American History

Economics Of Slavery: Stolen Labor, Stolen Wealth -- History Of Africans Inwards America (An Infographic)

Economics Of Slavery: Stolen Labor, Stolen Wealth -- History Of Africans Inwards America (An Infographic)

A Due West African Folktale Of The Even Out Of Oshún's Flying To Olodumare

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJA9_qNgWo5FvOmL01p2_Ix90VbastpwVIr7liTZ1N1QnvlvV4Vb20lsNuvQ4WOl1icJaG2vT9zBqRwO1RZy-koCa6Owyx0iv0Us49tBb1-niJvoouhX1wq7hclPpvWO5bc67mAgFRi-g/s1600/oludumare.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJA9_qNgWo5FvOmL01p2_Ix90VbastpwVIr7liTZ1N1QnvlvV4Vb20lsNuvQ4WOl1icJaG2vT9zBqRwO1RZy-koCa6Owyx0iv0Us49tBb1-niJvoouhX1wq7hclPpvWO5bc67mAgFRi-g/s320/oludumare.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Oludumare is ane of iii manifestations of the Supreme God inwards the Yoruban pantheon</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">It has been said inwards the sacred stories of our West African Yoruba tradition that Oshún (sometimes written Oshun or Osun) is the solely Orisa able to approach Olodumare (aka Olorun) directly, carrying prayers from the oral fissure of humanity to Olodumare's ears. This is the flush of Oshún's flying as well as how she became the messenger of Olodumare. </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">In the early on days of the world, as well as of Ilé Ifé, the orishas became tired of serving Olodumare. They began to resist the Lord of Heaven's edicts as well as to fifty-fifty plot the overthrow of Olodumare's kingdom inwards sky as well as earth. They felt they didn't demand Olodumare as well as that every bit the Lord of Heaven was thence distant anyway, they could but dissever the aché or powers alongside themselves as well as that things would operate much ameliorate that way.<br /><br />When Olodumare caught air current of this mental attitude as well as their plots, the Lord of Heaven acted simply as well as decisively. Olodumare simply withheld the pelting from the earth. Soon the public was encompassed yesteryear a staggering drought, the basis became parched as well as cracked, the plants withered as well as died without water. And it wasn't long earlier all on earth, orishas as well as their children alike began to starve.<br /><br />After a brusque time, growling bellies as well as sallow faces began to verbalise louder than pride as well as rebelliousness. They unanimously decided to operate to Olodumare as well as beg for forgiveness inwards hopes that this would convey pelting dorsum to the world. But they had a problem: none of them could accomplish the distant habitation of Olodumare. They sent all the birds ane yesteryear ane to endeavor the journeying but each as well as every ane of them failed, tiring long earlier reaching the palace of the Lord of Heaven. It began to appear that all promise was lost.<br /> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcHWnVHQlqJotir4Kv-J0RyTxC2KfZMAT7_CtQMWtIp6RZOXKIYvPk2PT32Uc96d48WX8N6rWJ3lWgkLXfhw8IR5DOqdxfLiIg0iSghtmqxZxgPJbK06simh6KiyhgtBMPJfU1d6C7tqE/s1600/west+african+folk+tale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcHWnVHQlqJotir4Kv-J0RyTxC2KfZMAT7_CtQMWtIp6RZOXKIYvPk2PT32Uc96d48WX8N6rWJ3lWgkLXfhw8IR5DOqdxfLiIg0iSghtmqxZxgPJbK06simh6KiyhgtBMPJfU1d6C7tqE/s320/west+african+folk+tale.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Then ane day, the peacock, who was inwards reality Oshún herself, came to offering her services to salve the public from this drought. Once again, at that topographic point was full general upheaval as well as fifty-fifty to a greater extent than laughter every bit the orishas considered the sentiment of this vain as well as pampered aeroplane task such a courageous as well as unsafe journey. "You mightiness intermission a nail," said one.<br /> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">But the footling peacock persisted. As they had naught to lose, they agreed to allow Oshún continue the world's behalf. So the footling peacock flew off towards the Sun as well as the palace of Olodumare. Oshún presently tired of the journey, but she kept flying always higher, determined to accomplish the Lord of Heaven as well as to straight plea for the world.<br /><br />Going withal higher, Oshún's feathers began to operate scraggly as well as dark from the withering oestrus of the sun, as well as all the feathers were burned from her head.<br /> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>But she kept flying.</i><br /> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Finally, through sheer volition as well as decision she arrived at the gates of Olodumare's palace. When Olodumare came upon her she was a miserable sight. Oshún had lost much of her feathers as well as the ones that remained were black. In all truth, Oshún was looking quite scraggly. To larn to sky she had to wing thence around the Sun as well as sacrifice her beautiful feathers. The Lord of Heaven took compassion on Oshún as well as brought her to the Palace where she was fed as well as given water, as well as her wounds were treated.<br /><br />He asked Oshún why she had made such a perilous journey. She explained the Earth of public as well as went on to say Olodumare that she had come upwards at adventure of her ain life thence that humanity mightiness live.<br /> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5P_0Rf0OdhDiHs3VOs3a2zqiRNkmEHv4J4T4-TJcmYzbrm1j-Zr6RZS9QOpQjGDXGdZ9dMZhd_e_7lx537T0JuvfB9BuBQsh6YQ88NWQI1SWMsefXxNHKkvPeko-iFjHk6NLcRQd98o/s1600/olodumare+God+in+Yoruba.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5P_0Rf0OdhDiHs3VOs3a2zqiRNkmEHv4J4T4-TJcmYzbrm1j-Zr6RZS9QOpQjGDXGdZ9dMZhd_e_7lx537T0JuvfB9BuBQsh6YQ88NWQI1SWMsefXxNHKkvPeko-iFjHk6NLcRQd98o/s400/olodumare+God+in+Yoruba.jpg" width="400" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Olodumare looked to the world. He as well as thence looked to Oshún's plaintive face. It was obvious that everything she had said was truthful as well as he was moved yesteryear </span></span></span></span></span><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Oshún</span></span></span></span></span>'s capacity to love. The Lord of Heaven turned to the peacock, who wasn't a peacock anymore. The flying for humanity turned Oshún's outer cast into that of a vulture. </span></span></span></span></span><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">He ordered the rains to autumn from heaven.<br /><br />Then Olodumare looked deeply into Oshún's eyes as well as into her heart, as well as thence announced that for all eternity she would live on the Messenger of the House of Olodumare as well as that all would select to observe her every bit such. From that twenty-four hours forward, inwards this path, Oshún became known every bit Ikolé, the messenger of the House of Olodumare. Ikolé also is the lift for the vulture inwards Lacumí. And from that twenty-four hours the path of Oshún known every bit Ibú Ikolé was revered as well as became associated with her bird, the vulture. The vulture as well as thence returned to earth, bringing with her the rain, where she met with slap-up rejoicing.<br /><br />As benefits a Queen or Iyalodde, </span></span></span></span></span><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="text_1_wrapper"><span id="text_1"><span><span><span style="font-size: small;">Oshún</span></span></span></span></span> graciously refrained from reminding them of their jibes as well as abuses every bit she could encounter the shame on their faces. This is why, whenever a someone is to operate initiated every bit a priest inwards the Yoruban religion, no affair which orisha they are having seated inwards their heads, they must starting fourth dimension operate to the river as well as give an employment organization human relationship of what they are to create -- every bit Oshún is the Messenger of Olodumare.</span></span></span></span></span></div> </div>

A Due West African Folktale Of The Even Out Of Oshún's Flying To Olodumare

Oludumare is ane of iii manifestations of the Supreme God inwards the Yoruban pantheon It has been said inwards the sacred stories o...

Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana: Early On African Colonial Resistance Inwards Zimbabwe Too Southern Africa

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtJw_hXt3mevVbHeDzwrP3sU0eBFP6GGP9ZYbcVO1QOgg5ZwS_QyqJr8CkneLdQHxKilp5mBAgdoqNxQHj1V1Hlf0r1pFbDYAsJ-DxYlFQTFdBWUfo7A_3uml-IF458_gJBUTjJl-2UAk/s1600/Nehanda+Nyakasikana+of+Zimbabwe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtJw_hXt3mevVbHeDzwrP3sU0eBFP6GGP9ZYbcVO1QOgg5ZwS_QyqJr8CkneLdQHxKilp5mBAgdoqNxQHj1V1Hlf0r1pFbDYAsJ-DxYlFQTFdBWUfo7A_3uml-IF458_gJBUTjJl-2UAk/s320/Nehanda+Nyakasikana+of+Zimbabwe.jpg" width="217" /></a></div> <br /> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> In traditional Zimbabwean in addition to South African culture, <span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana</span> <span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">(c. 1840–1898)</span> is known equally a <i>svikiro </i>(spirit medium) and <i style="line-height: 22px;">mhondoro </i><span style="line-height: 22px;">(distinction category of </span><span style="line-height: 22px;">royal ancestral spirit or "lion spirit"). </span><span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">The legacy of the Nehanda transcends national boundaries because her lore originates amid the pre-colonial Shona-speaking people of </span><a href="http://amzn.to/1NCAYmj" style="line-height: 1.57143em;" target="_blank">ancient Great Zimbabwe</a> -- <span style="line-height: 1.57143em;"> </span><span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">known to include both the Shona-speaking people in addition to Ndebele tribal family. A</span><span style="line-height: 22px;"> 1888 missionary map includes the mention of the hamlet Nehandas. </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="line-height: 1.57143em;"><br data-mce-bogus="1" /></span></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">When Nehanda Nyakasikana was born, she was considered to last the woman someone incarnation of the nifty oracle Nehanda. Also referred to equally "Mbuya Nehanda" in addition to "Mbuya Charwe", she is ordinarily referred to equally the grandmother of acquaint solar daytime Republic of Zimbabwe -- amid the early on African resistance to European colonialism inward the region. </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> The earliest of European settlers began to migrate to the portion from U.K. during Nehanda Nyakasikana's rule. By 1894, the British imperialist had imposed what they termed the "hut tax" against the native populations consisting of both the Ndebele in addition to Shona people. In add-on to the "hut tax", the British began to impose forced relocation in addition to forced project camps. </div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <br /></div> <div style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="color: #383838; font-family: "gotham" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">The military machine crusade to drive out the British was started yesteryear the Ndebele inward May 1896. The African resistance is known equally the Chimurenga War ("war of liberation"), too known equally the </span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "gotham" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">Second Matabele War in addition to the Matabele Rebellion</span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "gotham" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">. The Ndebele was joined yesteryear the Shona inward Oct 1896. The unique chemical ingredient of the Chimurenga War was the leading roles played yesteryear 3 traditional spiritual leaders or <i>mhondoro:</i> Mukwati inward Matabeleland, Kagubi inward western Mashonaland, in addition to Nehanda, the alone woman, inward Central in addition to Northern Mashonaland. </span></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> In 1897, Nehanda Nyakasikana was captured at the war's cease in addition to charged amongst the murder of a local commissioner, held yesteryear commentators equally trumped upward charges. Nevertheless, she was constitute guilty in addition to hanged yesteryear say-so of the (British) High Commissioner for South Africa, led thus yesteryear Alfred Milner. The execution was endorsed yesteryear the (British) Imperial Secretary on March 28, 1898. The guess presiding over the execution was termed the "Hanging Judge" John Watermayer. Herbert Hayton Castens, Esq. served equally "Public Prosecutor Sovereign amongst the British South Africa Company territories, who prosecutes for in addition to on behalf of her majesty." The lore that arises from the populace hanging includes accounts of difficulty killing Nehanda Nyakasikana, along amongst her resounding statement: "Mapfupa angu achamuka! (my bones volition certainly rise!)".</div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> When the nationalist liberation movements of the 1960s in addition to 1970s rose inward Africa, Zimbabwe's local guerrilla factions were raising the spirit of Nehanda inward their independence struggle. This included the likes of thus immature guerrilla factions nether Robert Mugabe's Republic of Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) in addition to Joshua Nkomo's Republic of Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU). Both ZANU in addition to ZAPU were opposed to the thus ruling United African National Council nether leadership of Bishop Abel Muzorewa.</div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <br data-mce-bogus="1" /></div> <div style="border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> "If Nehanda were last today," said Robert Mugabe inward 1979, "there is no uncertainty she would last a fellow member of the Patriotic Front." </div> <div style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li style="color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;"><em style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Revolt inward Southern Rhodesia, 1896-7: H5N1 Study inward African Resistance</em><span style="line-height: 1.57143em;">, Terence O. Ranger, Heinemann, 1984. Available</span><span style="line-height: 1.57143em;"> at <a href="http://amzn.to/1NCAxbx">Amazon.com</a>. </span></li> <li><em style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; color: #383838; font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Struggle for Zimbabwe: The Chimurenga War</em><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "gotham" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57143em;">, David Martin & Phyllis Johnson, Republic of Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1981. Available at <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Struggle-Zimbabwe-David-Martin/dp/0853455996/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=">Amazon.com</a>. </span></li> </ul> </div> </div>

Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana: Early On African Colonial Resistance Inwards Zimbabwe Too Southern Africa

In traditional Zimbabwean in addition to South African culture, Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana (c. 1840–1898) is known equally a svikir...

Before Rosa Parks In That Place Was Charlotte L. Chocolate-Brown Inward 1863 San Francisco

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 youthful Charlotte Brown was from a prominent African American identify unit of measurement inwards San Francisco, California when she refused a conductor's necessitate that she take away herself from a streetcar because "colored persons were non allowed to ride." This was on Apr 17, 1863, most a hundred years earlier Rosa Parks challenged world streetcar segregation inwards Montgomery, Alabama inwards 1954.<br /> <br /> In 1863, San Francisco had the largest Black population inwards the dry ground of California. It was the era of the California Gold Rush that drew many entrepreneurs to its western shore. African Americans migrants to the portion were faced with a social climate that included a prohibition against Earth vote. They could non ride world transportation, nor could they role Earth library. Like other African Americans across the nation, they could solely attend segregated world schools.<br /> <br /> On Apr 17, 1863, Brown had a doctor's twenty-four hours of the month that was the ground for her boarding the Omnibus Railroad streetcar. She walked onto the horse-drawn streetcar together with took a topographic point midway inwards the car. The conductor walked downwards the aisle to collect rider tickets. Brown wrote that she "handed him my ticket together with he refused to select it. He said that colored persons were non allowed to ride." Instead of accepting the ticket, the conductor demanded that Brown take away herself from the streetcar. When Brown refused, she was forcibly removed yesteryear the streetcar attendant.<br /> <br /> Charlotte Brown's father, possessor of a livery service, helped protect fugitive slaves seeking liberty inwards California. He encouraged her to grapple this handling inwards court. That same year, a constabulary had been passed inwards the California legislature that allowed African Americans to evidence inwards cases involving whites.  Brown's manlike someone bring upwards would convey a lawsuit on her behalf inwards a California court.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvfwrKqyfYvQsLbMs0sm0lK_eabpnKpD09HAW6v9J7k_SAXJqPkpLkACD8aob8Zkf8WvAp6quHSsFgllsE0zkm2jDjNr-HCroKZ-k9q_GFXa5cSvBWZgTOeNujy5xuzVwIXDKzA4GGcwE/s1600/Charlott+L+Brown+vs+The+Omnibus+Railroad+Company+streetcar+civil+rights.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvfwrKqyfYvQsLbMs0sm0lK_eabpnKpD09HAW6v9J7k_SAXJqPkpLkACD8aob8Zkf8WvAp6quHSsFgllsE0zkm2jDjNr-HCroKZ-k9q_GFXa5cSvBWZgTOeNujy5xuzVwIXDKzA4GGcwE/s320/Charlott+L+Brown+vs+The+Omnibus+Railroad+Company+streetcar+civil+rights.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> The Omnibus Railroad argued that its streetcar conductor was justified inwards his activity because racial segregation was necessary to protect European American women together with children who mightiness move "fearful or repulsed" yesteryear sitting with an African American. This declaration was unsuccessful. The estimate sided with Brown, but the harm laurels was solely five cent -- reimbursement of the toll of the streetcar fare.<br /> <br /> Only days later on this courtroom judgment, about other Omnibus streetcar conductor forced Charlotte Brown together with her manlike someone bring upwards from a streetcar. Another lawsuit ensued. In 1864, Judge C. C. Pratt of the twelfth District Court ruled that San Francisco streetcar segregation was illegal, stating inwards his opinion: "It has been already quite equally good long tolerated yesteryear the dominant race to come across with indifference the Negro or mulatto treated equally a brute, insulted, wronged, enslaved, made to vesture a yoke, to shiver earlier white men, to serve him equally a tool, to concur belongings together with life at his will, to give upwards to him his intellect together with conscience, together with to seal his lips together with belie his idea through dread of the white man's power."<br /> <br /> Brown was awarded $500 from the jury inwards this instant civil rights case. Without the back upwards of the 14th Amendment -- which was non inwards being at the fourth dimension -- Charlotte Brown challenged racial discrimination. She took a stand upwards against racial judge on the streets of San Francisco, fueling a long tradition of civil rights activism amidst African American women.   </div>

Before Rosa Parks In That Place Was Charlotte L. Chocolate-Brown Inward 1863 San Francisco

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 youthful Charlotte Brown was from a prominent African American identify unit of measurement inwards San Fr...

Benjamin Banneker's 1791 Missive Of The Alphabet To Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson's Reply

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg83u8cFT1yftkfVR58lm28-AeJz2Z79fWSvdZzDO1da-upOZvRV_iQ13bJHhVF9mkkX_lHyeuRV2jGvBohyHz9XWNVf3d_OBT3i58lTQgLaRjb8xgiS7aJOlC6wXxzDSuAs0eZWPWjl34/s1600/Benjamin+Banneker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg83u8cFT1yftkfVR58lm28-AeJz2Z79fWSvdZzDO1da-upOZvRV_iQ13bJHhVF9mkkX_lHyeuRV2jGvBohyHz9XWNVf3d_OBT3i58lTQgLaRjb8xgiS7aJOlC6wXxzDSuAs0eZWPWjl34/s400/Benjamin+Banneker.jpg" width="241" /></a></div> </td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> First published inwards 1791, <span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Benjamin Banneker's</span><br /> <span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">almanacs </span><span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">were widely distributed publications.</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> Benjamin Banneker (b. 11/9/1731, Maryland – d. 10/9/1806) was an astronomer, mathematician, clockmaker, farmer, writer of almanacs as well as i of the three city surveyors for Washington D.C. As a country, the U.S. was non quite twenty years former when Banneker was appointed urban centre planner to the District of Columbia yesteryear U.S. President George Washington. Banneker's 1793 almanac contained what would endure the earliest known policing programme for the novel nation -- which had but won its liberty from Britain, titled "A Plan of Peace-office for the United States." Benjamin Banneker for sure had many successes as well as he did non allow the prosperity of his personal estate to dictate his politics.  An tape of human rights activism in the British colonies as well as early on nation could easily include his writings. H5N1 vocal anti-slavery activist, Banneker publicly deplored the handling of Negroes inwards the US of America, as illustrated inwards his missive of the alphabet to Thomas Jefferson -- penned August of 1791, nearly 10 years before Jefferson was elected to the U.S.  presidency.</div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <b>BENJAMIN BANNEKER'S LETTER TO THOMAS JEFFERSON (August 1791)</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>I am fully sensible of that freedom, which I accept alongside y'all inwards the introduce occasion, a liberty which seemed to me scarcely allowable, when I reflected on that distinguished as well as dignified station inwards which y'all stand, as well as the close full general prejudice as well as prepossession, which is so prevalent inwards globe against those of my complexion. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>I suppose it is truth likewise good attested . . . to demand a proof here, that nosotros are a race of beings, who have got long labored nether the abuse as well as censure of the world; that nosotros have got long been looked upon alongside an oculus of contempt; as well as that nosotros have got long been considered rather as brutish than human, as well as scarcely capable of mental endowments. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9MQtuwRdv0SY7pHXtFeKXccRCm3pQbnBmH1ksgvb88M6Djg69FRc1tAvkf95d6mkJM_we_AjyMWN37kiPiP3K2_se5btPJhrgxAFvMI5nTYGYqkqK6BI9k03ryaTYdl9XR2uOVMcoWwk/s320/Benjamin+Banneker+Black+history+almanac+architect+astronomer.jpg" width="248" /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>Sir, I promise I may safely acknowledge . . . that y'all are a human being less inflexible inwards sentiments of this nature, than many others; that y'all are measurably friendly, as well as good disposed towards us; as well as that y'all are willing as well as create to lend your assistance as well as assistance to our relief, from those many distresses, as well as numerous calamities to which nosotros are reduced. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>. . . if this is founded inwards truth, I apprehend y'all volition concealment every opportunity, to eradicate that educate of absurd as well as faux ideas as well as opinions, which so mostly prevails alongside honour to us; as well as that your sentiments are concurrent alongside mine, which are, that i universal Father hath given beingness to us all; as well as that he hath non entirely made us all of i flesh, but that he hath also, without partiality, afforded us all the same sensations as well as endowed us all alongside the same faculties; as well as that nevertheless variable nosotros may endure inwards lodge or religion, nevertheless diversified inwards province of affairs or color, nosotros are all inwards the same identify unit of measurement as well as stand upward inwards the same relation to him. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9MQtuwRdv0SY7pHXtFeKXccRCm3pQbnBmH1ksgvb88M6Djg69FRc1tAvkf95d6mkJM_we_AjyMWN37kiPiP3K2_se5btPJhrgxAFvMI5nTYGYqkqK6BI9k03ryaTYdl9XR2uOVMcoWwk/s1600/Benjamin+Banneker+Black+history+almanac+architect+astronomer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>. . . if these are sentiments of which y'all are fully persuaded, I promise y'all cannot but acknowledge, that it is the indispensable duty of those, who hold for themselves the rights of human nature, as well as who possess the obligations of Christianity, to extend their powerfulness as well as influence to the relief of every component of the human race, from whatever burden or oppression they may unjustly task nether . . . </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>. . . I have got long been convinced, that if your honey . . . for those inestimable laws, which preserved to y'all the rights of human nature, was founded on sincerity, y'all could non but endure solicitous, that every individual, of whatever rank or distinction, mightiness alongside y'all as bask the blessings thereof; neither could y'all residue satisfied curt of the most active effusion of your exertions, inwards monastic say to the advertisement from whatever province of degradation, to which the unjustifiable cruelty as well as barbarism of men may have got reduced them. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>. . . I freely as well as cheerfully acknowledge, that I am of the African race, as well as that color which is natural to them of the deepest dye; as well as it is nether a sense of the most profound gratitude to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, that I instantly confess to y'all that I am non nether that province of tyrannical thraldom, and inhuman captivity, to which likewise many of my brethren are doomed, but that I have got abundantly tasted of the fruition of those blessings, which continue from that gratuitous as well as unequalled liberty alongside which y'all are favored; as well as which, I hope, y'all volition willingly allow y'all have got mercifully received, from the immediate paw of that Being, from whom proceedeth every expert as well as perfect Gift. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">  . . . endure me to recall to your hear that time, inwards which the arms as well as tyranny of the British crown were exerted . . . inwards monastic say to cut y'all to a province of servitude: facial expression back, I entreat you, on the multifariousness of dangers to which y'all were exposed; reverberate on that time, inwards which every human assistance appeared unavailable, inwards which fifty-fifty promise as well as fortitude wore the aspect of inability to the conflict, as well as y'all cannot but endure led to a serious as well as grateful sense of your miraculous as well as providential preservation; y'all cannot but acknowledge, that the introduce liberty as well as silence . . . is the peculiar approving of Heaven. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> This, Sir, was a fourth dimension when y'all clearly saw into the injustice of a province of slavery, as well as inwards which y'all had but apprehensions of the horror of its condition. . . . your abhorrence thereof was so excited, that y'all publicly held forth this truthful as well as invaluable doctrine, which is worthy to endure recorded as well as remembered inwards all succeeding ages: 'We fit these truths to endure self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed yesteryear their Creator alongside sure unalienable rights, as well as that amid these are, life, liberty, as well as the pursuit of happiness.'</div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> .  . . tender feelings for yourselves had engaged y'all thence to declare, y'all were so impressed alongside proper ideas of the slap-up violation of liberty, as well as the gratuitous possession of those blessings, to which y'all were entitled yesteryear nature; but, Sir, how piteous is it to reflect, that although y'all were so fully convinced of the benevolence of the Father of Mankind, as well as of his equal as well as impartial distribution of these rights as well as privileges, which he hath conferred upon them, that y'all should at the same fourth dimension counteract his mercies, inwards detaining yesteryear fraud as well as violence so numerous a component of my brethren, nether groaning captivity, as well as savage oppression, that y'all should at the same fourth dimension endure industrial plant life guilty of that most criminal act, which y'all professedly detested inwards others, alongside honour to yourselves. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> . . . I suppose that your noesis of the province of affairs of my brethren, is likewise extensive to demand a recital here; neither shall I presume to prescribe methods yesteryear which they may endure relieved, otherwise than yesteryear recommending to y'all as well as all others, to wean yourselves from those narrow prejudices which y'all have got imbibed alongside honour to them, as well as as Job proposed to his friends, 'put your soul inwards their souls' stead'; thence shall your hearts endure enlarged alongside kindness as well as benevolence towards them; as well as thence shall y'all demand neither the direction of myself or others, inwards what agency to continue herein. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> And now, Sir, although my sympathy as well as affection for my brethren hath caused my enlargement thence far, I ardently hope, that your candor as well as generosity volition plead alongside y'all inwards my behalf, when I brand known to you, that it was non originally my design; but having taken upward my pen inwards monastic say to straight to you, as a present, a re-create of my Almanac, which I have got calculated for the succeeding year, I was unexpectedly as well as unavoidably led thereto. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> This calculation . . . is the production of my arduous study, inwards this most advanced phase of life; for having long had unbounded desires to piece of job acquainted alongside the secrets of nature, I have got had to gratify my curiosity herein through my ain assiduous application to Astronomical Study, inwards which I demand non recount to y'all the many difficulties as well as disadvantages which I have got had to encounter. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> And although I had close declined to brand my calculation for the ensuing twelvemonth . . . yet finding myself nether several engagements to Printers of this State, to whom I had communicated my design, on my render to my identify of residence, I industriously applied myself thereto, which I promise I have got accomplished alongside correctness as well as accuracy; a re-create of which I have got taken the liberty to straight to you, as well as which I humbly asking y'all volition favorably receive; . . . I pick out to post it to y'all inwards manuscript . . . that thereby y'all mightiness non entirely have got an before inspection, but that y'all mightiness also see it inwards my ain paw writing. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOvegEEayMGaMkFzGI5olV_rHgZV0T5Jw3I5nETnQ64iDxyRFjZqSusD9uCgBGsaO6Kmzi4GhbtF62SB07y-8gPJIgYubkfNBIpraO3ls3T8SmRXjwvOfmA6jVMNBNrd-9Y2zBBnUBuvk/s1600/Benjamin+Bannaker+Black+Heritage+Stamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOvegEEayMGaMkFzGI5olV_rHgZV0T5Jw3I5nETnQ64iDxyRFjZqSusD9uCgBGsaO6Kmzi4GhbtF62SB07y-8gPJIgYubkfNBIpraO3ls3T8SmRXjwvOfmA6jVMNBNrd-9Y2zBBnUBuvk/s320/Benjamin+Bannaker+Black+Heritage+Stamp.jpg" width="214" /></a></div> <b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <b>JEFFERSON'S REPLY TO BANNEKER (August 30, 1791, Philadelphia)</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>Sir -- </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>-- I give thank y'all you sincerely for your missive of the alphabet of the 19th instant, as well as for the Almanac it contained. Nobody wishes to a greater extent than than I exercise to consider such proofs as y'all exhibit, that nature has given to our dark brethren talents equal to those of the other colours of men, and that the appearance of a want of them is owing entirely to the degraded status of their existence both inwards Africa as well as America. I tin add together alongside truth that no i wishes to a greater extent than ardently to consider a expert organisation commenced for raising the status both of their torso as well as hear to what it ought to be, as fast as the imbecility of their introduce existence, as well as other circumstances which cannot endure neglected, volition admit. I have got accept the liberty of sending your Almanac to Monsieur de Condorcet, Secretary of Society; because I considered it a document to which your whole color had a right for their justification against the doubts which have got been entertained of them. </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>I am, alongside slap-up esteem, sir, your most obedient servant, </i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i></i><br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>THO. JEFFERSON</i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <i></i><br /></div> <br /></div>

Benjamin Banneker's 1791 Missive Of The Alphabet To Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson's Reply

First published inwards 1791, Benjamin Banneker's almanacs were widely distributed publications. Benjamin Banneker (...

Sadie Alexander: An Early On African-American Lawyer In Addition To Civil Rights Activist

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv-k0BvofMhnNksvAIYn_3MKJl8GeJQAYW9fNSn1aSH57f_LeqcTrsyZMNtOzFgJrRpf9V0_nTGnuF0E8vfkvZIewrLE3bSzCLPQ-mfLyNM1dSyuBIqV3Un5_KFNky1Ej1_P9Jnn4f2Ek/s1600/Sadie+Tanner+Mossell+Alexander+Youth+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv-k0BvofMhnNksvAIYn_3MKJl8GeJQAYW9fNSn1aSH57f_LeqcTrsyZMNtOzFgJrRpf9V0_nTGnuF0E8vfkvZIewrLE3bSzCLPQ-mfLyNM1dSyuBIqV3Un5_KFNky1Ej1_P9Jnn4f2Ek/s400/Sadie+Tanner+Mossell+Alexander+Youth+Photo.jpg" width="294" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sadie Tenner Mossell Alexander (b. 1/2/1898 - d. 11/1/1989)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander accomplished many "firsts" inward her lifetime. Born Jan 2, 1898 inward Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Alexander would run on to run the get-go African-American adult woman to have a Ph.D. in Economics and the get-go African-American adult woman to have a police trace score from the University of Pennsylvania as well as run a Pennsylvania lawyer. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Born Sadie Tanner into a prominent African-American family, she grew upwards in the abode of her uncle Henry Ossawa Tanner, the internationally renowned painter.  Her granddad was Benjamin Tucker Tanner, bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church building and editor of both the African Methodist Episcopal Review (1884-1888) as well as the Christian Record (1868-1884). Aaron Albert Mossell, her father, was a graduate of Lincoln University as well as the get-go African American to graduate from the University of Pennsylvania Law School inward 1888. Louis Baxter Moore, her uncle, was the get-go African American to have a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania.</div> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiLaeBICSbIk1r48Tuzw9GVI18hZ5Fsn23XkICk79U2gSpRMTIHRM9D3UaAENrNMEtccqCoMVJTgim-KKU2nt83miwD2nfIj_6Le37IppMBA6-95zgFPsy9R7JO0CscrVlJgYNg-KOomY/s1600/Photograph+of+Painter+Henry+Ossawa+Tanner+African+American+History+Black+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiLaeBICSbIk1r48Tuzw9GVI18hZ5Fsn23XkICk79U2gSpRMTIHRM9D3UaAENrNMEtccqCoMVJTgim-KKU2nt83miwD2nfIj_6Le37IppMBA6-95zgFPsy9R7JO0CscrVlJgYNg-KOomY/s200/Photograph+of+Painter+Henry+Ossawa+Tanner+African+American+History+Black+.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Henry Ossawa Tanner</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Sadie Tanner attended high schoolhouse at the famous one m Street High School inward Washington D.C., which was afterward named Dunbar High School. She was encouraged past times her woman bring upwards as well as the historian <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=carter-g-woodson-and-vivian-g-harsh" target="_blank">Dr. Carter G. Woodson</a> to run on her education. She was accepted into the University of Pennsylvania as well as past times 1918, she received a Bachelors of Science degree in Education amongst honors. In 1919, she received a Masters of Art score inward Economics. By 1921, she received a Ph.D. inward Economics from the Wharton School of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania, becoming the first woman of African descent to have a Ph.D. inward Economics. Active inward the leadership of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, community evolution issues were rattling of import to Alexander. This was reflected inward the topic of her doctoral dissertation: "The Standard of Living Among One Hundred Negro Migrant Families inward Philadelphia."</div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxwJmS0gP6NbyzY-ZLIu4mpHzwPixmRzhL_qAq2WNis3zTTZeMIsaRRZ0H7T6EAd5VmIBY7Amnw3e3Z8KvXWejbWYvxUN8DxF4fCzsl0ww-xCwQkc8-v3WbPWR0VOs11qPk55H2pC_xYI/s1600/Sadie+Tanner+Mossell+Alexander+with+her+sisters+of+Delta+Sigma+Theta+Sorority+Black+History.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxwJmS0gP6NbyzY-ZLIu4mpHzwPixmRzhL_qAq2WNis3zTTZeMIsaRRZ0H7T6EAd5VmIBY7Amnw3e3Z8KvXWejbWYvxUN8DxF4fCzsl0ww-xCwQkc8-v3WbPWR0VOs11qPk55H2pC_xYI/s320/Sadie+Tanner+Mossell+Alexander+with+her+sisters+of+Delta+Sigma+Theta+Sorority+Black+History.jpg" width="228" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alexander amongst sisters of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania, Alexander became an actuary amongst the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, a Black-owned insurance company in the thus booming Black Wall Street inward Durham, North Carolina. In 1923, Alexander married Raymond Pace Alexander, an alumni of Harvard Law School as well as late barred every bit an attorney inward Pennsylvania. Shortly after marrying Raymond Pace Alexander, she returned to schoolhouse to study law. </div> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbOMngfv4J3Xd-grs3y7cmeRkQH0FMoqMuy7C55wP_lJERTCs1ZTTyfB8I0khddfyZvX_b2Y6InakJKoU993zzu5CdSy3myVXJuxy9ng5YZLUVewftapDF3zHdpJETdl4xrekOS25Mh5g/s1600/Sadie+Tanner+Mossell+Alexander+Black+History+Education+Law.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbOMngfv4J3Xd-grs3y7cmeRkQH0FMoqMuy7C55wP_lJERTCs1ZTTyfB8I0khddfyZvX_b2Y6InakJKoU993zzu5CdSy3myVXJuxy9ng5YZLUVewftapDF3zHdpJETdl4xrekOS25Mh5g/s320/Sadie+Tanner+Mossell+Alexander+Black+History+Education+Law.jpg" width="190" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIyeE1JSuVeO5K_xOGrNex-doRSWV-cCdVYYxLAZhNucq6hBDJFTyzZzWakWCp2X1pshr_duvb6VvXitCws3tkV3Fzg4w_aCkMFYtOwXI10S_Bk2FGbXcZW6452aQHbP_uZZatYQZgDU8/s1600/Sadie+Tanner+Mossell+Alexander.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>By 1927, Alexander became the get-go African-American adult woman to have an L.L.B. from the University of Pennsylvania Law School as well as was besides admitted to Pennsylvania State Bar every bit an attorney. Alexander was joining a tradition started past times Lutie Lytle, the get-go African-American adult woman lawyer inward the United States. Attorney Lytle had received her police trace score inward 1897 from the Tennessee Law School. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> "The heyday was Reconstruction, really," states police trace professor Judith Kilpatrick, writer of the Arkansas Law Review "(Extra)Ordinary Men: African-American Lawyers as well as Civil Rights inward Arkansas Before 1950," speaking on the do of police trace past times African Americans earlier as well as after Reconstruction, a brief historical period right away proceeding the destination of the U.S. Civil War. By 1890, similar many other states, Arkansas began to run past times laws "that forced Black people out of populace percentage as well as made it impossible to vote," says Kilpatrick.</div> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIyeE1JSuVeO5K_xOGrNex-doRSWV-cCdVYYxLAZhNucq6hBDJFTyzZzWakWCp2X1pshr_duvb6VvXitCws3tkV3Fzg4w_aCkMFYtOwXI10S_Bk2FGbXcZW6452aQHbP_uZZatYQZgDU8/s1600/Sadie+Tanner+Mossell+Alexander.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIyeE1JSuVeO5K_xOGrNex-doRSWV-cCdVYYxLAZhNucq6hBDJFTyzZzWakWCp2X1pshr_duvb6VvXitCws3tkV3Fzg4w_aCkMFYtOwXI10S_Bk2FGbXcZW6452aQHbP_uZZatYQZgDU8/s200/Sadie+Tanner+Mossell+Alexander.gif" width="141" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Attorney Sadie Alexender</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By the fourth dimension Alexander joined her husband's police trace firm, African American lawyers were faced amongst meaning state-imposed legal challenges to the civil rights secured after the U.S. Civil War. Together amongst her husband, Alexander challenged Jim Crow laws, fighting against segregation as well as discrimination inward Philadelphia's restaurants, hotels, as well as theaters. She was the get-go African-American adult woman to serve every bit assistant urban nub solicitor of Philadelphia, as well as was elected secretarial assistant of the National Bar Association inward 1943, the get-go adult woman to concur a national percentage inward the NBA.  </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> 'Black professional person women may shed lite on the unique sense of a grouping that has conquered double discrimination," states McLean Tobin, writer of The Black Female Ph.D. "In nigh cases existence both Black as well as woman mortal produces a defeating situation. Sadie Alexander overcame this 'double jeopardy,' as well as paved the agency for her sisters to pursue doctoral degrees."</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIyeE1JSuVeO5K_xOGrNex-doRSWV-cCdVYYxLAZhNucq6hBDJFTyzZzWakWCp2X1pshr_duvb6VvXitCws3tkV3Fzg4w_aCkMFYtOwXI10S_Bk2FGbXcZW6452aQHbP_uZZatYQZgDU8/s1600/Sadie+Tanner+Mossell+Alexander.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1947, U.S. President Harry S. Truman appointed Alexander to the President's Committee on Civil Rights. During her tenure nether this federal appointment, the written report "To Secure These Rights", became the footing for futurity civil correct policy making. In 1959, Alexander opened her ain police trace percentage as well as goodness at that spot for nearly twenty years. In 1974, Alexander received a 5th score from the University of Pennsylvania, an honorary score of Doctor of Laws. By 1976, she unopen her police trace percentage as well as joined the police trace home of Atkinson, Myers as well as Archie. She maintained an active membership inward nearly iii dozen local as well as national civic organizations spell practicing law. On Nov 1, 1989, attorney Alexander died at the historic menstruum of 91 inward her honey Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  </div> <br /></div>

Sadie Alexander: An Early On African-American Lawyer In Addition To Civil Rights Activist

Sadie Tenner Mossell Alexander (b. 1/2/1898 - d. 11/1/1989) Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander accomplished many "firsts" inward...

Reverend Absalom Jones As Well As The Early On U.S. Anti-Slavery Resistance

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTRxcaoidFde1CZ7ScjkefwB8CXwCfYy0GZ95MSNP4akrnIRDGSeSmSrFiMOm4k7nvi-IfAf9sdCoTMFMFcRFA8nGK9sNZVy6yjt0BvzDDxLVLT_hlc70fnQBLlYFXC7xGinb-3MbdURY/s1600/DS_02PORTP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTRxcaoidFde1CZ7ScjkefwB8CXwCfYy0GZ95MSNP4akrnIRDGSeSmSrFiMOm4k7nvi-IfAf9sdCoTMFMFcRFA8nGK9sNZVy6yjt0BvzDDxLVLT_hlc70fnQBLlYFXC7xGinb-3MbdURY/s320/DS_02PORTP.jpg" width="209" /></a></div> </td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="text-align: left;">Absalom Jones was born into U.S. slavery at Sussex, Delaware on Nov 7, 1756. His woman bring upward in addition to begetter were separated from him when he was sold in addition to they were taken together Pennsylvania. He taught himself to read in addition to was allowed to marry. Remarkably, he purchased his wife's liberty inwards 1778 inwards monastic enjoin that their children would hold out free. By 1784, Jones had purchased his freedom. Three years later, inwards 1787, with Richard Allen, Jones established the Free African Society, a usual help society. </span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="text-align: left;"></span> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="text-align: left;">In 1793, the Fugitive Slave Act was established inwards the the States to help slave owners inwards recovering those enslaved persons of African descent who escaped captivity. On Jan 2, 1800, Jones led a grouping of gratis Africans living inwards Philadelphia, Pennsylvania inwards presenting a petition to the U.S. Congress calling for the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act, too every bit to deed to halt the robust slave merchandise of Africans to the United States. </span></div> <span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span><span style="text-align: left;">The U.S. House voted 8</span><span style="text-align: left;">5-1 to decline the petition. Who was the exclusively vocalisation of dissent against slavery? Massachusetts Congressman George Thacher opposed the stimulate inwards overwhelming opposition to the petition yesteryear his political colleagues. Thacher condemned slavery every bit "a cancer of immense magnitude, that would sometime destroy the trunk politic, except a proper legislation should foreclose the evil."</span></div> </td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><br /></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzGZSQP49-nowj4dFcCA_GVdMXjlyFui01ziKhWTjOmn_EaZOUZhifLrqjI1gi-m_dvZuDnMRycsORDz_mjdw4Vsl_eD1FLNqn5wDRQypAa6-brtwdSJSFZwgNxDbMU2g6FQjWdm20QOY/s1600/slavery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzGZSQP49-nowj4dFcCA_GVdMXjlyFui01ziKhWTjOmn_EaZOUZhifLrqjI1gi-m_dvZuDnMRycsORDz_mjdw4Vsl_eD1FLNqn5wDRQypAa6-brtwdSJSFZwgNxDbMU2g6FQjWdm20QOY/s400/slavery.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Fugitive Slave Act was enforced by U.S. Marshals</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> In contrast, South Carolinia Congressman John Rutledge, Jr. comments inwards back upward of the all-white manful someone institution's activeness defeating the efforts of the anti-slavery petition was that “this novel fangled French philosophy of liberty in addition to equality” would non hold out heard alongside the men, nigh of whom were owners of enslaved Africans.<br /> <br /> Against the backdrop of a slave lodge that was formally enforced yesteryear a legal arrangement willing to play an active purpose inwards policing runaway slaves, inwards 1816, Rev. Jones would rest an active abolitionist. In 1816, he formed the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) church building in addition to became the origin American of African descent to hold out ordained every bit a government minister inwards the Methodist church.<br /> <br /> But the early on resistance was already on record. The trajectory of alter had been marked. After the 1793 Haitian Revolution, rumors of slave rebellions inwards the U.S. abound every bit thousands of Haitian refugees began to inundation American ports inwards such places every bit New Orleans. In fact, 1 solar daytime prior to the presentation of the anti-slavery petition, on Jan 1, 1800, Gabriel Prosser had conspired to seize Richmond, Virginia with a strength of over 1,000 enslaved Africans. The excogitation was uncovered earlier it could hold out unleashed on Richmond's slaveholding residents. Afterwards, populace executions in addition to the deportation of nearly a dozen Africans to the West Indies would occur.<br /> <br /> Additionally, inwards 1800, the same yr the anti-slavery petition was presented in addition to defeated, ii abolitionists were born, Nat Turner in addition to John Brown. While the slave-based economic scheme of the U.S. would come about for many decades afterward, the afterward nation of war machine actions of the abolitionists, Turner in addition to Brown, would come about the inevitable trajectory towards liberty that would ultlimately atomic number 82 to the U.S. Civil War in addition to halt of slavery inwards 1865. <br /> <br /> The actions of neat leaders similar Rev. Absalom Jones must non hold out forgotten yesteryear the generations of African Americans who directly bask liberty from physical slavery. The plant of these neat leaders must serve every bit inspiration in addition to lessons inwards resistance to all forms of injustice -- notwithstanding uniquely framed. The scrap for jurist inwards the the States has never been achieved through passive appointment or only yesteryear by petitioning those who wield the hammer of injustice. “Power concedes nil without a demand,” said Frederick Douglass, “it never has in addition to it never will.”<br /> <div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <br /></div> </div>

Reverend Absalom Jones As Well As The Early On U.S. Anti-Slavery Resistance

Absalom Jones was born into U.S. slavery at Sussex, Delaware on Nov 7, 1756. His woman bring upward in addition to begetter...