba+was+captured+by+the+army+chief+Mobutu+and+handed+over+to+Tshombe+in+Katanga+Province.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="294" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3mbGUnGFD_zuSHpHfAWtYQbkQ28PDYdaog6EAN1pMYfPWm4oafBePSQvPa1IHVUiEHfaq0JXYVrCJC_2C5XUPU2awSpzUMrOJDUy0kYfbAuljfivBhrrhLN9UcUVadkdiyP1KfX14M8E/s320/Patrice+Lumumba+was+captured+by+the+army+chief+Mobutu+and+handed+over+to+Tshombe+in+Katanga+Province.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> By Oct 1959, Lumumba was i time to a greater extent than arrested past times the Belgian colonial authorities on charges of inciting anti-colonial riots inward Stanleyville. He was sentenced to 6 months inward prison theater for his anti-colonial activism. While Lumumba was inward prison, the MNC participated every bit a political political party inward the Belgian-Congo elections held inward Dec of 1959. Lumumba was released earlier the MNC won the May 1960 election. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> Lumumba, historic menses 34 years old, was announced every bit the Belgian Congo's starting fourth dimension prime number minister. Joseph Kasa-Vubu was named president. On June 30, 1960, the country’s novel leadership declared independence from the Belgian colonial rule. In an Independence Day ceremony for the newly named Republic of the Congo, King Baudouin spoke first, urging the Congolese to rest nether the leadership of Belgium. Lumumba responded, inward part, inward his vocalism communication every bit follows:</div> <blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>"For this independence of the Congo, fifty-fifty every bit it is celebrated today amongst Belgium, a friendly dry soil amongst whom nosotros bargain every bit equal to equal, no Congolese worthy of the parent volition e'er last able to forget that it was past times fighting that it has been won, a day-to-day fight, an ardent too idealistic fight, a struggle inward which nosotros were spared neither privation nor suffering, too for which nosotros gave our strength too our blood. We are proud of this struggle, of tears, of fire, too of blood, to the depths of our being, for it was a noble too simply struggle, too indispensable to seat an destination to the humiliating slavery which was imposed upon us past times force." </i></div> </blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Unrest inward the New Republic</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlILTX05UZPUKJeP8rUWdnYp6OVLOtixtb5n2Jr6LhjOsbmzUgk0F7iqK8fEnNb3vlJTCdjYKQS_GCuuqhk-YcAPOy83DvOWIUbOiT-7EGp3617zUZyr730j5HhEvolRjqd-m5Yqm9bxg/s1600/Image+of+Patrice+Lumumba.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlILTX05UZPUKJeP8rUWdnYp6OVLOtixtb5n2Jr6LhjOsbmzUgk0F7iqK8fEnNb3vlJTCdjYKQS_GCuuqhk-YcAPOy83DvOWIUbOiT-7EGp3617zUZyr730j5HhEvolRjqd-m5Yqm9bxg/s1600/Image+of+Patrice+Lumumba.jpg" width="332" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Patrice Lumumba</span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Lumumba's vocalism communication became a media sensation inward the West. Dissent inside the Blue Planet forces arose shortly after reports arose nigh military machine unrest, looting too European flight. By July 11, 1960, Moïse Tshombe declared himself the regional premier of the Katanga province. Tshombe was supported past times the Belgian authorities too European mining firms amongst involvement inward rubber, copper too other minerals. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> United Nations troops arrived, but did non movement to suppress the Katanga rebellion. Lumumba shortly sought Soviet military machine aid. President Kasa-Vubu, however, wanted a to a greater extent than moderate political approach too sought to withdraw Lumumba every bit prime number minister. Lumumba declared the presidential deed illegal too sought senate too parliament activity to declare President Kasa-Vubu‘s removal. The dry soil was torn over the Kasa-Vubu too Lumumba political divide. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;">   </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Joseph Mobutu’s Rise to Power too the Murder of Lumumba</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivYKtaJNtRVt9AFWgnO8c2OMwe2K7LD4uDvVM9_aq-PzzcTJF2X1NiPGSv1Ngql66dy_UcDM8EqsYlT6MlYZantsjyykR-9fLQs0ZrMvr6Hj9B6F1vUYBsL2cdwezK4wqLYbLYtKl3WnA/s1600/Photo+of+Young+Joseph+D%25C3%25A9sir%25C3%25A9+Mobutu+Sese+Seko.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivYKtaJNtRVt9AFWgnO8c2OMwe2K7LD4uDvVM9_aq-PzzcTJF2X1NiPGSv1Ngql66dy_UcDM8EqsYlT6MlYZantsjyykR-9fLQs0ZrMvr6Hj9B6F1vUYBsL2cdwezK4wqLYbLYtKl3WnA/s1600/Photo+of+Young+Joseph+D%25C3%25A9sir%25C3%25A9+Mobutu+Sese+Seko.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 immature Joseph Désiré Mobutu rolls upwardly his sleeves </span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">during a vocalism communication inward Dec 1965 inward Leopoldville, Congo</span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> On September 14, 1960, Lieutenant General Joseph Désiré Mobutu (later known every bit Mobutu Sese Seko) organized a coup inward the divided nation. Lumumba was placed nether menage arrest, but he shortly stole away to Stanleyville, organizing amidst his Haut-Congo supporters. On Dec 1, 1960, Lumumba was captured inward Port Francqui past times Mobutu’s troops too flown to Kinshasa (then Leopoldville). </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> <a name='more'></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The Soviet Union demanded Lumumba's liberate too called upon the U.N. Security Council to act. U.N. Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld called for due procedure of law; on Dec 14, 1960, however, inward an 8-2 vote, the Soviet Union's resolution was defeated. Lumumba was transferred to the Katanga Province nether Mobutu‘s leadership.<br /> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> On Jan 17, 1961, Lumumba was restrained too flown to Lubumbashi (then Elizabethville). That same day, Patrice Lumumba, Maurice Mpolo too Joseph Okito were reportedly lined earlier a firing squad, according to Belgian reports. No due procedure was afforded those executed. While diverse accounts are reported, the truthful nature too facilitators of his murder bring never been definitively explained too brought to justice. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 <a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/141523/stephen-r-weissman/what-really-happened-in-congo" target="_blank">Foreign Affairs report</a> indicates the coup was financed past times the U.S. government's CIA agency, whose extensive covert efforts influenced the political affairs of the region.<br /> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKM9yYzVyNZWFKTEkjW-EZFQM3252ORvpuKA6QOqg26tD11DWaAOxVLoKtcgJJDgfbyEc6dN6EY3eF6IjZ-0HGcDMCu_B_Pnr9R1-EWkrhZBP6qo2P-9GVLuHUIbQcJFFvCNwbX1GSmr4/s1600/Photo+of+Mbuto+Sese+Seku+with+US+President+Nixon.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKM9yYzVyNZWFKTEkjW-EZFQM3252ORvpuKA6QOqg26tD11DWaAOxVLoKtcgJJDgfbyEc6dN6EY3eF6IjZ-0HGcDMCu_B_Pnr9R1-EWkrhZBP6qo2P-9GVLuHUIbQcJFFvCNwbX1GSmr4/s320/Photo+of+Mbuto+Sese+Seku+with+US+President+Nixon.gif" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Congo leader Mobutu Sese Seko conversing amongst U.S. President Richard Nixon</span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In February 2002, the Belgian authorities released an official apology to the Congolese people. In a m page report, the authorities admitted to failure of a "moral responsibility" too "an irrefutable percentage of responsibleness inward the events that led to the croak of Lumumba." </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> <b>Lumumba’s Murder Leads to International Protests inward Europe </b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> After Patrice Lumumba's assassination, protestors clashed amongst Belgian embassies too local constabulary inward Belgrade, Yugoslavia too at Trafalgar Square inward London, UK. Prior to Lumumba's imprisonment, he had arranged for his wife, Pauline, too their children to movement to Egypt.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> “We must movement forward, hitting out tirelessly against imperialism," said Che Guevara inward 1964, reflecting on the life of Lumumba. "From all over the globe nosotros bring to larn lessons which events afford. Lumumba’s murder should last a lesson for all of us.” </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> That same year, <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=kwame-nkrumah">Malcolm X</a> declared Patrice Lumumba "the greatest Black homo who e'er walked the African continent."</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>African Freedom Fighter too Pan Africanist </b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> The heroism of Patrice Lumumba is embraced every bit a symbol of African independence efforts. In the 2006 election, a divulge of the running parties affiliated themselves amongst Lumumba's political philosophy. This includes the Unified Lumumbist Party (Parti Lumumbiste Unifié (PALU)), Mouvement Lumumbiste (MLP) too Mouvement National Congolais-Lumumba (MNC-L). The MNC-L is Pb past times Lumumba's eldest son, François Lumumba, who obtained a doctorate inward political economic science inward Republic of Hungary earlier returning to the Congo-Kinshasa inward 1992 to oppose Mobutu Sese Seko‘s dominion of the country, too therefore known every bit Zaire.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> In Kampala, Uganda, "Lumumba Hall" of Residence at Makerere University continues to comport the parent of Patrice Lumumba. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFVISiwQrZTOPnm7o2DjY4FCs7-LnacqOmoV4WHLhYA3tk-QyOiCAVbQIRMLUsJOROKXCCDewd_Ajcj2Sqkt6W_0rruS65jk5m7mHjITcssIwukO50Z6TOeyH9a5LPojfxOUDQkg-H-lY/s1600/Photo+Map+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" s5="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFVISiwQrZTOPnm7o2DjY4FCs7-LnacqOmoV4WHLhYA3tk-QyOiCAVbQIRMLUsJOROKXCCDewd_Ajcj2Sqkt6W_0rruS65jk5m7mHjITcssIwukO50Z6TOeyH9a5LPojfxOUDQkg-H-lY/s320/Photo+Map+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b><i>Did You Know? The diverse formal official dry soil names </i></b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b><i>for the Democratic Republic of the Congo</i></b></div> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Congo Free State</b> (État indépendant du Congo): 1885 to 1908. Belgian King Leopold II claimed personal ownership over the land</div> </li> <li><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Belgian Congo</b> (Congo Belge): 1908 - 1960. King Leopold II's formal transfer of holding ownership to the province of Belgium</div> </li> <li><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Republic of the Congo or Congo-Léopoldville</b>: 1960 - 1964. Distinguish from its western vecino inward the Republic of the Congo, formerly French Congo</div> </li> <li><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Republic of the Congo or Congo-Kinshasa</b> (1964-1971)</div> </li> <li><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Zaire</b> (Zaïre): 1971-1997</div> </li> <li><div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Democratic Republic of the Congo</b>: 1997 to Present</div> </li> </ul> </div>

Patrice Émery Lumumba: Get-Go Prime Number Government Minister Of The Congo

Photo of Patrice Émery Lumumba (July 2, 1925– Jan 17, 1961) Patrice Émery Lumumba (aka Patrice Hemery Lumumba) was born July 2, 19...

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Central Intelligence Agency

<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href=" " imageanchor="1" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="blank"><img acquire="" agency="" alt="In" border="0" central="" efforts="" intelligence="" its="" relevant="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqt8GUGtGgkfQToB6L2ESy7FqsXWoLmdk8hRY8Oij54RxfdSt5HWkMGpC_dwGnYkLZcIJQHaV-nxvBCA1-gcEniecFReq15yOKJaaI0LQJ44xz8tDSOUITyoHUCNvDGFaAxdnFtMSrB_Eb/s1600/CIA.gif" title="Central" to="" u="" width="470" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Central Intelligence Agency</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) occupies a central place in U.S. conspiracy theory. In its efforts to acquire intelligence relevant to U.S strategic interests, the CIA has created a vast web of information sources, from foreign double agents to the most prestigious of U.S. universities, and this expansive network offers the innumerable connections, coincidences, and causal links upon which conspiracy theory thrives.<br /> <br /> Furthermore, the CIA’s work has historically extended beyond mere intelligence gathering. In addition to espionage and counterespionage, the Agency undertook numerous covert actions around the world, researched drugs and behavioral modification (or “mind control”), and even planned (and perhaps executed) the assassinations of foreign operatives and heads of state.<br /> <br /> As the government agency charged with the duty of secretly conspiring, the CIA has been involved in numerous well-publicized conspiracies, and, consequently, has opened the door for ever greater flights of fancy on the part of conspiracy theorists who see CIA involvement everywhere. For along with the many conspiracies with which the CIA has been incontrovertibly linked, there are many more such theories that are either fantasized or “not yet proven,” depending on one’s point of view.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" border="0"><tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0143123378/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=6566e489bebb845e3e3626f6657232c3" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0143123378&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img acquire="" agency="" alt="In" border="0" central="" efforts="" height="1" intelligence="" its="" relevant="" src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=0143123378" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" to="" u="" width="1" /></span><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0307389006/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=f156e7f0dee08526632b394ab3601fd7" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0307389006&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img acquire="" agency="" alt="In" border="0" central="" efforts="" height="1" intelligence="" its="" relevant="" src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=0307389006" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" to="" u="" width="1" /></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> To be sure, the CIA has not been merely the passive target of conspiracy theory. As an <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">organization</a>, the CIA seems to be constitutively structured by paranoia—one cannot be a good spy without being a little bit suspicious, after all. The cold war, in particular, produced a type of paranoia that seems different only in degree, rather than in kind, from that of the anti-CIA conspiracy theorists that the Agency routinely dismisses as crackpot extremists. The crucial difference between the CIA and the average conspiracy buff, however, is that the former has the power and the will to act on its theories.<br /> <br /> <b>The Beginning of the CIA and Cold War Paranoia</b><br /> <br /> The CIA was established by the National Security Act of 1947. Very much a postwar operation, its creation and structure bear the traces of U.S. reaction to <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World War II</a> and the new political realities generated by the war’s conclusion. Politicians were especially wary of creating a secret police force; with memories of the German Gestapo in mind, the division between foreign intelligence (the CIA) and domestic policing and investigation (the FBI) was believed to be crucial.<br /> <br /> Furthermore, there were questions as to whether the CIA, a peacetime organization, should be granted the same authority as its wartime predecessor, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), when it came to subversive operations against foreign powers.<br /> <br /> The ability to execute covert operations was effectively granted, however, in the Central Intelligence Act of 1949, which gave the director of Central Intelligence authority to finance operations he deemed necessary, without giving an account to Congress. In the end, of course, the CIA’s involvement in botched covert action abroad and surveillance at home was to cause it great grief, particularly in the 1970s.<br /> <br /> It soon became evident that the CIA’s major antagonist was the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Soviet Union</a>, and the vast majority of the Agency’s activities during the cold war were linked to the Soviet threat in one way or another. The CIA had become a major player in America’s overall strategic posture during the cold war.<br /> <br /> Since the United States could not compete with the Soviet Union when it came to conventional warfare—the Soviets’ advantage when it came to sheer manpower was insurmountable— U.S. defense strategy involved nuclear deterrence combined with covert action by the CIA. The CIA thus became a major player in global politics, and both the CIA and the KGB tended to see their adversary’s conspiring hands behind every event.<br /> <br /> Sometimes, this was indeed the case, as when in elections such as Italy’s in 1948 the CIA and the Communists financed opposing candidates. The structure of this type of secret warfare lends itself to paranoia, and the CIA’s responses to the Soviet threat often seem to have been as infected with delusional paranoia as any of the conspiracy theories the CIA routinely dismisses as irrational or extremist.<br /> <br /> <b>Covert Operations</b><br /> <br /> No doubt one of the reasons for the CIA’s prominence in so many conspiracy theories is the fact that conspiracy is one of the CIA’s key jobs— “covert action” is the term for this particular job, and, at times, the CIA has done it rather well. Though the Agency always ensures that it maintains “plausible deniability,” its actions are often discovered after the fact.<br /> <br /> In August 1953, for example, the Iranian government of Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq was overthrown and an imperial government, led by the Shah, was set up. Former CIA agents claim that the coup was engineered by the small force of five Agency officers secretly ensconced in a Tehran basement with $1 million in funds as their sole weapon (used to organize paid street mobs among other things).<br /> <br /> This particular CIA conspiracy managed to keep the vast oil resources of Iran from being nationalized, securing the strategically important energy for the West, and gaining U.S. oil companies (Gulf, Standard, Texaco, and Mobil) a healthy share of Iranian oil rights.<br /> <br /> This pattern was to repeat itself elsewhere. In Guatemala in 1954, the CIA helped to overthrow a democratically elected president, Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, replacing him with a dictator, Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas. The CIA’s involvement in the coup helped the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">United Fruit Company</a> immensely, as that company feared that the new government might cut down on their Guatemalan profits.<br /> <br /> In 1970, the democratically elected leader of Cambodia, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, was deposed and replaced with the pro-American Marshal Lon Nol. In September 1973, revolutionary forces assisted by the CIA overthrew the socialist government of Chile and killed the country’s democratically elected leader, Salvador Allende.<br /> <br /> Of course, not all attempted covert operations were successful. Attempted coups in Indonesia in 1958 and North Vietnam in 1954 did not proceed as planned, and <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">the Bay of Pigs invasion</a> in April 1961 was an utter failure. Most disastrously for the CIA, the Bay of Pigs fiasco gained much more press than any of the Agency’s successes (for obvious reasons).<br /> <br /> This negative publicity led to an increase in CIA-related conspiracy theories and an overall depreciation in the Agency’s international prestige. Also diminishing the CIA’s international reputation were rumors of numerous assassination plots the Agency had hatched, if not actually executed, throughout the years.<br /> <br /> Allegations that the CIA had a hand in Che Guevara’s death have never been proven beyond doubt, but the CIA’s explorations of plans to assassinate Cuban leader <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Fidel Castro</a>, Dominican Republic dictator <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rafael Leonidas Trujillo</a>, and <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Patrice Lumumba</a> of the Congo are now well known.<br /> <br /> In time, critics began to charge that the CIA was expending too much of its resources on covert action at the expense of intelligence, which was, after all, its primary purpose. Furthermore, public distaste for the sorts of regimes the CIA tended to support created great controversy. Ultimately, President Gerald Ford claimed that the CIA should use covert action only to support well-established democracies and banned assassination completely.<br /> <br /> <b>Behavior Modification</b><br /> <br /> One could argue that the CIA’s own “paranoia” lay behind the Agency’s extensive research into behavioral modification. Faced with phenomena such as the Communist show trials and the confessions signed by U.S. prisoners of war in Korea (in both cases individuals seemed brainwashed into confessing to crimes they did not commit), the CIA became convinced that the Soviets had developed mind-control techniques, and thus that the United States had better develop these same techniques as a matter of national security.<br /> <br /> In Projects Artichoke, <a href=" " target="_blank">MK-ULTRA</a>, and MKSEARCH, the latter two under the leadership of the now infamous Sidney Gottlieb, the CIA investigated the operational potential of marijuana, <a href=" " target="_blank">LSD</a>, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, electroshock therapy, and even, more surprisingly, parapsychological possibilities such as telekinesis, precognition, and telepathy.<br /> <br /> In one experiment, Project Artichoke head Morse Allen hypnotized two of his secretaries and commanded one to shoot the other with a nearby pistol. The secretary took the unloaded gun and pulled the trigger. These experiments within the Agency were quite common, with MK-ULTRA agents at one point agreeing to slip each other LSD at any time to observe its effects when administered by surprise.<br /> <br /> Ultimately, however, it was obviously more desirable to get test-subjects from the outside world, particularly for those experiments that the CIA agents wouldn’t dare perform on themselves. On one front, the CIA began to fund research in universities and drug treatment programs.<br /> <br /> In some such programs mental patients were kept on daily doses of LSD for up to seventy-seven consecutive days. On another front, the CIA continued itself to perform experiments on unwitting subjects, now luring prostitutes and small-time criminals back to apartments in which they would be slipped the drug and observed.<br /> <br /> Ultimately, in Operation Midnight Climax, the prostitutes were recruited and offered cash to lure clients back to the apartments, where the CIA could perform drug experiments and also collect information on “perverse” sexual practices that might later have operational value.<br /> <br /> The CIA was clearly exceeding its authority in performing these operations on domestic soil, and, as the facts of these experiments slowly leaked out, those who believed the CIA to be nothing but an insidious, control-oriented conspiracy of sorts were provided with ample proof of their theories.<br /> <br /> <b>From JFK to the Senate Inquiry—the Rising Tide of Public Suspicion</b><br /> <br /> In 1967 Jim Garrison, the New Orleans district attorney, launched his own investigation into the assassination of President <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">John F. Kennedy</a>. Not satisfied with the <a href=" " target="_blank">Warren Commission</a>’s inquiry two years earlier, Garrison was convinced that the assassination had been a conspiracy, that Oswald was not the lone gunman.<br /> <br /> Garrison charged New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw with masterminding the plot, but as the investigation wore on, it became clear that Garrison believed more powerful forces lay behind the tragic series of events— specifically, the CIA and the “military-industrial complex.” Answering conspiracy theory with conspiracy theory, the CIA began to entertain the possibility that Garrison was in league with the KGB.<br /> <br /> And even today, according to an extensive article published in its own intelligence journal, the Agency suspects that the supposed link between the CIA and the <a href=" " target="_blank">JFK assassination</a> was itself the result of an extensive Communist disinformation operation involving socialist-leaning newspapers from Rome to Canada (see Holland).<br /> <br /> Even if Garrison was merely, in the words of a pro-CIA historian, “a mendacious district attorney adept at manipulating the Zeitgeist of the late 60s” (Holland), it was a sign of things to come for the CIA. The 1970s saw a wave of stunning revelations concerning the CIA’s activities at home and abroad (including the covert operations and behavioral modification programs mentioned above).<br /> <br /> A series of high-profile government inquiries kept the CIA on the front pages for years: the Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States in 1975 (“The Rockefeller Commission”); the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (“The Church Commission”); the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence’s hearings on the MK-ULTRA kegiatan in 1977; and the 1979 report of the House Select Committee on Assassinations.<br /> <br /> These hearings—the transcripts of which are publicly available—provided key information for historians and conspiracy buffs alike. Furthermore, the sheer strangeness of many of the stories contributed to the general belief that the CIA was capable of anything, and, thus, expanded the possible range of CIA-related conspiracy theory.<br /> <br /> The public discovered that the CIA wanted to cause Castro’s beard to fall out, assuming that this would rob him of his powerful “machismo.” The Agency also considered soaking one of his cigars in LSD. They dreamed up schoolboy antics like stink bombs and diarrhea stimulation as ways of embarrassing foreign leaders.<br /> <br /> Even animals were not safe—CIA-funded scientists performed lobotomies on apes and stuck them in sensory deprivation chambers; they cut the heads off of monkeys, attempting to surgically attach them to other monkeys; agents even trained dolphins to attack enemy divers with large hypodermic needles armed with compressed air containers. The hyperbolic strangeness of these activities seemed to invite the public to come up with ever wilder conspiracy theories.<br /> <br /> <b>Proliferating Conspiracy Theories</b><br /> <br /> As CIA activities became more widely publicized, it became easier and easier for foreign politicians to accuse the CIA of meddling. CIA involvement in the deposition of Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia, for instance, has been disputed, but the book Sihanouk wrote in exile, My War with the CIA, found a receptive audience because the CIA’s known activities made the Sihanouk scenario seem quite likely.<br /> <br /> To be fair, the CIA has a difficult time defending itself, since most of its documents are classified; furthermore, even when it releases documents, large sections are invariably blacked out, leading to ever greater suspicion on the part of the reader.<br /> <br /> As the keeper of the country’s deepest secrets, the CIA is inevitably implicated in a whole host of “unexplained” phenomena and wild suspicions. The CIA, founded the same year of the supposed alien landing in Roswell, New Mexico, has been accused both of covering up the existence of extraterrestrial life and of having manufactured UFO hysteria as a “tool for cold war psychological warfare” (Haines).<br /> <br /> While MK-ULTRA as a project is in the past, theories about CIA mind control have reinvented themselves for the twenty-first century, with some arguing that the CIA is secretly implanting microchips inside human bodies (often in the skull) as a way of tracking and controlling individuals.<br /> <br /> Both at home and abroad, the CIA has become a wonderfully useful subject for conspiracy theorists, capable of connecting what is seemingly unconnected, of explaining the unexplained (in Hollywood today its use as such is prevalent to the point of cliché). And with its increasing budget, power, and overall significance following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, the proliferation of CIA-related conspiracy theories shows no signs of abating.

Central Intelligence Agency

Central Intelligence Agency The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) occupies a central place in U.S. conspiracy theory. In its efforts to...

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