American History

Oscar Micheaux: An Early On African American Filmmaker

Oscar Micheaux: An Early On African American Filmmaker

Photo of Oscar Micheaux (b. Jan 2, 1884 – d. March 25, 1951) The long history of African American celluloid is close a national secret....

Forging Fire: The Metallurgical Arts Of Africa

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnVhYzjPmWum1ppPGC1KOXw8E0xc9D5Wb7cVR1n2_CpGJW9snadMGajIwkdndUPbhEkw8-21luYC8bHMBLDXnvfNadehiDA_U4mWXuno_FJDrwb8mp6bmVz05uJVNue5hNeuSQTa2rzko/s1600/Forging+Fire+Metallurgical+Arts+of+Africa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnVhYzjPmWum1ppPGC1KOXw8E0xc9D5Wb7cVR1n2_CpGJW9snadMGajIwkdndUPbhEkw8-21luYC8bHMBLDXnvfNadehiDA_U4mWXuno_FJDrwb8mp6bmVz05uJVNue5hNeuSQTa2rzko/s1600/Forging+Fire+Metallurgical+Arts+of+Africa.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">While it has been advanced past times many European as well as European-descent scholars that the atomic issue 26 historic catamenia began inward Eurasia circa. one one thousand BCE, recent archaeological discoveries inward Nigeria suggests that atomic issue 26 smelting as well as blacksmith move was performed at a much before fourth dimension -- equally early on equally 2000-2500 BCE -- at high-levels of production as well as involving broad merchandise distribution alongside the ancient Igboland peoples inward West Africa. </span><br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCHR-imGt2miB7_d7F4ejZvB-Zh5EyP3ejO8UldvmjftBzh1tqtALeDFH7h_JzlRNbd1qsoymFJoQH3Yhjjrpu-BUnfedVfWUR7eyhWHca_Cx_o7TPfh99CVkNBsNIT8GslCPvGCL83I/s1600/Igbo,+Nsude+pyramids.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCHR-imGt2miB7_d7F4ejZvB-Zh5EyP3ejO8UldvmjftBzh1tqtALeDFH7h_JzlRNbd1qsoymFJoQH3Yhjjrpu-BUnfedVfWUR7eyhWHca_Cx_o7TPfh99CVkNBsNIT8GslCPvGCL83I/s1600/Igbo,+Nsude+pyramids.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">A row of 10 Igbo iron-smelting pyramids at Nsude, Enugu State of Nigeria, Africa. </span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Carbon dating data has been unattainable to date. </span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpkWTKcaq8xBXs097astRjqNYdlaGHKJhKWk3xbHKV3AlkE7iY0-jo_Z3j77AByy5guujrNYZhkfshKvKLUnAviP9jsJmQtHhN7othBLSAa_XfE11EtbVaKbpLUaQM9LV_VWgV3SeGq88/s1600/Nok+Nigeria+Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpkWTKcaq8xBXs097astRjqNYdlaGHKJhKWk3xbHKV3AlkE7iY0-jo_Z3j77AByy5guujrNYZhkfshKvKLUnAviP9jsJmQtHhN7othBLSAa_XfE11EtbVaKbpLUaQM9LV_VWgV3SeGq88/s1600/Nok+Nigeria+Map.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: left;"></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Prior to this, the earliest known African advances inward metallic plant were found alongside the Nok, who appear to accept been the cultural ancestors of the Yoruba who developed the Ife sculptures centuries later. According to Roger Atwood, writing for <a href="http://archive.archaeology.org/1107/features/nok_nigeria_africa_terracotta.html" target="_blank">Archaeology magazine</a>, "Carbon dating of charcoal within the [Nok] furnaces revealed dates equally far dorsum equally 280 B.C., giving Nok the earliest dates for atomic issue 26 smelting inward sub-Saharan Africa upwardly to that time." H5N1 collection of Nok terra cotta heads as well as figures were found alongside tin mines as well as many of these plant are housed at a museum at Jos inward key Nigeria. Other carbon dating established that items were deposited inward the portion from 500 BCE to 200 past times the Nok. By the 13th century, nosotros meet the Ife cultural arts develop into a sophisticated courtroom fine art that represented specific figure heads such equally kings. </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Also about 500 BCE, <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Nubia</a> was inward her Meroitic stage as well as was producing as well as trading iron. By 270 CE, at electrical flow twenty-four hours <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Ethiopia</a>, coins inward gold, argent as well as bronze were produced past times the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Aksumites</a> nether King Endubis.  </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mkNuBhh9u7BX2RhgPDuOKcTW8Onhvahes3P9fSrmxqSakALIU6pZK8mWgwcR6PFrB7Y-7nv3ExGWiIGJBU3y4AVFGnBpMJ4lnd9e22TJNcOQGfUfadoRPOkd9tr_LOxNNMifGGqwbkA/s1600/Egyptians+artisans+smelted+copper+and+gold+for+artistic,+architectural,+and+even+military+purposes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mkNuBhh9u7BX2RhgPDuOKcTW8Onhvahes3P9fSrmxqSakALIU6pZK8mWgwcR6PFrB7Y-7nv3ExGWiIGJBU3y4AVFGnBpMJ4lnd9e22TJNcOQGfUfadoRPOkd9tr_LOxNNMifGGqwbkA/s1600/Egyptians+artisans+smelted+copper+and+gold+for+artistic,+architectural,+and+even+military+purposes.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Egyptians artisans smelted copper as well as aureate for artistic, architectural, as well as fifty-fifty armed services purposes.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 19.5px;">At i indicate inward Western scientific literature, it was idea that sub-Saharan Africans did non invent atomic issue 26 independently. This notion was abandoned to a greater extent than than a century ago. High German scholar, Ludwig Beck, who published a five-volume history of atomic issue 26 betwixt 1884 as well as 1903, wrote inward his foremost volume: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 19.5px;">". . . [w]e meet everywhere an master copy fine art of producing atomic issue 26 alongside the numerous native tribes of Africa, which is inward its entire essence non imported but master copy as well as . . . must survive really old."  </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.5;">The American linguist Christopher Ehret asserts the following:</span><br /> <blockquote style="background-color: white; color: #3b3b3b; line-height: 1.5;"> <i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Africa S of the Sahara, it right away seems, was domicile to a split upwardly as well as independent innovation of atomic issue 26 metallurgy . . . To amount upwardly the available evidence, atomic issue 26 engineering across much of sub-Saharan Africa has an African beginning dating to before one one thousand BCE.</span></i></blockquote> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.5px;">"More as well as to a greater extent than numerous datings are pushing dorsum the get-go of atomic issue 26 production inward Africa to at to the lowest degree the middle of the minute millennium BC, which would acquire inward i of the world's oldest metallurgies," states Hamady Bocoum, Senegalese archeologist. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 19.5px;">Gaston Maspéro, a French Egyptologist, concluded that ancient Arab Republic of Egypt learned atomic issue 26 plant from Africans to the south. This persuasion was corroborated past times the High German Felix von Luschan, who also idea sub-Saharan Africans originated atomic issue 26 technology, equally did the British metallurgist William Gowland.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /> </span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="clear: left; float: left; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu0UbGMPp64jSr0etfh0U8QMR4TsZxANIjRI6LBRCV_6xbYaBeXzs0o6FnSYhXbqsYhfdqyWwPsIWnyy5BJA44qSnk3pmCpF8h26OUM3mZ9-2h6gUBR38DFCgELLxJXoQVZ7jO4qyaMGQ/s1600/Ibgo+Nigeria+Map.jpg" width="320" /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The to a greater extent than recent scholarship of physician Pamela Eze-Uzomaka, Nigerian scholar, states that the study of the prehistoric atomic issue 26 smelting site at Lejja, Nigeria has found the existence of a thriving atomic issue 26 smelting community with hundreds of furnaces, tuyeres as well as slags visible from the surface at the primary hamlet square. Interrupted past times modern history, this atomic issue 26 smelting Lejja site has been reported past times physician Eze-Uzomaka equally extinct, no active atomic issue 26 smiths inward the community. The debris from the atomic issue 26 smelting site has, however, been radiocarbon dated to around 2000 BC. </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">As early on equally precolonial times, atomic issue 26 move inward ancient Igboland was highly ritualized. Supernatural forces were solicited past times the smiths as well as smelters to participate inward as well as supervise the production procedure for metals. This is described past times Onwuka N. Joku equally the "magico-religious context of atomic issue 26 production" that releases the powers of iron. </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Joku writes:</span></div> <blockquote class="tr_bq" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Traditional atomic issue 26 working involved considerable technical as well as artistic science equally good equally brawn. However, to the Igbo, a lot to a greater extent than was required, namely, the possession of esoteric powers. Such esoteric powers were deemed inevitable equally atomic issue 26 was believed to possess inherent mystical qualities. Iron was 'charged' as well as consequently unsafe to all persons except those who had the uncommon gift of knowing how to get got it. The heart as well as soul of this noesis was 'acquired past times blood'; that is, it was inherited past times birth.</span></i></blockquote> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The apprenticeship grooming was long as well as rigorous throughout Igboland. The atomic issue 26 smithing guilds held varying strickness inward allowing entrants from non-smithing lineages. An aspiring apprentice from a non-smithing identify unit of measurement could survive required to undergo a issue of associated practices as well as rituals before attempting to practise smithing. Without the mystical powers obtained from the atomic issue 26 deity through blood lines, the mysterious human activeness of turning public into atomic issue 26 as well as atomic issue 26 into tools, ornaments as well as other items was to a greater extent than oft than non idea to survive adjacent to impossible, within the guilds. Again, entry into a social club without beingness inward the identify unit of measurement job was possible alongside some guilds, with additional rituals as well as tests for the aspirant.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Eze-Uzomaka's query also links prehistoric Igbo atomic issue 26 smith as well as smelting take away to ancient Nile Valley civilizations. She asserts that many of the same deities were beingness employed on the West as well as East coasts of Africa inward prehistoric times. She states that the ancient Lost City of Heliopolis, referenced past times the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">ancient Egyptians</a>, was located inward Igboland where atomic issue 26 move was produced take away for distribution to locations equally far equally the Nile Valley portion of Africa. The Igbo-Kmt connecter existed at Lejja, states Eze-Uzomaka. This ancient Igboland was the Lost City of Heliopolis, the <a href="http://maatlaws.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Ancient Egyptian Duat</a>, Temple of the Sun.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The tape provides prove that the ancient Africans enjoyed a sophisticated agreement as well as human relationship to natural metals. These metals were employed inward their arts, coins, tools as well as weapons. Metallurgical guilds arose to develop as well as protect the noesis attained alongside the people of dissimilar regions. The existence of highly sophisticated inter-Africa merchandise inward metals is in all probability the close exciting seem of the electrical flow scholarship. If West Africans were supplying atomic issue 26 equally far equally the Nile Valley regions, the relationships alongside African peoples on the continent is sure enough inward its infancy stages of discovery.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>References: </i></b></span><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Scenes from Papyrus Book of Coming Forth past times Day of Hunefer, cir. 1300 B.C. Dover Edition: 1967, pp. 283, 289, 368 (reference to retrieving Amen-Ra's atomic issue 26 from a double bight, 2 bodies of water. See West Africa's river bights of Biafra (nka Bonny) as well as Benin; meet also, double plume plums of Osiris representing 2 river bights). </span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Eze-Uzomaka, Pamela. </span><a href="http://www.academia.edu/4103707/Iron_and_its_influence_on_the_prehistoric_site_of_Lejja" target="_blank">Iron as well as its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (whitepaper available equally gratis download, concluding visited 10/13/14).</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Joku, Onwuka N,</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1580821?" target="_blank">Magic, Religion as well as Iron Technology inward Precolonial North-western Igboland</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, Journal of Religion inward Africa XX, three (1991) (Jstor access required, concluding visited 10/13/14).</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>Further reading</i></b>: </span><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;">Acholonu, Catherine Obianuju, </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00L3W6JPY/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B00L3W6JPY&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=ZMX6REP3CMU33BZN" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;" target="_blank">Eden inward Sumer on the Niger</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;"> (Kindle Edition).</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Alpern, Stanley B., </span><a href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_in_africa/v032/32.1alpern.pdf" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank">Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron inward Sub-Saharan Africa?</a><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> History inward Africa, Volume 32 (2005) </span></li> </ul> </div> </div>

Forging Fire: The Metallurgical Arts Of Africa

While it has been advanced past times many European as well as European-descent scholars that the atomic issue 26 historic catamenia be...

Alain Leroy Locke: The Manful Mortal Rear Of The Harlem Renaissance

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDJjuiygNEne5eb_XbFHPIomtvLaM3FTxX2azUYRNHuwzcbGDEgY15W2kL4k0vtRjakTSH6Fgn482n2ucaqyrpvL9P2rPiMLINlAa7rXCzMtbu82smUR5Qyr_qPhfe410yjX5ai7W2A8s/s1600/Alain_LeRoy_Locke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDJjuiygNEne5eb_XbFHPIomtvLaM3FTxX2azUYRNHuwzcbGDEgY15W2kL4k0vtRjakTSH6Fgn482n2ucaqyrpvL9P2rPiMLINlAa7rXCzMtbu82smUR5Qyr_qPhfe410yjX5ai7W2A8s/s1600/Alain_LeRoy_Locke.jpg" width="252" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo of Alain Leroy Locke (b. 9/13/1885 - d. 6/9/1954)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Alain Leroy Locke was born on September 13, 1885 inward Philadelphia, the only tyke of Pliny Ishmael Locke too Mary Hawkins Locke. His father was a schoolteacher too graduate of Howard University Law School. In his youth, Locke struggled amongst rheumatic fever, which left him amongst permanent pump damage. This status physically restricted him too led him to pursue to a greater extent than greatly the quieter intellectual activities of reading too studying. <br /> <br /> Locke attended Central High School inward Philadelphia from 1898 to 1902. He graduated commencement inward his score from Philadelphia School of Pedagogy, a teacher's college, where he earned a Bachelor's degree. He completed Harvard College's four-year course of education inward iii years. By 1907, Locke received his Bachelor of Arts score magna cum laude, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa too earned the prestigious Bowdoin Prize for an English linguistic communication essay. Additionally, he was selected every bit the commencement somebody of African descent to have the distinction of Rhodes Scholar from Oxford University -- after rigorous  examinations inward Greek, Latin too mathematics. <br /> <br /> From 1910 to 1911, Locke began studying at the University of Berlin every bit a graduate student. He started writing most racism, African colonialism too the arts piece studying inward Europe. In 1912, Locke returned to the USA and joined the faculty of Howard University where he would afterwards survive chairman of its philosophy department. He would work at Howard University for xl years. During his early on teaching career at Howard University, Locke pursued a doctorate which he earned inward 1918 from Harvard University.<br /> <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYlPVI4kl2F5rbRgJmh6sAmFAHmmoIf_5MH_5gk82G3kOneS3uOu6vwH1diysmxNbDoWDIOjZLZpcfuNDJ7aUJz9GmJjhLLLQ_UpbZKwLHPZC5cZYKWHZ8bl93jcODszY6fRsuR6lRVg/s1600/The+New+Negro+by+Alain+LeRoy+Locke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYlPVI4kl2F5rbRgJmh6sAmFAHmmoIf_5MH_5gk82G3kOneS3uOu6vwH1diysmxNbDoWDIOjZLZpcfuNDJ7aUJz9GmJjhLLLQ_UpbZKwLHPZC5cZYKWHZ8bl93jcODszY6fRsuR6lRVg/s1600/The+New+Negro+by+Alain+LeRoy+Locke.jpg" width="208" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The New Negro: Voices of the Harlem Renaissance, edited yesteryear Alain Locke, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0684838311/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0684838311&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=IF7IISYZZUHDQMJQ" target="_blank">available at Amazon.com</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <em>The New Negro</em> was published inward 1925 too had a meaning behaviour on on the dialogue of Black cultural achievements, which brought him national recognition. In <em>The New Negro</em>, Locke examined the famous <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=langston-hughes" target="_blank">Harlem Renaissance</a> for the full general reading public. It besides became a platform where he attacked the legacy of European supremacy by pointing out the nifty achievements of Africans. The publication of the mass too its acclaim would house Locke at the forefront of "<a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=langston-hughes" target="_blank">The New Negro Movement</a>."<br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs7DjbVTc3p9zYq3cv3W9mrPkCzoZfICHrQQwunso4JoNtuISUSalHxP4W4_YAZ8dNyZlXoKFn6Uah5ujEM_7ZEseKsX7BRpq-vhOfwE8ypcoI9aV_BWVdh_47ubQZzT3lqVD-nev9dIM/s1600/Alain+Leroy+Locke,+by+Winold+Reiss,+1925.+As+the+leading+theorists+and+interpreters+of+the+black+experience+in+America+through+the+first+half+of+the.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs7DjbVTc3p9zYq3cv3W9mrPkCzoZfICHrQQwunso4JoNtuISUSalHxP4W4_YAZ8dNyZlXoKFn6Uah5ujEM_7ZEseKsX7BRpq-vhOfwE8ypcoI9aV_BWVdh_47ubQZzT3lqVD-nev9dIM/s1600/Alain+Leroy+Locke,+by+Winold+Reiss,+1925.+As+the+leading+theorists+and+interpreters+of+the+black+experience+in+America+through+the+first+half+of+the.jpg" width="204" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alain Leroy Locke, yesteryear Winold Reiss, 1925.</td></tr> </tbody></table> Locke received many honors too was inward nifty postulate every bit a author too lecturer roughly the country.  H5N1 passionate collector of African fine art too champion of Black theatre (<em>Plays of Negro Life</em>, published inward 1927), Locke became i of the world's foremost scholars inward African studies. In 1954, Howard University started its African Studies Program. It was non a novel concept. Thirty years before Locke suggested the plan to the Howard University administration. <br /> <br /> In 1953, Locke moved to New York City after his retirement from Howard University. The adjacent year, on June 9, 1954, he suffered a fatal pump laid upwards on derived from his life-long pump problems. As a patron of the arts, Locke's legacy on African American history too civilization would behaviour on many generations to come upwards too he would survive known every bit the Father of the Harlem Renaissance.</div>

Alain Leroy Locke: The Manful Mortal Rear Of The Harlem Renaissance

Photo of Alain Leroy Locke (b. 9/13/1885 - d. 6/9/1954) Alain Leroy Locke was born on September 13, 1885 inward Philadelphia, the only...

Jackie Ormes: Get-Go African-American Adult Woman Syndicated Cartoonist

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdNbaNEdQmG7ffp2yvGqejbKEmwTgOrcLJA5MokZgC4JSoGiRGORcW4TK1hq_aqPSCzoTrZts8k7Fwc4i1VuwkJ-PE1pr3pQGeiRg_zlJD619SRIC-fVWSpPPyPLMCLAJd9PqcdD1UENM/s1600/Jackie+Ormes+black+comic+strip+artist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdNbaNEdQmG7ffp2yvGqejbKEmwTgOrcLJA5MokZgC4JSoGiRGORcW4TK1hq_aqPSCzoTrZts8k7Fwc4i1VuwkJ-PE1pr3pQGeiRg_zlJD619SRIC-fVWSpPPyPLMCLAJd9PqcdD1UENM/s1600/Jackie+Ormes+black+comic+strip+artist.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">Jackie Ormes (b. 8/1/1911 - d. 12/26/1985)</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> Jackie Ormes was born Zelda Mavin Jackson inwards Monogahela, Pennsylvania on August 1, 1911 to parents William Winfield Jackson together with Mary Brown Jackson. Her solid unit of measurement owned together with operated a printing draw of piece of job organization together with a pic theater that served the Pittsburgh community upward until 1917 when her virile individual nurture died inwards a motor vehicle accident. Ormes was for certain influenced yesteryear this solid unit of measurement tradition inwards printing together with amusement every bit she would after locomote the kickoff African-American adult woman syndicated cartoonist inwards the United States.<br /> <br /> Ormes began her journalism career inwards 1930 at the <i>Pittsburgh Courier</i> every bit a proofreader, after roofing the police pull vanquish together with other community stories. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 twelvemonth after marrying Earl Ormes inwards 1936 -- whom she would live on married to for 45 years, until his decease -- her big intermission every bit a comic strip creative individual unfolded. From 1937 to 1938, the weekly <i>Pittsburgh Courier</i> started publishing her kickoff comic strip Torchy Brown inwards "Dixie to Harlem," a humorous depiction of a Mississippi teen who constitute fame together with fortune singing together with dancing inwards the Cotton Club.<br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvgtiNu_ejmrP3iGIf4qyZva-F4jNQTNEgvIMkgNLcDQFeU6uPJqz_ujmYJIFflaz0wDkXmlS1QlnrLREpJ3UG4Mp4iLOWjovhP3vEaNS7ngaQqyovoUh1E_4X3hPl-JmkI1maMi_ykyI/s1600/Jackie+Ormes+Torchy+in+Hearbeats.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvgtiNu_ejmrP3iGIf4qyZva-F4jNQTNEgvIMkgNLcDQFeU6uPJqz_ujmYJIFflaz0wDkXmlS1QlnrLREpJ3UG4Mp4iLOWjovhP3vEaNS7ngaQqyovoUh1E_4X3hPl-JmkI1maMi_ykyI/s1600/Jackie+Ormes+Torchy+in+Hearbeats.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333339691162px; text-align: center;">Image of Torcy Brown comic strip yesteryear Jackie Ormes<br /> <div> <br /></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> In 1942, Ormes together with her hubby would motion to Chicago. As a woman, she was a trailblazer inwards becoming a syndicated cartoonist because such professional person opportunities were real limited for women of whatever race. In add-on to the <i>Pittsburgh Courier</i>, her locomote would also live on featured inwards the widely circulated <i><a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=robert-s-abbott-and-growth-of-black" target="_blank">Chicago Defender</a></i>.  In Chicago, Ormes developed the Patty-Jo 'n' Ginger together with Candy comic strips. The Candy comic strip ran for iv months inwards the <i>Chicago Defender</i>, piece Patty-Jo 'n' Ginger ran for 11 years. During this time, Ormes also published a social column together with wrote exceptional assignment pieces for the newspaper.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6b4Dt71lax9vvN-tK0EP8XvL6vFKvXLRdurUKgPgOhvqPzg75mWBxM2mS4SmsDIJkhFyhooaR2noZTQMJKHVyNA7ULdvOpI2McHJ4OzZmTWF6MVEBPAnWjFblfxhSwo6fv0kP4lf6Iww/s1600/Jackie+Ormes.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6b4Dt71lax9vvN-tK0EP8XvL6vFKvXLRdurUKgPgOhvqPzg75mWBxM2mS4SmsDIJkhFyhooaR2noZTQMJKHVyNA7ULdvOpI2McHJ4OzZmTWF6MVEBPAnWjFblfxhSwo6fv0kP4lf6Iww/s1600/Jackie+Ormes.gif" width="166" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA8mJybPl4FgppZyWxu7slw_vu9p8H6LfbP21HlSLC7zP29lKxTV-U6lFpQWLih0z80q-wl_06I4dthxdfyUYLHM7SE1qpm1pXK4pYmZjuZMWwhlcDss9sNn59XC5cbjVqgPHojW3FWCo/s1600/Jackie+Ormes+comic+strip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA8mJybPl4FgppZyWxu7slw_vu9p8H6LfbP21HlSLC7zP29lKxTV-U6lFpQWLih0z80q-wl_06I4dthxdfyUYLHM7SE1qpm1pXK4pYmZjuZMWwhlcDss9sNn59XC5cbjVqgPHojW3FWCo/s1600/Jackie+Ormes+comic+strip.jpg" width="233" /></a></div> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <i> Even for the casual observer, it is apparent that African American cartoonist Jackie Ormes modeled or together with therefore of her beautiful woman individual characters after herself.</i></blockquote> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4PuNr0rFh72cUkPDW-FHS-5vO8EL1oSz0Gqxy7-6bEZVW-wH7X2c1TQIrIMKtJHKr2Qm2C5nNXRkkeWOM-fQrFWElU39X14ycywQKGCKLAmyyPGQe13KHne7KSTteiTwZIncIzpLuazo/s1600/Patty+Joe+Collectible+Doll.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4PuNr0rFh72cUkPDW-FHS-5vO8EL1oSz0Gqxy7-6bEZVW-wH7X2c1TQIrIMKtJHKr2Qm2C5nNXRkkeWOM-fQrFWElU39X14ycywQKGCKLAmyyPGQe13KHne7KSTteiTwZIncIzpLuazo/s1600/Patty+Joe+Collectible+Doll.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image: collectible Patty Jo doll from locomote of Jackie Ormes</td></tr> </tbody></table> Ormes' locomote after developed into other mediums of appear for her characters, such every bit the majority production of the Black doll modeled after her Patty Jo character. In 1947, this doll was launched together with accompanied yesteryear a trove of elegantly styled have on for the please of youngsters. She also developed the "Torchy Togs" paper doll series.<br /> <br /> While creating a comic strips tin seem a real non-political endeavor, Ormes' locomote included social together with political satire that landed her on the FBI's investigation listing during the McCarthy era. She bravely addressed racial injustice, every bit good every bit domestic together with unusual policy related to equality, environmental pollution together with country of war issues. Ormes retired inwards 1956, ending the 11 twelvemonth run of the Patty Jo 'n' Ginger comic strip. She remained active, however, inside the African American community inwards Chicago through her services alongside the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=robert-s-abbott-and-growth-of-black" target="_blank">Chicago Urban League</a> together with Clarence Darrow Community Center.<br /> <br /> The swell number of Jackie Ormes papers are similar a shot housed every bit The DuSable Museum of African American history through a projection funded yesteryear the <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1yTfZUgTvlpNDZnNzhKX2dLSmc/edit?pli=1" target="_blank">Black Metropolis Research Consortium </a>"Color Curtain Processing Project." The papers bridge from 1938-1985, reflecting her professional person together with social life inwards Chicago during that period.</div>

Jackie Ormes: Get-Go African-American Adult Woman Syndicated Cartoonist

Jackie Ormes (b. 8/1/1911 - d. 12/26/1985) Jackie Ormes was born Zelda Mavin Jackson inwards Monogahela, Pennsylvania on August 1, 1911...

Reginald F. Lewis: Wall Street Lawyer In Addition To Financier, Entrepreneur In Addition To Philanthropist

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcQVI6Om4sV0QJPc9nz-9tyUQkgWczJMN9Q9OR-JQ74i7wEdGkjRzMF8dEQSrLUEnBvgNfn7cpYqytiJx8sIxbk_8J6cP4vaS1vo0To-8dwegsB2swNHRjg5IINE5mP3r_lGOAalb82aI/s1600/Photo+of+Reginal+Lewis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcQVI6Om4sV0QJPc9nz-9tyUQkgWczJMN9Q9OR-JQ74i7wEdGkjRzMF8dEQSrLUEnBvgNfn7cpYqytiJx8sIxbk_8J6cP4vaS1vo0To-8dwegsB2swNHRjg5IINE5mP3r_lGOAalb82aI/s1600/Photo+of+Reginal+Lewis.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reginald F. Lewis (b. 12/7/1942 - d. 1/19/1993)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Reginald Francis Lewis was born inward Baltimore, Maryland on Dec 7, 1942. Lewis' begetter was Clinton Lewis, a modest work organization owner, in addition to his woman nurture was Carolyn Cooper, a teacher. By historic menses 9, his woman nurture in addition to begetter were divorced in addition to his woman nurture was remarrying to a local postal worker, Jean Fugett, Sr.<br /> <br /> The immature Reginald Lewis showed a penchant for entrepreneurial endeavors early on inward life. By historic menses 9, Lewis began selling newspapers inside his Baltimore community, earning $20 a calendar week inward the early on 1950s. According to the <a href="http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm" target="_blank">inflation calculator</a> at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, that is the equivalent of most $200 a calendar week -- no modest total for the times in addition to for a immature homo his age.<br /> <br /> Lewis loved sports. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 quarterback on the local football game team, he won a football game scholarship to Virginia State College a Historically Black College in addition to University inward Petersburg, Virginia. In 1965, he graduated amongst a B.A. inward Economics. In his autobiography, <i>Why Should White Guys Have All the Fun?</i>, he admits to non having made the best grades at Virginia State, only that same yr he decided he wanted to become to constabulary school. His admissions to constabulary schoolhouse is the sort of even out from which legends are made, worthy of retelling.<br /> <br /> In essence, without a formal application to Harvard Law School, Lewis traveled to the schoolhouse in addition to convinced the university's direction to render him admission. After a catch to the campus, his legendary charisma won over the school's conclusion makers. He was told to submit the application later. It was a skilful investment for Harvard Law School. In fact, Lewis would donate $3 1000000 dollars to the schoolhouse inward 1992 -- making him therefore the largest private donor inward the school's history.<br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTssHOObF-6tNfpXgwJ_pz83YMwGqiL-qfu8e5eUjrtTq6sdkXqyOAin4-86OxQiZ4sZMj_2qjkLmf86sFEj_1HH-YXDeYF9tnfwO0Yp7qUvyBB6hNxu4imYHmoiLiqKMLhwBvKAUcc2s/s1600/reginald+f.+lewis+why+should+white+guys+have+all+the+fun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTssHOObF-6tNfpXgwJ_pz83YMwGqiL-qfu8e5eUjrtTq6sdkXqyOAin4-86OxQiZ4sZMj_2qjkLmf86sFEj_1HH-YXDeYF9tnfwO0Yp7qUvyBB6hNxu4imYHmoiLiqKMLhwBvKAUcc2s/s1600/reginald+f.+lewis+why+should+white+guys+have+all+the+fun.jpg" width="207" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Autobiography available at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1574780360/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1574780360&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=OLUOUE5UXWYMY4WH" target="_blank">Amazon.com</a>. </td></tr> </tbody></table> By 1968, Lewis had graduated from Harvard Law School in addition to was headed to New York City -- Wall Street, inward fact. He shortly began working equally a lawyer at Paul Weiss Rifkin Wharton in addition to Garrison. By the early on 1970s, he had opened his ain constabulary firm, Lewis in addition to Clarkson. The constabulary partnership specialized inward venture majuscule project.<br /> <br /> By the 1980s, Reginald Lewis' legal in addition to work organization acumen inward venture majuscule projects translated over to corporate takeovers. He would go out the do of constabulary to pursue work organization ventures full-time. This modify inward career management would eventually earn him a distinction equally the richest African American homo inward the 1980s.<br /> <br /> Through a $23 1000000 buyout, past times 1983, Lewis had acquired McCall Pattern Company, a good respected dress-pattern firm. He sold the fellowship iv years subsequently for $63 1000000 inward cash. With exclusively $1 1000000 of his ain coin invested inward the master copy takeover, his net income from the sell was $50 million, reported the New York Times.<br /> <br /> Lewis acquired The Beatrice Companies inward 1987, a foods fellowship amongst large operations inward Europe. This bargain toll him $985 1000000 dollars. He formed all of his nutrient work organization concerns nether the umbrella of TLC Beatrice International, amongst TLC standing for <i>The Lewis Company</i>. At the time, it was the largest theatre run past times a soul of African descent. The global conglomerates nether his operations included 64 companies that operated inward 31 countries. Food interests ranged from an H2O ice cream making fellowship inward Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany to a sausage production theatre inward Spain.<br /> <br /> It was a dandy investment for Lewis. TLC Beatrice would brand Fortune's 500 listing amongst a valuation of $1.5 billion. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 read of Reginald Lewis' autobiography illustrates, however, that his successes were non without challenges. For example, inward 1991, when he attempted to accept TLC Beatrice Foods populace through a stock offering, the marketplace was non receptive.<br /> <br /> Before his expiry on Jan 19, 1993, at the immature historic menses of exclusively fifty years, Lewis had donated millions of dollars to diverse institutions, from churches to homeless shelters. The Abyssinian Baptist Church in addition to Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity were both large recipients of his philanthropy. He held faithful memberships. He equally good donated to the HBCUs Virginia State College in addition to Howard University.<br /> <br /> He knew he had a tumor for most 2 months earlier he died, said the Rev. Jesse Jackson, a unopen friend to Lewis. "He spent the terminal 2 months preparing for treatment," said Jackson, "and getting his whole theatre inward order, inward damage of the fellowship in addition to his family."<br /> <br /> Lewis was survived past times his wife, Loida Lewis, in addition to 2 daughters, Christina in addition to Leslie. His transition conception including leaving the running of his companies substantially to his half-brother, Jean S. Fugett, equally good a trained lawyer.<br /> <br /> Mr. Lewis' elevate volition sure enough live remembered for generations to come. In Baltimore, to go along this dandy legacy live in that location are both the <a href="http://www.rflewismuseum.org/about/reginald-lewis" target="_blank">Reginald F. Lewis Museum of African American History in addition to Culture</a> and the <a href="http://www.rflbusinesslawhs.org/" target="_blank">Reginald F. Lewis School of Business in addition to Law High Schoo</a>l. Harvard University constructed <a href="http://www.reginaldflewis.com/legacy-international-law-center.php" target="_blank">The Reginald F. Lewis International Law Center</a> at the university's campus in addition to equally good offers the <a href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/academics/fellowships/the-reginald-f.-lewis-fellowships-for-law-teaching.html" target="_blank">Reginald F. Lewis Fellowship for Law Teaching</a>. </div>

Reginald F. Lewis: Wall Street Lawyer In Addition To Financier, Entrepreneur In Addition To Philanthropist

Reginald F. Lewis (b. 12/7/1942 - d. 1/19/1993) Reginald Francis Lewis was born inward Baltimore, Maryland on Dec 7, 1942. Lewis' ...

Charlie Sifford & The History Of African American Golfers

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7XaBe3tDcdsfBXGoxp7ge99HWyMetclD-rjwMH23pgXMBQVJh1-6aGZbyRBltex2WtxyibnTLq_44IyFQBQ28K665GYX3gLvg76v0dAF_-6exP8ruHRcExp9fIZ8_etkBEWfuG_2cM1A/s1600/Charlie+Sifford+First+Black+PGA+Golfer+tour+card+holder+African+Americans+in+Golf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7XaBe3tDcdsfBXGoxp7ge99HWyMetclD-rjwMH23pgXMBQVJh1-6aGZbyRBltex2WtxyibnTLq_44IyFQBQ28K665GYX3gLvg76v0dAF_-6exP8ruHRcExp9fIZ8_etkBEWfuG_2cM1A/s1600/Charlie+Sifford+First+Black+PGA+Golfer+tour+card+holder+African+Americans+in+Golf.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Luther Sifford aka Charlie Sifford (b. 6/2/1922, NC - d. 2/3/2015)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The colouring barrier inwards professional person golfing inwards the U.S. was broken yesteryear Charlie Sifford, the start African American golfer granted a Professional Golf Association (PGA) of America tour card. Sifford would maintain to win to a greater extent than than a 1 G k dollars inwards official prize coin as well as was the start African American golfer inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame inwards 2001. He died Tuesday, Feb 3, 2015, at historic stream 92. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> "His beloved of golf, despite many barriers inwards his path, strengthened him every bit he became a beacon for sort inwards our game," said Derek Sprague, president of PGA, inwards an <i>AP</i> report. "By his courage, Dr. Sifford inspired others to follow their dreams. Golf was fortunate to convey had this exception American inwards our midst."</div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd7ZaTShGn5gg6J6f8m5fi3juIhk1OBXfq_tY0RP0gfLSTj4W7NcAaZA_gJXFvtqhjFvKcOQ2ENY7YtUePBdp8PdpkL2JzTh_U1OCOnntJWrdxzPY0PSdJFdYlySHYeImwNw2KHUY0tS8/s1600/Charlie+Sifford+original+member+of+the+United+Golf+Association.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd7ZaTShGn5gg6J6f8m5fi3juIhk1OBXfq_tY0RP0gfLSTj4W7NcAaZA_gJXFvtqhjFvKcOQ2ENY7YtUePBdp8PdpkL2JzTh_U1OCOnntJWrdxzPY0PSdJFdYlySHYeImwNw2KHUY0tS8/s1600/Charlie+Sifford+original+member+of+the+United+Golf+Association.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Dr. Charlie  L. Sifford</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: right;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Sifford, known every bit the "Jackie Robinson of golf",  received a tour bill of fare later on the PGA desegregated inwards 1961. Many others, however, chipped away at the history of racial segregation inwards golfing earlier Sifford. In improver to Charlie Sifford, men such every bit James Black, Jim Dent, Lee Elder, Pete Brown, Calvin Peete, Ted Rose, John Shippen, Bill Spiller as well as Jim Thorpe are amidst the many heroes of African Americans inwards golfing. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMY2JyJ-MpmNBVW-YeLfSjZHE8ugtG2mckKtd-o7fcLaMB9qVEJaCh7vxxiXcMWni-D4X0aemDeO1v5SHXQVfy0oAFpOVm-0gEaMUh7qsAexW_lsnqq50KkjklOimpKydeCsVjoaLkPhQ/s1600/shady+rest+golf+and+country+club.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMY2JyJ-MpmNBVW-YeLfSjZHE8ugtG2mckKtd-o7fcLaMB9qVEJaCh7vxxiXcMWni-D4X0aemDeO1v5SHXQVfy0oAFpOVm-0gEaMUh7qsAexW_lsnqq50KkjklOimpKydeCsVjoaLkPhQ/s1600/shady+rest+golf+and+country+club.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> The history of the African American golfer began inwards the caddy shacks of American golf game province clubs. By September 21, 1921, however, a grouping of prominent African American investors known every bit the Progressive Realty Company, Inc. purchased solid reason inwards Westfield, New Jersey. This collective established the <a href="http://johnshippen.net/shady-rest.html" target="_blank">Shady Rest Golf as well as Country Club</a>, the nation's start African-American owned as well as operated province club. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Shady Rest Golf as well as Country Club was the domicile course of teaching of John Shippen, the start African American golfer to play inwards the U.S. Open inwards 1896. In improver to trail-blazing every bit a domicile to African American golfers, the companionship became known for drawing legendary entertainment, such every bit jazz legends Duke Ellington, Sarah Vaughn, Count Basie as well as Ella Fitzgerald. In fact, the history of the companionship is that white Americans sometimes gathered exterior its gates to request heed the legendary music. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-upuugQYeQvbxmdGkcE8D1in6qjYHPVNryCiCGVA_QjKXTt7Wx8TJfiNqrOce9WCS_HKxOS34wa__qzqDyN1T0NMV8u9cU0Mp73qn7Z4UyT4C8NBeWfskGUcHrESGJEUvcbLXm9FMEcE/s1600/John+Shippen+first+African+American+in+US+Open+golf+golfers+black+golfing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-upuugQYeQvbxmdGkcE8D1in6qjYHPVNryCiCGVA_QjKXTt7Wx8TJfiNqrOce9WCS_HKxOS34wa__qzqDyN1T0NMV8u9cU0Mp73qn7Z4UyT4C8NBeWfskGUcHrESGJEUvcbLXm9FMEcE/s1600/John+Shippen+first+African+American+in+US+Open+golf+golfers+black+golfing.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: African American golfer John Shippen</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1925 inwards Scotch Plains, New Jersey, the United  Golfers Association (UGA) was developed. The UGA was to golfing what the Negro League was to baseball game -- a fraternity of African Americans intent on participating inwards organized sporting events. The UGA tournaments were oft referred to yesteryear its golfers every bit the "Chitlin' Circuit", a term likewise used yesteryear African American entertainers to depict the limitation to segregated venues. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The golf game courses the touring UGA was express to were primarily populace municipality courses that were non e'er inwards the best shape. Black people -- existence rattling resourceful where resources are express -- developed their ain golf game courses inwards the early on days of segregated golfing. This included such innovations every bit creating golf game courses close housing projects, golfing alongside tobacco sticks when clubs were limited, as well as making role of dogwood tree bark every bit putters.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHwBVd14gPwZ1OjM0PrDHKXdjCO-9bU8fdZINTNZKEi-bDEv3PonK40fTTcWDWJi69pwY_EtxdUW8gJQxPyD0IcSstVhCRb7CJpsoZKJbO1r93__ZwtepPhF2FttcLCQaT0QP9avrmces/s1600/Pete+Brown+African+American+Golfers+History+of+Black+Golf+UGA+PGA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHwBVd14gPwZ1OjM0PrDHKXdjCO-9bU8fdZINTNZKEi-bDEv3PonK40fTTcWDWJi69pwY_EtxdUW8gJQxPyD0IcSstVhCRb7CJpsoZKJbO1r93__ZwtepPhF2FttcLCQaT0QP9avrmces/s1600/Pete+Brown+African+American+Golfers+History+of+Black+Golf+UGA+PGA.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pete Brown, start African American to win PGA sanctioned event, 1964.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The UGA provided an outlet for African American golfers as well as offered those serious virtually playing the game of golf game an chance to win the purse that was collected for winners through entrance fees. The resources available to practise the UGA purses were oft limited. They were inwards no means comparative to the purses that the PGA raised for its winners. Comparatively, the purse was virtually 10 to 1. An average PGA purse inwards the 1920s as well as 1930s may convey paid $250.00, patch the UGA winner received virtually $25.00. It was no wonder why African American golfers were interested inwards competing inwards the PGA -- specially those who sought to brand a living from the sport, every bit other Americans were at the time. </div> <div style="text-align: right;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The pinch, however, was that the PGA constitution, every bit it read inwards the 1960s, contained a Caucasian-race alone clause. It arose from a heritage of exclusion -- the legacy of province companionship civilization inwards the United States. The UGA never had a racial exclusionary clause. In fact, golfers of Caucasian heritage began to participate inwards the UGA competitions early on inwards its history. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQYvSO_IssiRgx1XE7QND3bdWq7HCOVK0pPyOSGQ3jmUG7tmMXbhBfrHZErDjfwvqrvzlwq9iGOR0_PwCcdS6EcGFznBfq8a9dfxAAD3MFFPCIqCYSltDkiAlf6yytoU9JaB_rGBSutrw/s1600/Bill+Spiller.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQYvSO_IssiRgx1XE7QND3bdWq7HCOVK0pPyOSGQ3jmUG7tmMXbhBfrHZErDjfwvqrvzlwq9iGOR0_PwCcdS6EcGFznBfq8a9dfxAAD3MFFPCIqCYSltDkiAlf6yytoU9JaB_rGBSutrw/s1600/Bill+Spiller.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Bill Spiller</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Many of the swell African American golfers were forced to hold upwards caddies, carrying the bags of European Americans, exactly to brand a living because they were denied the chance to compete inwards the professional person tours.<br /> <br /> In 1948, iii African-American golfing greats -- Bill Spiller, Teddy Rhodes as well as Madison Gunther -- filed a lawsuit against the PGA alleging damages for existence barred to participate inwards the PGA golf game tournament inwards Richmond, California -- exterior of Oakland.<br /> <br /> The iii men had qualified the calendar week earlier inwards the L.A. open. The PGA wiggled out of this challenge to its racial segregation clause yesteryear changing the PGA designation from "opens" to "invitations". African Americans were never invited and, every bit a result, were express inwards their chance to hold upwards professional person golfers. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqBJPaMII1WftL0ChH57uiS9yoQzgu_sX_WRchFv5_1sjH3MDUJPux_7JSLvm-UAajZKA2lO8WuaASma0VtpvsKJkU31MiLcDs-SI3HQvr-QJrA3C8IDWlDxtndW3-PNJjvxK8BEaZ4s/s1600/Bill+Spiller+Teddy+Rhodes+and+Joe+Louis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqBJPaMII1WftL0ChH57uiS9yoQzgu_sX_WRchFv5_1sjH3MDUJPux_7JSLvm-UAajZKA2lO8WuaASma0VtpvsKJkU31MiLcDs-SI3HQvr-QJrA3C8IDWlDxtndW3-PNJjvxK8BEaZ4s/s1600/Bill+Spiller+Teddy+Rhodes+and+Joe+Louis.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo (R-L) Joe Louis, Teddy Rhodes, as well as  Bill Spiller.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 niggling known Black history fact inwards African American golf game history is that <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=joe-louis-brown-bomber-world" target="_blank">Joe Louis</a> -- the 1938 heavy-weight champion who knocked out the German linguistic communication Max Schmeling -- likewise chipped at the PGA's colouring barrier at a 1952 San Diego Opening. The organizers of the opening allegedly didn't know at that spot was an PGA Caucasian-only clause. When they learned of it they challenged it nether a sponsor's exemption when Louis qualified for the tour every bit an amateur golfer. As an amateur golfer, he was the start African American to play inwards an PGA tour event. The struggle for inclusion became Joe Louis' cause. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjE7Fe-TRUKeN6v8GX2ZmNciOJJsEGdWCNy1VXVbO7puCj534zNY1xcYK272Pq2ITyJ8wLWudav44bc-YwwoU1pgFWOsfPgIEKxJb4KLUeESesTNZyo6hM6YJHoVxnyMPJ94XfsGwcS-o/s1600/Lee+Elders+first+African+American+to+play+in+Masters+Black+Golf+Golfers+Golfing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjE7Fe-TRUKeN6v8GX2ZmNciOJJsEGdWCNy1VXVbO7puCj534zNY1xcYK272Pq2ITyJ8wLWudav44bc-YwwoU1pgFWOsfPgIEKxJb4KLUeESesTNZyo6hM6YJHoVxnyMPJ94XfsGwcS-o/s1600/Lee+Elders+first+African+American+to+play+in+Masters+Black+Golf+Golfers+Golfing.jpg" width="245" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lee Elders, inwards 1975, start Black to play inwards Masters.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1960, Stanley Mosk, hence attorney full general of the State of California, was amidst the express European Americans to back upwards African American golfers. Mosk called the PGA, which was planning about other tour inwards California, as well as said that if they did non opened upwards to African Americans they couldn't play inwards California. The PGA moved their trial to Pennsylvania. The NAACP became active inwards the cause. Eventually, the PGA was forced to withdraw its Caucasian-only clause. It was at this fourth dimension that Dr. Sifford was able to obtain a PGA tour bill of fare to compete alongside other professional person golfers. Today, at that spot is right away a <a href="http://www.charlottepublicgolf.com/revolution-park.php" target="_blank">Dr. Charles L. Sifford Golf Course</a> at Revolution Park inwards Charlotte, North Carolina -- a swell homage to this legacy. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i>References: </i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLgN6xnXhz8" target="_blank">Uneven Fairways</a>, documentary written as well as directed yesteryear Dan Levinson, The Golf Channel, executive producer; <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1886947422/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1886947422&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=CHKLZDNLTNPWDGLH" target="_blank">Forbidden Fairways</a>, mass yesteryear Dr. Calvin Sinnette. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> </div>

Charlie Sifford & The History Of African American Golfers

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Elijah Mccoy: An African American Inventor

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