42 Laws Of Maat Nether Kemet Law

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE-2dZix2_5WLRMZL982vTzF7kCLHBiopINcUuWqsbquPlb3Hw3H_UmYH0smCVBE19waTvCrJTCywoMiUftS8r58wmpLqvjxYJFuS9juLpHWwLd4ZNvLJfMQiRHnYMjZi4dvwV67fVm7A/s1600/Image+of+Maat+with+Shu+Feather+-+Public+Domain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE-2dZix2_5WLRMZL982vTzF7kCLHBiopINcUuWqsbquPlb3Hw3H_UmYH0smCVBE19waTvCrJTCywoMiUftS8r58wmpLqvjxYJFuS9juLpHWwLd4ZNvLJfMQiRHnYMjZi4dvwV67fVm7A/s400/Image+of+Maat+with+Shu+Feather+-+Public+Domain.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">Maat was the dominion of police clit too moral jurist amid the ancient Kemet people, too the divine cosmological company inside their mythology, astronomy, too astrophysical studies.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Kemet is the advert the native African people of the province forthwith known every bit Arab Republic of Egypt called themselves inward their surviving writings. Many scholars refer to the people every bit "kmt" or Kemet. The surviving artifacts of the Kemet viziers too scribes bear witness that Kemet dominion of police clit was “Maat,” contained at to the lowest degree inward business office inward observing the 42 Laws of Maat.<br /> <br /> <b>The Goddess Maat every bit the Cosmological Origin of Kemet Rule of Law</b><br /> <br /> Heliopolis-era creation stories from the Kemet people study that inward the foremost Atum emerged from the Isfet (chaos) of Nu (primordial waters). Atum created the god Shu (personification of air/cool dryness) too goddess Tefnut (personification of moisture) from Nu. Shu is depicted inward the Kemet iconography every bit an ostrich feather.<br /> <br /> Under <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=dogon-from-nile-valley-of-east-africa" target="_blank">Kemet cosmology</a>, Maat is designed to avert chaos (Isfet) too maintain truth (Maat). The symbol for truth, justice, balance, too company is the Goddess Maat. The iconography for Maat inward the hieroglyphs pull the unmarried ostrich plumage (Shu), worn atop Goddess Maat’s head.<br /> <br /> During the reign of Pharaoh Menes, some 2925 B.C.E., afterward the unification of upper too lower Kemet, archaeological finds bear witness direction of the 42 Laws of Maat amid the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=dogon-from-nile-valley-of-east-africa" target="_blank">Kemet people</a> every bit deduced from Kemet coffin texts or funerary papyri dating from this period.<br /> <br /> <b>The Duat, the Hall of Two Truths, too the Weighing the Ka (Heart)</b><br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPSBayGQHVJQmdZkfg3Vv5EECh4vvPd0zRm0g6eYXql9J8czJeKfvXyat3TNp0wO-ZIe4ymnvNuzLBx4tlP6UIZuUnOeZwqTnmCRw-OKC8ENpg1O_KLtAlRpk_a6zJOF84WH2q4UmlwtY/s1600/Section+of+Plate+3+from+the+Papyrus+of+Ani.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPSBayGQHVJQmdZkfg3Vv5EECh4vvPd0zRm0g6eYXql9J8czJeKfvXyat3TNp0wO-ZIe4ymnvNuzLBx4tlP6UIZuUnOeZwqTnmCRw-OKC8ENpg1O_KLtAlRpk_a6zJOF84WH2q4UmlwtY/s1600/Section+of+Plate+3+from+the+Papyrus+of+Ani.jpg" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Plate iii of the Papyrus of Ani. <span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">42 Laws of Maat, or 42 Negative Confessions, or 42 Admonition to Goddess Maat</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> The duat (underworld every bit the house for judgment) is where the pop Kemet funerary scene of the Hall of Two Truths is depicted inward the diverse versions of the “Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Papyrus of Ani,” edited yesteryear E.A. Wallis Budge. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 closer interpretation of the championship from the Kemet linguistic communication is said to hold upwards “Book of Coming Forth yesteryear Day.” The Budge translation was a funerary text written for the "coming forth" of Kemet scribe Ani.<br /> <br /> In Chapter 30B of The Papyrus of Ani entitled “Chapter for Not Letting Ani’s Heart Create Opposition Against Him, inward the Gods’ Domain,” nosotros run across the deceased scribe standing earlier his ain heart/soul (ka) on the scale of Maat. On the reverse scale is the Goddess Maat’s plumage of truth (Shu). The caput of the Goddess Maat is depicted atop the scales of justice. Thoth, also known yesteryear other names such every bit Tehuti, stands holding a tablet too a writing tool to tape the results from the scales. The ibis-headed Thoth is the patron saint of Maat scribes too priests.<br /> <br /> <b>Petitioner Announces the 42 Divine Principles of the Maat</b><br /> <br /> In Chapter 125 of The Papyrus of Ani, nosotros notice the petitioner led yesteryear Anubis into duat too pronouncing his/her 42 affirmative declarations, listed below from Budge’s world domain translation of the 42 Divine Principles of Maat:<br /> <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li>I receive got non committed sin.</li> <li>I receive got non committed robbery alongside violence.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen.</li> <li>I receive got non slain men or women.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen food.</li> <li>I receive got non swindled offerings.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen from God/Goddess.</li> <li>I receive got non told lies.</li> <li>I receive got non carried away food.</li> <li>I receive got non cursed.</li> <li>I receive got non shut my ears to truth.</li> <li>I receive got non committed adultery.</li> <li>I receive got non made anyone cry.</li> <li>I receive got non felt sorrow without reason.</li> <li>I receive got non assaulted anyone.</li> <li>I am non deceitful.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen anyone’s land.</li> <li>I receive got non been an eavesdropper.</li> <li>I receive got non falsely defendant anyone.</li> <li>I receive got non been angry without reason.</li> <li>I receive got non seduced anyone’s wife.</li> <li>I receive got non polluted myself.</li> <li>I receive got non terrorized anyone.</li> <li>I receive got non disobeyed the Law.</li> <li>I receive got non been solely angry.</li> <li>I receive got non cursed God/Goddess.</li> <li>I receive got non behaved alongside violence.</li> <li>I receive got non caused disruption of peace.</li> <li>I receive got non acted hastily or without thought.</li> <li>I receive got non overstepped my boundaries of concern.</li> <li>I receive got non exaggerated my words when speaking.</li> <li>I receive got non worked evil.</li> <li>I receive got non used evil thoughts, words or deeds.</li> <li>I receive got non polluted the water.</li> <li>I receive got non spoken angrily or arrogantly.</li> <li>I receive got non cursed anyone inward thought, discussion or deeds.</li> <li>I receive got non placed myself on a pedestal.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen what belongs to God/Goddess.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen from or disrespected the deceased.</li> <li>I receive got non taken nutrient from a child.</li> <li>I receive got non acted alongside insolence.</li> <li>I receive got non destroyed belongings belonging to God/Goddess.</li> </ol> After the petitioner’s testimony containing the 42 affirmative declarations, the weighing of the ka for truth, too the reading of the scales, it is said that the doer of Maat is administered Maat. If the petitioner is deemed yesteryear the Goddess Maat to hold upwards inward substantial compliance alongside the 42 Laws of Maat the petitioner passes from duat to the Field of Reeds (Arus) where Osiris sits every bit the finally gatekeeper.<br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: right;"> <i>- yesteryear Vanessa Cross, J.D., LL.M.</i></div> <i>References:</i><br /> <br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>"Maat the Moral Ideal inward Ancient Egypt," yesteryear Maulana Karenga (Sankore Publisher, 2006).</li> <li>"The Book of the Dead," edited yesteryear E.A. Wallis Budge (Gramercy Publisher, 1995).</li> <li>“Maxims of Good Discourse” writings of the notable Kemet vizier too scribe Ptah-Hotep (accounting of some procedural laws nether Maat).</li> </ul> </div>

42 Laws Of Maat Nether Kemet Law

Maat was the dominion of police clit too moral jurist amid the ancient Kemet people, too the divine cosmological company inside their myt...

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J. A. Rogers: Author, Journalist As Well As Historical Illustrator

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIA_yqBKG5GtKFBeBkYBff5UpFOybgYxOytOBG4_k_DmlRb9wq4jFAQyUbPpe7jct3eIIx21EuuajS3WwUlZlQXGj7756yCqh0b9MobwzEGpNEi1t_W-CF1vxYjO4zl5nFyG6FEPBqphY/s1600/J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIA_yqBKG5GtKFBeBkYBff5UpFOybgYxOytOBG4_k_DmlRb9wq4jFAQyUbPpe7jct3eIIx21EuuajS3WwUlZlQXGj7756yCqh0b9MobwzEGpNEi1t_W-CF1vxYjO4zl5nFyG6FEPBqphY/s1600/J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" width="305" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo of Joel Augustus Rogers aka J.A. Rogers (b. 9/6/1880 - d. 3/26/1966) </td></tr> </tbody></table> Joel Augustus Rogers was born September 6, 1880 inward Negril, Jamaica in addition to died on March 26, 1966 inward New York City.  Rogers was a historian, journalist in addition to writer whose works made groovy contributions to the history of Africa in addition to its diaspora. Of mixed-race parentage in addition to ane of 11 children, J.A. Roger's manful individual raise was Samuel John Rogers, a school-teacher, government minister in addition to a plantation director inward Jamaica. Information virtually Roger's woman raise has been hard to find.<br />   <br /> What is known is that inward 1906, afterward serving inward the British Army at Port Royal, Jamaica, J.A. Rogers moved from Jamaica to Harlem, New York, where he would eventually reside during the bulk of his adult life, living with his married adult woman Helga M. Rogers. Rogers did brand <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=regal-theater-and-new-regal-theater-of" target="_blank">Black Chicago</a> his abode for a time, piece working equally a <a href="http://www.pullman-museum.org/laborAndRace/raceRelations.html" target="_blank">Pullman Porter</a> in addition to reporter.<br /> <br /> In 1909, Rogers enrolled inward the Chicago Art Institute. According to his biographer, Thabiti Asukile, he attended fine art classes at that topographic point piece supporting himself financially equally a Pullman Porter, where he would operate until 1919. As a resultant of his existence able to move widely inside the USA equally a Pullman Porter, Rogers was surely able to access a broad diverseness of libraries that had developed inward dissimilar cities across the country. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 voracious bibliophile, Rogers compiled data virtually African history in addition to began to write in addition to self-publish his query findings.<br /> <br /> "I industrial plant life inward Chicago a friend who introduced me to books inward which I industrial plant life the names of several groovy men of Negro ancestry past times in addition to present," states Rogers inward his bulk <i>World's Great Men of Color, Vol. 1</i>. "In my spare time, in addition to with no idea of writing a book, I began to collect some of these names. That was virtually 1911." <br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh05AQiywcnU6kdPNPDUPoDi59HtNyIbTeXtkNNm8xyj3QvYH5Cjha3ugGTHc72Uiu8xGxjCvPE-BJ1bAUb3iNMJ0uvu0tKSRfNGjnlbcQXKfuvp0vti0QTnAgJXxwd8XVT6GQrE5W2XMw/s1600/Photo+of+J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh05AQiywcnU6kdPNPDUPoDi59HtNyIbTeXtkNNm8xyj3QvYH5Cjha3ugGTHc72Uiu8xGxjCvPE-BJ1bAUb3iNMJ0uvu0tKSRfNGjnlbcQXKfuvp0vti0QTnAgJXxwd8XVT6GQrE5W2XMw/s1600/Photo+of+J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" width="227" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Early photograph of J. A. Rogers.</td></tr> </tbody></table> Rogers outset bulk was <i>Superman to Man</i>, privately published inward 1917 in addition to printed past times the M.A. Donohue Co. In <i>Superman to Man</i>, Rogers used the classic literary technique of developing the cardinal theme of a written operate around a debate -- a tool oftentimes used past times ancient historians. In the book, nosotros run into a Pullman Porter debate a white supremacist from the South regarding politics in addition to religion. The ensuing debate served equally a forum for Rogers to counter many of the stereotypes that prevailed at the fourth dimension virtually race. Rogers' Pullman Porter argued that the concept of race, inward fact, lacked scientific proof.<br /> <br /> Rogers served equally a unusual correspondent for a diverseness of African American newspapers, peculiarly afterward he moved to Harlem inward 1921. In improver to his published works for the Chicago Enterprise in addition to Chicago Defender newspapers, Rogers wrote for the Pittsburgh Courier in addition to served equally sub-editor for the Daily Negro Times -- the latter published past times Marcus Garvey. The editors of the Pittsburgh Courier sent Rogers equally a correspondent to encompass the coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie I inward Ethiopia. Additionally, Rogers was noted equally the exclusively Black U.S. state of war correspondent during World War II. He would issue widely inward publications such equally the New York Amsterdam News, the Messenger Magazine, in addition to others -- making him ane of the leading Black journalist of his times.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrqO79hrTRnGUzzgziozkQ5I5zF3P2RIuM3_-ODOvjSnyDPwR5nV0jF5LRS1CVNszB3jBmZPLTydGuEURJkcQK-4q3gN9QPlH2X5fhqQ3ijq9AxH450A3_ESkAV357vSvA1TvA8Ew5wsw/s1600/100+Amazing+Facts+About+the+Negro+with+Complete+Proof+by+J.A.+Rogers.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrqO79hrTRnGUzzgziozkQ5I5zF3P2RIuM3_-ODOvjSnyDPwR5nV0jF5LRS1CVNszB3jBmZPLTydGuEURJkcQK-4q3gN9QPlH2X5fhqQ3ijq9AxH450A3_ESkAV357vSvA1TvA8Ew5wsw/s1600/100+Amazing+Facts+About+the+Negro+with+Complete+Proof+by+J.A.+Rogers.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Book published past times J.A. Rogers -- <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0960229477/ref=nosim?tag=crosswriting-20&linkCode=sb1&camp=212353&creative=380549" target="_blank">100 Amazing Facts About the Negro with Complete Proof</a> </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr> </tbody></table> Rogers made groovy contribution to publishing in addition to distributing picayune know African history facts through books in addition to pamphlets such equally <i>100 Amazing Facts About the Negro with Complete Proof</i> in addition to <i>The Five Negro Presidents</i>. His greatest involvement was inward exploring the concept of race that was developing into a themed possession with historians of European descent. In response, Rogers published the three-volume operate <i>Sex in addition to Race</i> betwixt 1941 in addition to 1944. From 1946 to 1947, Rogers published his pioneering operate <i>The World's Great Men of Color</i>, printed inward 2 volumes. <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYaHwfcndDM0a_t9WRn8E9l9HqlSk9p-Fym1w777o8j_-VHZsIWcX_wd6ikT7oJkJKH1XU_zkWZgqGP2mLW6t_QL87jqW8Dg0tdFZ0ntqPf1TOqEHQfZcv17e0Ip7SIDgVWUdSKU8Tsk/s1600/scotia+daughter+of+an+egyptian.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYaHwfcndDM0a_t9WRn8E9l9HqlSk9p-Fym1w777o8j_-VHZsIWcX_wd6ikT7oJkJKH1XU_zkWZgqGP2mLW6t_QL87jqW8Dg0tdFZ0ntqPf1TOqEHQfZcv17e0Ip7SIDgVWUdSKU8Tsk/s1600/scotia+daughter+of+an+egyptian.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Copy of an illustrated operate J.A. Rogers published inward newspapers in addition to inward books. Many of his amazing facts were substantiated past times subsequent writings on the topic. For example, read to a greater extent than virtually Scota of Arab Republic of Egypt in addition to the origins of the Scottish people at "<a href="http://www.scotsman.com/news/the-pharaoh-s-daughter-who-was-the-mother-of-all-scots-1-466985" target="_blank">The pharaoh's immature lady who was the woman raise of all Scots</a>," from <i>The Scotsman</i> publication. </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> The mutual thread inward Roger's query was his unending aim to counter white supremacist propaganda that prevailed inward segregated communities across the USA against people of African descent.The works of Rogers exclusively became assigned reading inward the most independently-developed, academy curriculum of African-centered history professors -- in addition to fifty-fifty then, afterward Rogers had passed away. The noted historian physician John Henrik Clarke states that Rogers "looked at the history of people of African origin, in addition to showed how their history is an inseparable purpose of the history of mankind." His works bring enlightened many people interested inward uncovering the suppressed histories of African people. His legacy continues through the groovy bulk of works he has left behind.<br /> <br /> <b>J.A. Rogers Works, Chronological past times Publication Date: </b><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>    From "Superman" to Man. Chicago: J. A. Rogers, 1917. —novel.</li> <li>    As Nature Leads: An Informal Discussion of the Reason Why Negro in addition to Caucasian are Mixing inward Spite of Opposition. Chicago: M. A. Donahue & Co, 1919. —novel.</li> <li>    The Approaching Storm in addition to Bow it May go Averted: An Open Letter to Congress Chicago: National Equal Rights League, Chicago Branch: 1920.</li> <li>    "Music in addition to Poetry — The Noblest Arts," Music in addition to Poetry, vol. 1, no. 1 (January 1921).</li> <li>    "The Thrilling Story of The Maroons," serialized inward The Negro World, March–April 1922.</li> <li>    "The West Indies: Their Political, Social, in addition to Economic Condition," serialized inward The Messenger (Volume 4, Number 9, September 1922).</li> <li>    Blood Money (Novel) serialized inward New York Amsterdam News, Apr 1923.</li> <li>    "The Ku Klux Klan Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Menace or Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Promise," serialized inward The Messenger (Volume 5, Number 3, March 1923).</li> <li>    "Jazz at Home" The Survey Graphic Harlem, vol. 6, no. half dozen (March 1925).</li> <li>    "What Are We, Negroes or Americans?" The Messenger, vol. 8, no. 8 (August 1926).</li> <li>    Book Review, Jazz, past times Paul Whiteman." Opportunity: The Journal of Negro Life (Volume 4, Number 48, Dec 1926).</li> <li>    "The Negro's Experience of Christianity in addition to Islam," Review of Nations, Geneva (January–March 1928)</li> <li>    "The American Occupation of Haiti: Its Moral in addition to Economic Benefit," past times Dantes Bellegarde. (Translator). Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life (Volume 8, Number 1, Jan 1930).</li> <li>    "The Negro inward Europe," The American Mercury (May 1930).</li> <li>    "The Negro inward European History," Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life (Volume 8, Number 6, June 1930).</li> <li>    World's Greatest Men of African Descent. New York: J. A. Rogers Publications, 1931.</li> <li>    "The Americans inward Ethiopia," nether the pseudonym Jerrold Robbins, inward American Mercury (May 1933).</li> <li>    "Enrique Diaz," inward Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life, vol. 11, no. half dozen (June 1933).</li> <li>    100 Amazing facts virtually the Negro with Complete Proof. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Short Cut to the World History of the Negro. New York: J. A. Rogers Publications, 1934.</li> <li>    World's Greatest Men in addition to Women of African Descent. New York: J. A. Rogers Publications, 1935.</li> <li>    "Italy Over Abyssinia," The Crisis, Volume 42, Number 2, Feb 1935.</li> <li>    The Real Facts About Ethiopia. New York: J.A Rogers, 1936.</li> <li>    "When I Was In Europe," Interracial Review: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 magazine for Christian Democracy, Oct 1938.</li> <li>    "Hitler in addition to the Negro," Interracial Review: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Journal for Christian Democracy, Apr 1940.</li> <li>    "The Suppression of Negro History," The Crisis, vol. 47, no. v (May 1940).</li> <li>    Your History: From the Beginning of Time to the Present. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Courier Publishing Co, 1940.</li> <li>    An Appeal From Pioneer Negroes of the World, Inc: An Open Letter to His Holiness Pope Pius XII. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1940.</li> <li>    Sex in addition to Race: Negro-Caucasian Mixing inward All Ages in addition to All Lands, Volume I: The Old World. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1941.</li> <li>    Sex in addition to Race: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 History of White, Negro, in addition to Indian Miscegenation inward the Two Americas, Volume II: The New World. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1942.</li> <li>    Sex in addition to Race, Volume III: Why White in addition to Black Mix inward Spite of Opposition. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1944.</li> <li>    World's Great Men of Color, Volume I: Asia in addition to Africa, in addition to Historical Figures Before Christ, Including Aesop, Hannibal, Cleopatra, Zenobia, Askia the Great, in addition to Many Others. New York : J. A. Rogers, 1946.</li> <li>    World's Great Men of Color, Volume II: Europe, South in addition to Central America, the West Indies, in addition to the United States, Including Alessandro de' Medici, Alexandre Dumas, Dom Pedro II, Marcus Garvey, in addition to Many Others (New York: J. A. Rogers, 1947).</li> <li>    "Jim Crow Hunt," The Crisis (November 1951).</li> <li>    Nature Knows No Color Line: Research into the Negro Ancestry inward the White Race. (New York: J. A. Rogers, 1952).</li> <li>    Facts About the Negro. (Drawings past times A. S. Milai) (booklet) (Pittsburgh: Lincoln Park Studios, 1960).</li> <li>    Africa's Gift to America: The Afro-American inward the Making in addition to Saving of the United States. With New Supplement Africa in addition to its Potentialities. (New York: J. A. Rogers, 1961).</li> <li>    She Walks inward Beauty. Los Angeles: Western Publishers, 1963. —novel</li> <li>    "Civil War Centennial: Myth in addition to Reality," Freedomways, vol. 3, no.1 (Winter 1963).</li> <li>    The Five Negro presidents: According to What White People Said They Were. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1965.</li> </ul> (<i>Publication Chronology courtesy of Wikipedia</i>) <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> </div>

J. A. Rogers: Author, Journalist As Well As Historical Illustrator

Photo of Joel Augustus Rogers aka J.A. Rogers (b. 9/6/1880 - d. 3/26/1966) Joel Augustus Rogers was born September 6, 1880 inward Negri...

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Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana: Early On African Colonial Resistance Inwards Zimbabwe Too Southern Africa

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtJw_hXt3mevVbHeDzwrP3sU0eBFP6GGP9ZYbcVO1QOgg5ZwS_QyqJr8CkneLdQHxKilp5mBAgdoqNxQHj1V1Hlf0r1pFbDYAsJ-DxYlFQTFdBWUfo7A_3uml-IF458_gJBUTjJl-2UAk/s1600/Nehanda+Nyakasikana+of+Zimbabwe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtJw_hXt3mevVbHeDzwrP3sU0eBFP6GGP9ZYbcVO1QOgg5ZwS_QyqJr8CkneLdQHxKilp5mBAgdoqNxQHj1V1Hlf0r1pFbDYAsJ-DxYlFQTFdBWUfo7A_3uml-IF458_gJBUTjJl-2UAk/s320/Nehanda+Nyakasikana+of+Zimbabwe.jpg" width="217" /></a></div> <br /> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> In traditional Zimbabwean in addition to South African culture, <span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana</span> <span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">(c. 1840–1898)</span> is known equally a <i>svikiro </i>(spirit medium) and <i style="line-height: 22px;">mhondoro </i><span style="line-height: 22px;">(distinction category of </span><span style="line-height: 22px;">royal ancestral spirit or "lion spirit"). </span><span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">The legacy of the Nehanda transcends national boundaries because her lore originates amid the pre-colonial Shona-speaking people of </span><a href="http://amzn.to/1NCAYmj" style="line-height: 1.57143em;" target="_blank">ancient Great Zimbabwe</a> -- <span style="line-height: 1.57143em;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">known to include both the Shona-speaking people in addition to Ndebele tribal family. A</span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> 1888 missionary map includes the mention of the hamlet Nehandas. </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="line-height: 1.57143em;"><br data-mce-bogus="1" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">When Nehanda Nyakasikana was born, she was considered to last the woman someone incarnation of the nifty oracle Nehanda. Also referred to equally "Mbuya Nehanda" in addition to "Mbuya Charwe", she is ordinarily referred to equally the grandmother of acquaint solar daytime Republic of Zimbabwe -- amid the early on African resistance to European colonialism inward the region. </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> The earliest of European settlers began to migrate to the portion from U.K. during Nehanda Nyakasikana's rule. By 1894, the British imperialist had imposed what they termed the "hut tax" against the native populations consisting of both the Ndebele in addition to Shona people. In add-on to the "hut tax", the British began to impose forced relocation in addition to forced project camps. </div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <br /></div> <div style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="color: #383838; font-family: "gotham" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">The military machine crusade to drive out the British was started yesteryear the Ndebele inward May 1896. The African resistance is known equally the Chimurenga War ("war of liberation"), too known equally the </span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "gotham" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Second Matabele War in addition to the Matabele Rebellion</span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "gotham" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">. The Ndebele was joined yesteryear the Shona inward Oct 1896. The unique chemical ingredient of the Chimurenga War was the leading roles played yesteryear 3 traditional spiritual leaders or <i>mhondoro:</i> Mukwati inward Matabeleland, Kagubi inward western Mashonaland, in addition to Nehanda, the alone woman, inward Central in addition to Northern Mashonaland. </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> In 1897, Nehanda Nyakasikana was captured at the war's cease in addition to charged amongst the murder of a local commissioner, held yesteryear commentators equally trumped upward charges. Nevertheless, she was constitute guilty in addition to hanged yesteryear say-so of the (British) High Commissioner for South Africa, led thus yesteryear Alfred Milner. The execution was endorsed yesteryear the (British) Imperial Secretary on March 28, 1898. The guess presiding over the execution was termed the "Hanging Judge" John Watermayer. Herbert Hayton Castens, Esq. served equally "Public Prosecutor Sovereign amongst the British South Africa Company territories, who prosecutes for in addition to on behalf of her majesty." The lore that arises from the populace hanging includes accounts of difficulty killing Nehanda Nyakasikana, along amongst her resounding statement: "Mapfupa angu achamuka! (my bones volition certainly rise!)".</div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> When the nationalist liberation movements of the 1960s in addition to 1970s rose inward Africa, Zimbabwe's local guerrilla factions were raising the spirit of Nehanda inward their independence struggle. This included the likes of thus immature guerrilla factions nether Robert Mugabe's Republic of Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) in addition to Joshua Nkomo's Republic of Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU). Both ZANU in addition to ZAPU were opposed to the thus ruling United African National Council nether leadership of Bishop Abel Muzorewa.</div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> "If Nehanda were last today," said Robert Mugabe inward 1979, "there is no uncertainty she would last a fellow member of the Patriotic Front." </div> <div style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li style="color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;"><em style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Revolt inward Southern Rhodesia, 1896-7: H5N1 Study inward African Resistance</em><span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">, Terence O. Ranger, Heinemann, 1984. Available</span><span style="line-height: 1.57143em;"> at <a href="http://amzn.to/1NCAxbx">Amazon.com</a>. </span></li> <li><em style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Struggle for Zimbabwe: The Chimurenga War</em><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "gotham" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">, David Martin & Phyllis Johnson, Republic of Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1981. Available at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Struggle-Zimbabwe-David-Martin/dp/0853455996/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=">Amazon.com</a>. </span></li> </ul> </div> </div>

Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana: Early On African Colonial Resistance Inwards Zimbabwe Too Southern Africa

In traditional Zimbabwean in addition to South African culture,  Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana   (c. 1840–1898)  is known equally a svikir...

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Benjamin Banneker's 1791 Missive Of The Alphabet To Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson's Reply

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg83u8cFT1yftkfVR58lm28-AeJz2Z79fWSvdZzDO1da-upOZvRV_iQ13bJHhVF9mkkX_lHyeuRV2jGvBohyHz9XWNVf3d_OBT3i58lTQgLaRjb8xgiS7aJOlC6wXxzDSuAs0eZWPWjl34/s1600/Benjamin+Banneker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg83u8cFT1yftkfVR58lm28-AeJz2Z79fWSvdZzDO1da-upOZvRV_iQ13bJHhVF9mkkX_lHyeuRV2jGvBohyHz9XWNVf3d_OBT3i58lTQgLaRjb8xgiS7aJOlC6wXxzDSuAs0eZWPWjl34/s400/Benjamin+Banneker.jpg" width="241" /></a></div> </td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> First published inwards 1791, <span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Benjamin Banneker's</span><br /> <span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">almanacs </span><span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">were widely distributed publications.</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> Benjamin Banneker (b. 11/9/1731, Maryland – d. 10/9/1806) was an astronomer, mathematician, clockmaker, farmer, writer of almanacs as well as i of the three city surveyors for Washington D.C. As a country, the U.S. was non quite twenty years former when Banneker was appointed urban centre planner to the District of Columbia yesteryear U.S. President George Washington. Banneker's 1793 almanac contained what would endure the earliest known policing programme for the novel nation -- which had but won its liberty from Britain, titled "A Plan of Peace-office for the United States." Benjamin Banneker for sure had many successes as well as he did non allow the prosperity of his personal estate to dictate his politics.  An tape of human rights activism in the British colonies as well as early on nation could easily include his writings. H5N1 vocal anti-slavery activist, Banneker publicly deplored the handling of Negroes inwards the US of America, as illustrated inwards his missive of the alphabet to Thomas Jefferson -- penned August of 1791, nearly 10 years before Jefferson was elected to the U.S.  presidency.</div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <b>BENJAMIN BANNEKER'S LETTER TO THOMAS JEFFERSON (August 1791)</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>I am fully sensible of that freedom, which I accept alongside y'all inwards the introduce occasion, a liberty which seemed to me scarcely allowable, when I reflected on that distinguished as well as dignified station inwards which y'all stand, as well as the close full general prejudice as well as prepossession, which is so prevalent inwards globe against those of my complexion. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>I suppose it is truth likewise good attested . . . to demand a proof here, that nosotros are a race of beings, who have got long labored nether the abuse as well as censure of the world; that nosotros have got long been looked upon alongside an oculus of contempt; as well as that nosotros have got long been considered rather as brutish than human, as well as scarcely capable of mental endowments. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9MQtuwRdv0SY7pHXtFeKXccRCm3pQbnBmH1ksgvb88M6Djg69FRc1tAvkf95d6mkJM_we_AjyMWN37kiPiP3K2_se5btPJhrgxAFvMI5nTYGYqkqK6BI9k03ryaTYdl9XR2uOVMcoWwk/s320/Benjamin+Banneker+Black+history+almanac+architect+astronomer.jpg" width="248" /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>Sir, I promise I may safely acknowledge . . . that y'all are a human being less inflexible inwards sentiments of this nature, than many others; that y'all are measurably friendly, as well as good disposed towards us; as well as that y'all are willing as well as create to lend your assistance as well as assistance to our relief, from those many distresses, as well as numerous calamities to which nosotros are reduced. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>. . . if this is founded inwards truth, I apprehend y'all volition concealment every opportunity, to eradicate that educate of absurd as well as faux ideas as well as opinions, which so mostly prevails alongside honour to us; as well as that your sentiments are concurrent alongside mine, which are, that i universal Father hath given beingness to us all; as well as that he hath non entirely made us all of i flesh, but that he hath also, without partiality, afforded us all the same sensations as well as endowed us all alongside the same faculties; as well as that nevertheless variable nosotros may endure inwards lodge or religion, nevertheless diversified inwards province of affairs or color, nosotros are all inwards the same identify unit of measurement as well as stand upward inwards the same relation to him. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9MQtuwRdv0SY7pHXtFeKXccRCm3pQbnBmH1ksgvb88M6Djg69FRc1tAvkf95d6mkJM_we_AjyMWN37kiPiP3K2_se5btPJhrgxAFvMI5nTYGYqkqK6BI9k03ryaTYdl9XR2uOVMcoWwk/s1600/Benjamin+Banneker+Black+history+almanac+architect+astronomer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>. . . if these are sentiments of which y'all are fully persuaded, I promise y'all cannot but acknowledge, that it is the indispensable duty of those, who hold for themselves the rights of human nature, as well as who possess the obligations of Christianity, to extend their powerfulness as well as influence to the relief of every component of the human race, from whatever burden or oppression they may unjustly task nether . . . </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>. . . I have got long been convinced, that if your honey . . . for those inestimable laws, which preserved to y'all the rights of human nature, was founded on sincerity, y'all could non but endure solicitous, that every individual, of whatever rank or distinction, mightiness alongside y'all as bask the blessings thereof; neither could y'all residue satisfied curt of the most active effusion of your exertions, inwards monastic say to the advertisement from whatever province of degradation, to which the unjustifiable cruelty as well as barbarism of men may have got reduced them. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>. . . I freely as well as cheerfully acknowledge, that I am of the African race, as well as that color which is natural to them of the deepest dye; as well as it is nether a sense of the most profound gratitude to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, that I instantly confess to y'all that I am non nether that province of tyrannical thraldom, and inhuman captivity, to which likewise many of my brethren are doomed, but that I have got abundantly tasted of the fruition of those blessings, which continue from that gratuitous as well as unequalled liberty alongside which y'all are favored; as well as which, I hope, y'all volition willingly allow y'all have got mercifully received, from the immediate paw of that Being, from whom proceedeth every expert as well as perfect Gift. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">  . . . endure me to recall to your hear that time, inwards which the arms as well as tyranny of the British crown were exerted . . . inwards monastic say to cut y'all to a province of servitude: facial expression back, I entreat you, on the multifariousness of dangers to which y'all were exposed; reverberate on that time, inwards which every human assistance appeared unavailable, inwards which fifty-fifty promise as well as fortitude wore the aspect of inability to the conflict, as well as y'all cannot but endure led to a serious as well as grateful sense of your miraculous as well as providential preservation; y'all cannot but acknowledge, that the introduce liberty as well as silence . . . is the peculiar approving of Heaven. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> This, Sir, was a fourth dimension when y'all clearly saw into the injustice of a province of slavery, as well as inwards which y'all had but apprehensions of the horror of its condition. . . . your abhorrence thereof was so excited, that y'all publicly held forth this truthful as well as invaluable doctrine, which is worthy to endure recorded as well as remembered inwards all succeeding ages: 'We fit these truths to endure self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed yesteryear their Creator alongside sure unalienable rights, as well as that amid these are, life, liberty, as well as the pursuit of happiness.'</div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> .  . . tender feelings for yourselves had engaged y'all thence to declare, y'all were so impressed alongside proper ideas of the slap-up violation of liberty, as well as the gratuitous possession of those blessings, to which y'all were entitled yesteryear nature; but, Sir, how piteous is it to reflect, that although y'all were so fully convinced of the benevolence of the Father of Mankind, as well as of his equal as well as impartial distribution of these rights as well as privileges, which he hath conferred upon them, that y'all should at the same fourth dimension counteract his mercies, inwards detaining yesteryear fraud as well as violence so numerous a component of my brethren, nether groaning captivity, as well as savage oppression, that y'all should at the same fourth dimension endure industrial plant life guilty of that most criminal act, which y'all professedly detested inwards others, alongside honour to yourselves. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> . . . I suppose that your noesis of the province of affairs of my brethren, is likewise extensive to demand a recital here; neither shall I presume to prescribe methods yesteryear which they may endure relieved, otherwise than yesteryear recommending to y'all as well as all others, to wean yourselves from those narrow prejudices which y'all have got imbibed alongside honour to them, as well as as Job proposed to his friends, 'put your soul inwards their souls' stead'; thence shall your hearts endure enlarged alongside kindness as well as benevolence towards them; as well as thence shall y'all demand neither the direction of myself or others, inwards what agency to continue herein. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> And now, Sir, although my sympathy as well as affection for my brethren hath caused my enlargement thence far, I ardently hope, that your candor as well as generosity volition plead alongside y'all inwards my behalf, when I brand known to you, that it was non originally my design; but having taken upward my pen inwards monastic say to straight to you, as a present, a re-create of my Almanac, which I have got calculated for the succeeding year, I was unexpectedly as well as unavoidably led thereto. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> This calculation . . . is the production of my arduous study, inwards this most advanced phase of life; for having long had unbounded desires to piece of job acquainted alongside the secrets of nature, I have got had to gratify my curiosity herein through my ain assiduous application to Astronomical Study, inwards which I demand non recount to y'all the many difficulties as well as disadvantages which I have got had to encounter. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> And although I had close declined to brand my calculation for the ensuing twelvemonth . . . yet finding myself nether several engagements to Printers of this State, to whom I had communicated my design, on my render to my identify of residence, I industriously applied myself thereto, which I promise I have got accomplished alongside correctness as well as accuracy; a re-create of which I have got taken the liberty to straight to you, as well as which I humbly asking y'all volition favorably receive; . . . I pick out to post it to y'all inwards manuscript . . . that thereby y'all mightiness non entirely have got an before inspection, but that y'all mightiness also see it inwards my ain paw writing. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOvegEEayMGaMkFzGI5olV_rHgZV0T5Jw3I5nETnQ64iDxyRFjZqSusD9uCgBGsaO6Kmzi4GhbtF62SB07y-8gPJIgYubkfNBIpraO3ls3T8SmRXjwvOfmA6jVMNBNrd-9Y2zBBnUBuvk/s1600/Benjamin+Bannaker+Black+Heritage+Stamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOvegEEayMGaMkFzGI5olV_rHgZV0T5Jw3I5nETnQ64iDxyRFjZqSusD9uCgBGsaO6Kmzi4GhbtF62SB07y-8gPJIgYubkfNBIpraO3ls3T8SmRXjwvOfmA6jVMNBNrd-9Y2zBBnUBuvk/s320/Benjamin+Bannaker+Black+Heritage+Stamp.jpg" width="214" /></a></div> <b></b><i></i><u></u><strike></strike><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <b>JEFFERSON'S REPLY TO BANNEKER (August 30, 1791, Philadelphia)</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>Sir -- </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>-- I give thank y'all you sincerely for your missive of the alphabet of the 19th instant, as well as for the Almanac it contained. Nobody wishes to a greater extent than than I exercise to consider such proofs as y'all exhibit, that nature has given to our dark brethren talents equal to those of the other colours of men, and that the appearance of a want of them is owing entirely to the degraded status of their existence both inwards Africa as well as America. I tin add together alongside truth that no i wishes to a greater extent than ardently to consider a expert organisation commenced for raising the status both of their torso as well as hear to what it ought to be, as fast as the imbecility of their introduce existence, as well as other circumstances which cannot endure neglected, volition admit. I have got accept the liberty of sending your Almanac to Monsieur de Condorcet, Secretary of Society; because I considered it a document to which your whole color had a right for their justification against the doubts which have got been entertained of them. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>I am, alongside slap-up esteem, sir, your most obedient servant, </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>THO. JEFFERSON</i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <i></i><br /></div> <br /></div>

Benjamin Banneker's 1791 Missive Of The Alphabet To Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson's Reply

First published inwards 1791,  Benjamin Banneker's almanacs  were widely distributed publications. Benjamin Banneker (...

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Edward Wilmot Blyden On Liberia

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLjeaToUaOm4ZQvKwwqNBhzWA28wsyldQKoJ-uungVyQ2D_76BMpqZPIZn2bvhVsZAt63MiEAHB7uK9YNO78R9afWDNsmvVc8BrFBAAOWacdxSbBtyoxgGHx0CbgYwy0W0JYC0bfb0Hgs/s1600/Edward+Wilmot+Blyden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLjeaToUaOm4ZQvKwwqNBhzWA28wsyldQKoJ-uungVyQ2D_76BMpqZPIZn2bvhVsZAt63MiEAHB7uK9YNO78R9afWDNsmvVc8BrFBAAOWacdxSbBtyoxgGHx0CbgYwy0W0JYC0bfb0Hgs/s320/Edward+Wilmot+Blyden.jpg" width="252" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edward Wilmot Blyden (b. 8/3/1832 - d. 2/7/1912)</td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;" trbidi="on"> On August 3,1832, Edward Wilmot Blyden was born inwards Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Island, West Indies. He is considered by many historians as the manly individual parent of <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/ hcb8/EWB_Museum/Legacy.html" target="_blank">Pan-Africanism</a>. His writings together with speeches are with the earliest plant on the dependent area of Africans returning to the continent after the deport upon of the European Trans-Atlantic slave trade, fifty-fifty predating the influence of the belatedly Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr..</div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;" trbidi="on"> Blyden was an educator, author together with diplomat who became real active inwards the the States together with inwards West Africa. He is noted to last with the outset iii Africans admitted to Harvard Medical School. He would afterward move an active political figure in Liberia, the West African nation settled yesteryear costless together with freed Africans primarily from the Americas together with West Indies. </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;" trbidi="on"> <span id="dscexpitem_2113845634_3">When he married Sarah Yates, of the prominent Yates family of Liberia, he would last joining the prominent solid unit of measurement of Beverly Page Yates, the Liberian vice-president from 1856-1860. The Blydens had iii children. </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <span id="dscexpitem_2113845634_3">While inwards West Africa, Blyden also taught inwards Sierra Leone where he became an influential intellectual force. </span>A frequent commentator on the political together with historical actions of African nations to their global diaspora, Blyden spoke publicly on Ethiopia's win on Nov 16, 1875 at the Battle of Gundet against an Arab Republic of Egypt led yesteryear colonial Arabs. Both Blyden together with his contemporary, Martin Robinson Delany, praised the Gundet win as an African victory. </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpfn_58h2ru1wgj09arXVn0UCTuymjAxULWenA5FQmrIzrBvL-RJ0ruVcaRHoi71BRYlZJfSVITsmbmmbAFPhZQyzoCNCF_KwiqTyPyDGQUtYjUlV20Pepd26M1-9r0X0LuZkai2PbPw/s1600/Ethiopia%2527s+win+at+the+Battle+of+Gundet+over+colonized+Egypt+on+1875+observed+by+Martin+Delany+Edward+Blyden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpfn_58h2ru1wgj09arXVn0UCTuymjAxULWenA5FQmrIzrBvL-RJ0ruVcaRHoi71BRYlZJfSVITsmbmmbAFPhZQyzoCNCF_KwiqTyPyDGQUtYjUlV20Pepd26M1-9r0X0LuZkai2PbPw/s1600/Ethiopia%2527s+win+at+the+Battle+of+Gundet+over+colonized+Egypt+on+1875+observed+by+Martin+Delany+Edward+Blyden.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Pan-African Perspective of the Battle of Gundet, Ethiopia</td></tr> </tbody></table> </a>Below is 1 of the many public speeches yesteryear Edward Wilmot Blyden. Published July 27, 1857, this spoken language addresses some of the pressing issues facing the new settlers at Republic of Liberia -- many of whom were newly freed from the Americas. Blyden addressed the occupation that arises when a public is driven yesteryear a want to last "rich", equally seen yesteryear the conspicuous consumption patterns Blyden notes in the novel inhabitants to Liberia. In this speech, Blyden also brings to the forefront of his listeners the economic perils ofdependence on the unusual assistance of the United States. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> * * * * </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b> Liberia equally She is; together with the Present Duty of her Citizens  </b></div> <br /> [An Independence Day address given at Monrovia, July 27, 1857      <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> African Repository, Nov 1857, pp. 328-32.]  </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div>  What then…are the moral causes of the acquaint evils inwards Liberia? …    … equally a people nosotros accept been inwards likewise much haste to last rich. Relinquishing the pursuit of those attributes that would tally us for the faithful discharge of our peculiar duties equally men, equally Liberians, equally an baby nation, nosotros accept used every possible stair out to lift our pecuniary importance; together with inwards the precipitate efforts at wealth, nosotros accept non been careful equally to what agency nosotros accept employed. The want to last rich, or to appear to last rich, pervades all classes. The honey of money…has grown upon us to such a flat that all other avenues of distinction seem but trifling inwards comparing of those which atomic number 82 to the acquisition of money.    To last rich seems with many “the principal destination of man”.  Hence, no talents, no endowment of the mind, no science or knowledge, no amount of education, is appreciated only so far equally it volition pay…. This fact has operated greatly inwards retarding the literary progress of our youth….   <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION    </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> Another displace of our adversity may last seen inwards the unjustifiable extravagance inwards which nosotros indulge; inwards that luxury of expenditure for houses, for dress, for furniture, for food, constantly made the reprehensible remark yesteryear thinking foreigners.  We are inwards dreadful mistake inwards regard to our country, if nosotros suppose nosotros are really prosperous. Our prosperity is non real; it is false; it is fictitious.  The prosperity of a nation is existent when the springs of the prosperity are contained inside itself, inwards the hands of its citizens; when it depends for its beingness upon its ain resources; when it is independent.  But this is non the illustration inwards Liberia.  We are, equally a nation, upheld yesteryear foreigners. We are solely dependent upon foreigners for our schools, for churches, for preachers, for teachers.  Most of the talent of the solid reason is inwards the employ together with at the command of foreigners.  Those thus employed must ever concur their talents together with their efforts subservient, non to what they conceive to last the interests of their country, but to the desires together with direction of unusual employers…. What nosotros want to convey earlier our minds today is the humiliating fact, that nearly all the talent of Liberia—talent non inwards ordinary men, but inwards our principal men—is supported yesteryear unusual agency together with controlled yesteryear unusual influence.  And yet, inwards the seem upwards of these humbling realities, nosotros boast of our civilization, of our prosperity, of our independence, together with indulge inwards unjustifiable extravagance…    *     *     *    … the coin lavished upon houses, which add together zero to  wellness together with comfort; upon dress, which does non growth the dignity together with beauty of personal appearance; the large sums seat out inwards expensive furniture, … the neat amount consumed inwards the luxuries of the tabular array would move a neat way inwards keeping our streets clear of weeds, inwards felling the dense forests around us, inwards reclaiming the wilderness, inwards cultivating the soil, inwards civilizing our … brethren.    … Look at the numbers who … inwards lodge to advance to, or maintain this [extravagant] trend of living, flock to the fostering arms together with sheltering wings of these [foreign] societies.  Thus dis- honesty stalks abroad nether the semblance of piety; together with impiety assumes the appearance of religious belief for the sake of gain.  And … this extravagant mode of living…are made inwards the minds of many the criterion of respectability…we attach to a greater extent than importance to display than to reality.  There is real petty that is substantial nearly us…    *     *     *    …It is our duty to acquire that at that spot are other objects of infinitely greater importance than wealth inwards our rising country…A higher destiny is ours: our duty together with privilege is the laying of the foundation of hereafter empires inwards Africa…    … It is our duty to curtail our superfluous expenditures.  There should last retrenchment of our expenditures for fantabulous edifices….Let our surplus agency last beneficially expended; permit it last vested inwards the improvement of our country, inwards placing our prosperity upon a safer together with to a greater extent than permanent foundation—in rendering ourselves independent…    … It is our duty to labor.  We dwell inwards a solid reason rich inwards resources, which with petty exertion tin give the axe last called forth inwards sufficient diverseness together with abundance to homecoming us comfortable together with independent. But at that spot is a fatal lack of productive manufacture with us…. The commerce of the solid reason has e'er been inwards such articles equally our citizens accept had no business office inwards producing; thence nosotros acquire wealth from this origin without helping to exercise it.  We buy the palm crude oil together with camwood together with ivory from the natives giving them inwards central articles of unusual production …. The prosperity arising from our commerce is almost equally evanescent equally that based on missionary appropriations.  Foreigners on the 1 hand, together with the natives on the other, are our supporters.    *     *     *    … nosotros must either abandon our province of utter dependency upon foreigners, yesteryear creating the agency of supplying our ain wants, or relinquish our profession of freedom equally a nation.  H5N1 province of dependency is solely incongruous with a province of liberty….    …The…rich together with fertile soil…invites us to its cultivation. Nothing should last allowed to interfere betwixt us together with the soil… </div> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

Edward Wilmot Blyden On Liberia

Edward Wilmot Blyden (b. 8/3/1832 - d. 2/7/1912) On August 3,1832, Edward Wilmot Blyden was born inwards Saint Thomas,...

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