The Important Of July Quaternary For The Negro -- An 1852 Spoken Communication Past Times Frederick Douglass

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5F3RwUKm2yVaiIlvI7Gt2PIOmamGGZ_RNmw64REzYIxahLQ6TJhiiFEK0yEj0hpnY6v2_BRtF6V8LIEKLU6JXxqQwFPOdn7aALIQ4GqUydsnwhxxLojhyphenhyphenT9ENw5RIQsX56vOhyPWYLGk/s599/Photo+Frederick+Douglass+Portrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5F3RwUKm2yVaiIlvI7Gt2PIOmamGGZ_RNmw64REzYIxahLQ6TJhiiFEK0yEj0hpnY6v2_BRtF6V8LIEKLU6JXxqQwFPOdn7aALIQ4GqUydsnwhxxLojhyphenhyphenT9ENw5RIQsX56vOhyPWYLGk/s400/Photo+Frederick+Douglass+Portrait.jpg" width="277" /></a></div> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;">The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro past times Frederick Douglass</span><br /> <br /> <b><i>A spoken communication given at Rochester, New York, July 5, 1852</i></b><br /> <br /> Mr. President, Friends as well as Fellow Citizens:<br /> <br /> He who could address this audience without a quailing sensation, has stronger nerves than I have. I do non think ever to have got appeared as a speaker earlier whatever assembly to a greater extent than shrinkingly, nor with greater distrust of my ability, than I do this day. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 feeling has crept over me quite unfavorable to the exercise of my limited powers of speech. The project earlier me is 1 which requires much previous thought as well as written report for its proper performance. I know that apologies of this sort are by as well as large considered apartment as well as unmeaning. I trust, however, that mine volition non live so considered. Should I seem at ease, my appearance would much misrepresent me. The niggling experience I have got had inward addressing world meetings, inward province schoolhouse houses, avails me naught on the introduce occasion.<br /> <br /> The papers as well as placards say that I am to deliver a Fourth of July Oration. This sure sounds large, as well as out of the mutual way, for me. It is true that I have got oft had the privilege to speak inward this beautiful Hall, as well as to address many who straightaway laurels me with their presence. But neither their familiar faces, nor the perfect justice I think I have got of Corinthian Hall seems to costless me from embarrassment.<br /> <br /> The fact is, ladies as well as gentlemen, the distance betwixt this platform as well as the slave plantation, from which I escaped, is considerable-and the difficulties to he overcome inward getting from the latter to the old are past times no agency slight. That I am hither to-day is, to me, a affair of astonishment as good as of gratitude. You volition not, therefore, live surprised, if inward what I have got to say I evince no elaborate preparation, nor grace my spoken communication with whatever high sounding exordium. With niggling experience as well as with less learning, I have got been able to throw my thoughts hastily as well as imperfectly together; as well as trusting to your patient as well as generous indulgence I volition go on to lay them earlier you.<br /> <br /> This, for the usage of this celebration, is the Fourth of July. It is the nascency 24-hour interval of your National Independence, as well as of your political freedom. This, to you, as what the Passover was to the emancipated people of God. It carries your minds dorsum to the day, as well as to the deed of your non bad deliverance; as well as to the signs, as well as to the wonders, associated with that act, as well as that day. This celebration also marks the get-go of some other twelvemonth of your national life; as well as reminds you lot that the Republic of America is straightaway 76 years old. l am glad, fellow-citizens, that your nation is so young. Seventy-six years, though a skillful old historic flow for a man, is but a mere speck inward the life of a nation. Three score years as well as x is the allotted fourth dimension for private men; but nations release their years past times thousands. According to this fact, you lot are, fifty-fifty now, only inward the get-go of your national career, still lingering inward the flow of childhood. I repeat, I am glad this is so. There is hope inward the thought, as well as hope is much needed, nether the dark clouds which lower higher upwards the horizon. The oculus of the reformer is met with angry flashes, portending disastrous times; but his pump may good crunch lighter at the thought that America is young, as well as that she is still inward the impressible phase of her existence. May he non hope that high lessons of wisdom, of justice as well as of truth, volition yet give administration to her destiny? Were the nation older, the patriot's pump mightiness live sadder, as well as the reformer's forehead heavier. Its futurity mightiness live shrouded inward gloom, as well as the hope of its prophets exit inward sorrow. There is consolation inward the thought that America is young.-Great streams are non easily turned from channels, worn deep inward the course of instruction of ages. They may sometimes ascension inward repose as well as stately majesty, as well as inundate the land, refreshing as well as fertilizing the globe with their mysterious properties. They may also ascension inward wrath as well as fury, as well as behave away, on their angry waves, the accumulated wealth of years of toil as well as hardship. They, however, gradually flow dorsum to the same old channel, as well as flow on as serenely as ever. But, piece the river may non live turned aside, it may dry out up, as well as leave of absence naught behind but the withered branch, as well as the unsightly rock, to howl inward the abyss-sweeping wind, the sorry tale of departed glory. As with rivers so with nations.<br /> <br /> Fellow-citizens, I shall non presume to dwell at length on the associations that cluster nigh this day. The uncomplicated even of it is, that, 76 years ago, the people of this province were British subjects. The trend as well as championship of your "sovereign people" (in which you lot straightaway glory) was non as well as so born. You were nether the British Crown. Your fathers esteemed the English linguistic communication Government as the domicile government; as well as England as the fatherland. This domicile government, you lot know, although a considerable distance from your home, did, inward the exercise of its parental prerogatives, impose upon its colonial children, such restraints, burdens as well as limitations, as, inward its mature judgment, it deemed wise, correct as well as proper.<br /> <br /> But your fathers, who had non adopted the stylish thought of this day, of the infallibility of government, as well as the absolute grapheme of its acts, presumed to differ from the domicile authorities inward honor to the wisdom as well as the justice of some of those burdens as well as restraints. They went so far inward their excitement as to pronounce the measures of authorities unjust, unreasonable, as well as oppressive, as well as altogether such as ought non to live quietly submitted to. I scarcely demand say, fellow-citizens, that my sentiment of those measures fully accords with that of your fathers. Such a proclamation of understanding on my portion would non live worth much to anybody. It would sure evidence naught as to what portion I mightiness have got taken had I lived during the non bad contention of 1776. To say straightaway that America was right, as well as England wrong, is exceedingly easy. Everybody tin say it; the dastard, non less than the noble brave, tin flippantly discant on the tyranny of England towards the American Colonies. It is stylish to do so; but in that location was a fourth dimension when, to pronounce against England, as well as inward favor of the crusade of the colonies, tried men's souls. They who did so were accounted inward their 24-hour interval plotters of mischief, agitators as well as rebels, unsafe men. To side with the correct against the wrong, with the weak against the strong, as well as with the oppressed against the oppressor! hither lies the merit, as well as the 1 which, of all others, seems unfashionable inward our day. The crusade of liberty may live stabbed past times the men who glory inward the deeds of your fathers. But, to proceed.<br /> <br /> Feeling themselves harshly as well as unjustly treated, past times the domicile government, your fathers, similar men of honesty, as well as men of spirit, earnestly sought redress. They petitioned as well as demonstrated; they did so inward a decorous, respectful, as well as loyal manner. Their deportment was wholly unexceptionable. This, however, did non respond the purpose. They saw themselves treated with sovereign indifference, frigidity as well as scorn. Yet they persevered. They were non the men to hold off back.<br /> <br /> As the canvas anchor takes a firmer hold, when the ship is tossed past times the storm, so did the crusade of your fathers grow stronger as it breasted the chilling blasts of kingly displeasure. The greatest as well as best of British statesmen admitted its justice, as well as the loftiest eloquence of the British Senate came to its support. But, with that blindness which seems to live the unvarying feature of tyrants, since Pharaoh as well as his hosts were drowned inward the Red Sea, the British Government persisted inward the exactions complained of.<br /> <br /> The madness of this course, nosotros believe, is admitted now, fifty-fifty past times England; but nosotros fright the lesson is wholly lost on our introduce rulers.<br /> <br /> Oppression makes a wise human being mad. Your fathers were wise men, as well as if they did non go mad, they became restive nether this treatment. They felt themselves the victims of grievous wrongs, wholly incurable inward their colonial capacity. With brave men in that location is ever a remedy for oppression. Just here, the thought of a total separation of the colonies from the crown was born! It was a startling idea, much to a greater extent than so than we, at this distance of time, regard it. The timid as well as the prudent (as has been intimated) of that 24-hour interval were, of course, shocked as well as alarmed past times it.<br /> <br /> Such people lived then, had lived before, as well as will, probably, ever have got a identify on this planet; as well as their course, inward honor to whatever non bad alter (no affair how non bad the skillful to live attained, or the incorrect to live redressed past times it), may live calculated with as much precision as tin live the course of instruction of the stars. They loathe all changes, but silver, gilt as well as copper change! Of this sort of alter they are ever strongly inward favor.<br /> <br /> These people were called Tories inward the days of your fathers; as well as the appellation, probably, conveyed the same thought that is meant past times a to a greater extent than modern, though a somewhat less euphonious term, which nosotros oft discover inward our papers, applied to some of our old politicians.<br /> <br /> Their opposition to the as well as so unsafe thought was earnest as well as powerful; but, amid all their terror as well as affrighted vociferations against it, the alarming as well as revolutionary thought moved on, as well as the province with it.<br /> <br /> On the sec of July, 1776, the old Continental Congress, to the dismay of the lovers of ease, as well as the worshipers of property, clothed that dreadful thought with all the authorization of national sanction. They did so inward the shape of a resolution; as well as as nosotros seldom hitting upon resolutions, drawn upwards inward our day, whose transparency is at all equal to this, it may refresh your minds as well as assist my even if I read it.<br /> <br /> "Resolved, That these united colonies are, as well as of right, ought to live costless as well as Independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown; as well as that all political connecter betwixt them as well as the State of Great United Kingdom is, as well as ought to be, dissolved." <br /> <br /> Citizens, your fathers made skillful that resolution. They succeeded; as well as to-day you lot reap the fruits of their success. The liberty gained is yours; as well as you, in that location fore, may properly celebrate this anniversary. The fourth of July is the initiative of all non bad fact inward your nation's history-the real ringbolt inward the chain of your yet undeveloped destiny.<br /> <br /> Pride as well as patriotism, non less than gratitude, prompt you lot to celebrate as well as to take away hold it inward perpetual remembrance. I have got said that the Declaration of Independence is the ringbolt to the chain of your nation's destiny; so, indeed, I regard it. The principles contained inward that musical instrument are saving principles. Stand past times those principles, live true to them on all occasions, inward all places, against all foes, as well as at whatever cost.<br /> <br /> From the circular top of your ship of state, dark as well as threatening clouds may live seen. Heavy billows, similar mountains inward the distance, discover to the leeward huge forms of flinty rocks! That bolt drawn, that chain broken, as well as all is lost. Cling to this day-cling to it, as well as to its principles, with the grasp of a storm-tossed mariner to a spar at midnight.<br /> <br /> The coming into beingness of a nation, inward whatever circumstances, is an interesting event. But, also full general considerations, in that location were peculiar circumstances which create the advent of this democracy an trial of special attractiveness. The whole scene, as I hold off dorsum to it, was simple, dignified as well as sublime. The population of the country, at the time, stood at the insignificant release of iii millions. The province was poor inward the munitions of war. The population was weak as well as scattered, as well as the province a wilderness unsubdued. There were as well as so no agency of concert as well as combination, such as be now. Neither steam nor lightning had as well as so been reduced to monastic say as well as discipline. From the Potomac to the Delaware was a journeying of many days. Under these, as well as innumerable other disadvantages, your fathers declared for liberty as well as independence as well as triumphed.<br /> <br /> Fellow Citizens, I am non wanting inward honor for the fathers of this republic. The signers of the Declaration of Independence were brave men. They were non bad men, too-great plenty to give frame to a non bad age. It does non oft tumble out to a nation to raise, at 1 time, such a release of really non bad men. The dot from which I am compelled to view them is not, certainly, the most favorable; as well as yet I cannot contemplate their non bad deeds with less than admiration. They were statesmen, patriots as well as heroes, as well as for the skillful they did, as well as the principles they contended for, I volition unite with you lot to laurels their memory.<br /> <br /> They loved their province improve than their ain private interests; and, though this is non the highest shape of human excellence, all volition concede that it is a rare virtue, as well as that when it is exhibited it ought to command respect. He who will, intelligently, lay downwards his life for his province is a human being whom it is non inward human nature to despise. Your fathers staked their lives, their fortunes, as well as their sacred honor, on the crusade of their country. In their admiration of liberty, they lost sight of all other interests.<br /> <br /> They were peace men; but they preferred revolution to peaceful submission to bondage. They were repose men; but they did non shrink from agitating against oppression. They showed forbearance; but that they knew its limits. They believed inward order; but non inward the monastic say of tyranny. With them, naught was "settIed" that was non right. With them, justice, liberty as well as humanity were "final"; non slavery as well as oppression. You may good cherish the retention of such men. They were non bad inward their 24-hour interval as well as generation. Their solid manhood stands out the to a greater extent than as nosotros contrast it with these degenerate times.<br /> <br /> How circumspect, exact as well as proportionate were all their movements! How dissimilar the politicians of an hour! Their statesmanship looked beyond the passing moment, as well as stretched away inward strength into the distant future. They seized upon eternal principles, as well as laid a glorious instance inward their defence. Mark them! Fully appreciating the hardships to live encountered, firmly believing inward the correct of their cause, honorably inviting the scrutiny of an on-looking world, reverently appealing to sky to attest their sincerity, soundly comprehending the solemn responsibleness they were nigh to assume, wisely criterion the terrible odds against them, your fathers, the fathers of this republic, did, most deliberately, nether the inspiration of a glorious patriotism, as well as with a sublime faith inward the non bad principles of justice as well as freedom, lay deep, the corner-stone of the national super-structure, which has risen as well as still rises inward grandeur around you.<br /> <br /> Of this telephone commutation work, this 24-hour interval is the anniversary. Our eyes are met with demonstrations of joyous enthusiasm. Banners as well as pennants moving ridge exultingly on the breeze. The din of business, too, is hushed. Even mammon seems to have got quitted his grasp on this day. The ear-piercing fife as well as the stirring drum unite their accents with the ascending peal of a one one thousand church building bells. Prayers are made, hymns are sung, as well as sermons are preached inward laurels of this day; piece the quick martial tramp of a non bad as well as multitudinous nation, echoed dorsum past times all the hills, valleys as well as mountains of a vast continent, dot the occasion 1 of thrilling as well as universal interest-nation's jubilee.<br /> <br /> Friends as well as citizens, I demand non come inward farther into the causes which led to this anniversary. Many of you lot understand them improve than I do. You could instruct me inward regard to them. That is a branch of cognition inward which you lot feel, perhaps, a much deeper involvement than your speaker. The causes which led to the separation of the colonies from the British crown have got never lacked for a tongue. They have got all been taught inward your mutual schools, narrated at your firesides, un folded from your pulpits, as well as thundered from your legislative halls, as well as are as familiar to you lot as identify words. They shape the staple of your national poesy as well as eloquence.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikBTT1L15HS7cw_QXv3tj9no-uKXhHxr9XJkzxWU4WSdHsvislDgq60VKPdzssvlU7AjN3vNaK33b9XaE2sqoCYKWKb3DkteAScd2jtQO-tjkJY94h_S3vJw_06FWp_Bfe5J6SuCE8rOU/s600/Frederick_Douglass+about+29.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikBTT1L15HS7cw_QXv3tj9no-uKXhHxr9XJkzxWU4WSdHsvislDgq60VKPdzssvlU7AjN3vNaK33b9XaE2sqoCYKWKb3DkteAScd2jtQO-tjkJY94h_S3vJw_06FWp_Bfe5J6SuCE8rOU/s640/Frederick_Douglass+about+29.png" width="500" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><u>Photo of Frederick Douglass at nigh 29 years old</u></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> I remember, also, that, as a people, Americans are remarkably familiar with all facts which create inward their ain favor. This is esteemed past times some as a national trait-perhaps a national weakness. It is a fact, that whatever makes for the wealth or for the reputation of Americans as well as tin live had cheap! volition live found past times Americans. I shall non live charged with slandering Americans if I say I think the American side of whatever interrogation may live safely left inward American hands.<br /> <br /> I leave, therefore, the non bad deeds of your fathers to other gentlemen whose claim to have got been regularly descended volition live less probable to live disputed than mine!<br /> <br /> My business, if I have got whatever hither to-day, is with the present. The accepted fourth dimension with God as well as His crusade is the ever-living now.<br /> <br />     Trust no future, withal pleasant,<br />     Let the dead past times bury its dead;<br />     Act, deed inward the living present,<br />     Heart within, as well as God overhead.<br /> <br /> We have got to do with the past times only as nosotros tin acquire inward useful to the introduce as well as to the future. To all inspiring motives, to noble deeds which tin live gained from the past, nosotros are welcome. But straightaway is the time, the of import time. Your fathers have got lived, died, as well as have got done their work, as well as have got done much of it well. You alive as well as must die, as well as you lot must do your work. You have got no correct to relish a child's part inward the labor of your fathers, unless your children are to live blest past times your labors. You have got no correct to have on out as well as waste matter the hard-earned fame of your fathers to covert your indolence. Sydney Smith tells us that men seldom eulogize the wisdom as well as virtues of their fathers, but to excuse some folly or wickedness of their own. This truth is non a doubtful one. There are illustrations of it close as well as remote, ancient as well as modern. It was fashionable, hundreds of years ago, for the children of Jacob to boast, nosotros have got "Abraham to our father," when they had long lost Abraham's faith as well as spirit. That people contented themselves nether the shadow of Abraham's non bad name, piece they repudiated the deeds which made his call great. Need I remind you lot that a similar thing is beingness done all over this province to-day? Need I tell you lot that the Jews are non the only people who built the tombs of the prophets, as well as garnished the sepulchers of the righteous? Washington could non turn over away till he had broken the chains of his slaves. Yet his monument is built upwards past times the cost of human blood, as well as the traders inward the bodies as well as souls of men shout-"We have got Washington to our father."-Alas! that it should live so; yet it is.<br /> <br />     The evil, that men do, lives later on them,<br />     The skillful is oft interred with their bones. <br /> <br /> Fellow-citizens, pardon me, allow me to ask, why am I called upon to speak hither to-day? What have got I, or those I represent, to do with your national independence? Are the non bad principles of political liberty as well as of natural justice, embodied inward that Declaration of Independence, extended to us? as well as am I, therefore, called upon to convey our humble offering to the national altar, as well as to confess the benefits as well as limited devout gratitude for the blessings resulting from your independence to us?<br /> <br /> Would to God, both for your sakes as well as ours, that an affirmative respond could live truthfully returned to these questions! Then would my project live light, as well as my burden slow as well as delightful. For who is in that location so cold, that a nation's sympathy could non warm him? Who so obdurate as well as dead to the claims of gratitude, that would non thankfully acknowledge such priceless benefits? Who so stolid as well as selfish, that would non give his vox to swell the hallelujahs of a nation's jubilee, when the chains of servitude had been torn from his limbs? I am non that man. In a instance similar that, the dumb mightiness eloquently speak, as well as the "lame human being bound as an hart."<br /> <br /> But such is non the province of the case. I say it with a sorry sense of the disparity betwixt us. I am non included inside the pale of this glorious anniversary! Your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance betwixt us. The blessings inward which you, this day, rejoice, are non enjoyed inward common.-The rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity as well as independence, bequeathed past times your fa thers, is shared past times you, non past times me. The sunlight that brought lite as well as healing to you, has brought stripes as well as decease to me. This Fourth July is yours, non mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn. To drag a human being inward fetters into the grand illuminated temple of liberty, as well as telephone outcry upwards upon him to bring together you lot inward joyous anthems, were inhuman mockery as well as sacrilegious irony. Do you lot mean, citizens, to mock me, past times call for me to speak to-day? If so, in that location is a parallel to your conduct. And allow me warn you lot that it is unsafe to re-create the instance of a nation whose crimes, towering upwards to heaven, were thrown downwards past times the breath of the Almighty, burying that nation inward irrevocable ruin! I tin to-day choose upwards the plaintive lament of a peeled as well as woe-smitten people!<br /> <br /> "By the rivers of Babylon, in that location nosotros sat down. Yea! nosotros wept when nosotros remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the willows inward the midst thereof. For there, they that carried us away captive, required of us a song; as well as they who wasted us required of us mirth, saying, Sing us 1 of the songs of Zion. How tin nosotros sing the Lord's vocal inward a unusual land? If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, allow my correct manus forget her cunning. If I do non think thee, allow my natural language cleave to the roof of my mouth."<br /> <br /> Fellow-citizens, higher upwards your national, tumultuous joy, I listen the mournful wail of millions! whose chains, heavy as well as grievous yesterday, are, to-day, rendered to a greater extent than intolerable past times the jubilee shouts that arrive at them. If I do forget, if I do non faithfully think those haemorrhage children of sorrow this day, "may my correct manus forget her cunning, as well as may my natural language cleave to the roof of my mouth!" To forget them, to turn over lightly over their wrongs, as well as to chime inward with the pop theme, would live treason most scandalous as well as shocking, as well as would create me a reproach earlier God as well as the world. My subject, then, fellow-citizens, is American slavery. I shall reckon this 24-hour interval as well as its pop characteristics from the slave's dot of view. Standing in that location identified with the American bondman, making his wrongs mine, I do non hesitate to declare, with all my soul, that the grapheme as well as deportment of this nation never looked blacker to me than on this fourth of July! Whether nosotros turn to the declarations of the past, or to the professions of the present, the deportment of the nation seems as hideous as well as revolting. America is imitation to the past, imitation to the present, as well as solemnly binds herself to live imitation to the future. Standing with God as well as the crushed as well as haemorrhage slave on this occasion, I will, inward the call of humanity which is outraged, inward the call of liberty which is fettered, inward the call of the constitution as well as the Bible which are disregarded as well as trampled upon, dare to telephone outcry upwards inward interrogation as well as to denounce, with all the emphasis I tin command, everything that serves to perpetuate slavery-the non bad sin as well as shame of America! "I volition non equivocate; I volition non excuse"; I volition usage the severest linguistic communication I tin command; as well as yet non 1 tidings shall escape me that whatever man, whose judgment is non blinded past times prejudice, or who is non at pump a slaveholder, shall non confess to live correct as well as just.<br /> <br /> But I fancy I listen some 1 of my audience say, "It is just inward this circumstance that you lot as well as your blood brother abolitionists neglect to create a favorable impression on the world mind. Would you lot combat more, as well as denounce less; would you lot persuade more, as well as rebuke less; your crusade would live much to a greater extent than probable to succeed." But, I submit, where all is apparently in that location is naught to live argued. What dot inward the anti slavery creed would you lot have got me argue? On what branch of the dependent do the people of this province demand light? Must I undertake to evidence that the slave is a man? That dot is conceded already. Nobody doubts it. The slaveholders themselves acknowledge it inward the enactment of laws for their government. They ac cognition it when they punish disobedience on the portion of the slave. There are seventy-two crimes inward the State of Virginia which, if committed past times a dark human being (no affair how ignorant he be), dependent him to the penalization of death; piece only 2 of the same crimes volition dependent a white human being to the similar punishment. What is this but the acknowledgment that the slave is a moral, intellectual, as well as responsible being? The manhood of the slave is conceded. It is admitted inward the fact that Southern statute books are covered with enactments forbidding, nether severe fines as well as penalties, the teaching of the slave to read or to write. When you lot tin dot to whatever such laws inward reference to the beasts of the field, as well as so I may con sent to combat the manhood of the slave. When the dogs inward your streets, when the fowls of the air, when the cattle on your hills, when the fish of the sea, as well as the reptiles that crawl, shall live unable to distinguish the slave from a brute, as well as so volition I combat with you lot that the slave is a man!<br /> <br /> For the present, it is plenty to affirm the equal manhood of the Negro race. Is it non astonishing that, piece nosotros are ploughing, planting, as well as reaping, using all kinds of mechanical tools, erecting houses, constructing bridges, edifice ships, working inward metals of brass, iron, copper, silverish as well as gold; that, piece nosotros are reading, writing as well as ciphering, acting as clerks, merchants as well as secretaries, having alongside us lawyers, doctors, ministers, poets, authors, editors, orators as well as teachers; that, piece nosotros are engaged inward all way of enterprises mutual to other men, earthworks gilt inward California, capturing the whale inward the Pacific, feeding sheep as well as cattle on the hill-side, living, moving, acting, thinking, planning, living inward families as husbands, wives as well as children, and, higher upwards all, confessing as well as worshipping the Christian's God, as well as looking hopefully for life as well as immortality beyond the grave, nosotros are called upon to evidence that nosotros are men!<br /> <br /> Would you lot have got me combat that human being is entitled to liberty? that he is the rightful possessor of his ain body? You have got already declared it. Must I combat the wrongfulness of slavery? Is that a interrogation for Republicans? Is it to live settled past times the rules of logic as well as argumentation, as a affair beset with non bad difficulty, involving a doubtful application of the regulation of justice, hard to live understood? How should I hold off to-day, inward the presence of Americans, dividing, as well as subdividing a discourse, to present that men have got a natural correct to freedom? speaking of it relatively as well as positively, negatively as well as affirmatively. To do so, would live to create myself ridiculous, as well as to offering an insult to your understanding.-There is non a human being beneath the canopy of sky that does non know that slavery is incorrect for him.<br /> <br /> What, am I to combat that it is incorrect to create men brutes, to rob them of their liberty, to function them without wages, to maintain them ignorant of their relations to their immature human being men, to crunch them with sticks, to flay their flesh with the lash, to charge their limbs with irons, to hunt them with dogs, to sell them at auction, to sunder their families, to knock out their teeth, to ship away their flesh, to starve them into obedience as well as submission to their masters? Must I combat that a scheme thus marked with blood, as well as stained with pollution, is wrong? No! I volition not. I have got improve occupation for my fourth dimension as well as strength than such arguments would imply.<br /> <br /> What, then, remains to live argued? Is it that slavery is non divine; that God did non constitute it; that our doctors of divinity are mistaken? There is blasphemy inward the thought. That which is inhuman, cannot live divine! Who tin ground on such a proposition? They that can, may; I cannot. The fourth dimension for such statement is passed.<br /> <br /> At a fourth dimension similar this, scorching irony, non convincing argument, is needed. O! had I the ability, as well as could arrive at the nation's ear, I would, to-day, pour out a fiery current of biting ridicule, blasting reproach, withering sarcasm, as well as stern rebuke. For it is non lite that is needed, but fire; it is non the gentle shower, but thunder. We demand the storm, the whirlwind, as well as the earthquake. The feeling of the nation must live quickened; the conscience of the nation must live roused; the propriety of the nation must live startled; the hypocrisy of the nation must live exposed; as well as its crimes against God as well as human being must live proclaimed as well as denounced.<br /> <br /> What, to the American slave, is your fourth of July? I answer; a 24-hour interval that reveals to him, to a greater extent than than all other days inward the year, the gross injustice as well as cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy license; your national greatness, swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicing are empty as well as heartless; your denunciation of tyrants, brass fronted impudence; your shouts of liberty as well as equality, hollow mockery; your prayers as well as hymns, your sermons as well as thanksgivings, with all your religious parade as well as solemnity, are, to Him, mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, as well as hypocrisy-a sparse veil to covert upwards crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. There is non a nation on the globe guilty of practices to a greater extent than shocking as well as bloody than are the people of the United States, at this real hour.<br /> <br /> Go where you lot may, search where you lot will, roam through all the monarchies as well as despotisms of the Old World, go through South America, search out every abuse, as well as when you lot have got found the last, lay your facts past times the side of the everyday practices of this nation, as well as you lot volition say with me, that, for revolting barbarity as well as shameless hypocrisy, America reigns without a rival.<br /> <br /> Take the American slave-trade, which nosotros are told past times the papers, is particularly prosperous just now. Ex-Senator Benton tells us that the cost of men was never higher than now. He mentions the fact to present that slavery is inward no danger. This merchandise is 1 of the peculiarities of American institutions. It is carried on inward all the large towns as well as cities inward half of this confederacy; as well as millions are pocketed every twelvemonth past times dealers inward this horrid traffic. In several states this merchandise is a main root of wealth. It is called (in contradistinction to the unusual slave-trade) "the internal slave-trade." It is, probably, called so, too, inward monastic say to divert from it the horror with which the unusual slave-trade is contemplated. That merchandise has long since been denounced past times this authorities as piracy. It has been denounced with burning words from the high places of the nation as an execrable traffic. To arrest it, to spot an terminate to it, this nation keeps a squadron, at immense cost, on the coast of Africa. Everywhere, inward this country, it is rubber to speak of this unusual slave-trade as a most inhuman traffic, opposed alike to the Jaws of God as well as of man. The duty to extirpate as well as destroy it, is admitted fifty-fifty past times our doctors of divinity. In monastic say to spot an terminate to it, some of these finally have got consented that their colored brethren (nominally free) should leave of absence this country, as well as constitute them selves on the western coast of Africa! It is, however, a notable fact that, piece so much execration is poured out past times Americans upon all those engaged inward the unusual slave-trade, the men engaged inward the slave-trade betwixt the states turn over with out condemnation, as well as their concern is deemed honorable.<br /> <br /> Behold the practical functioning of this internal slave-trade, the American slave-trade, sustained past times American politics as well as American religion. Here you lot volition reckon men as well as women reared similar swine for the market. You know what is a swine-drover? I volition present you lot a man-drover. They inhabit all our Southern States. They perambulate the country, as well as crowd the highways of the nation, with droves of human stock. You volition reckon 1 of these human flesh jobbers, armed with pistol, whip, as well as bowie-knife, driving a fellowship of a hundred men, women, as well as children, from the Potomac to the slave marketplace at New Orleans. These wretched people are to live sold singly, or inward lots, to suit purchasers. They are nutrient for the cotton-field as well as the deadly sugar-mill. Mark the sorry procession, as it moves wearily along, as well as the inhuman wretch who drives them. Hear his savage yells as well as his blood-curdling oaths, as he hurries on his affrighted captives! There, reckon the old human being with locks thinned as well as gray. Cast 1 glance, if you lot please, upon that immature mother, whose shoulders are bare to the scorching sun, her briny tears falling on the forehead of the baby inward her arms. See, too, that daughter of thirteen, weeping, yes! weeping, as she thinks of the woman parent from whom she has been torn! The drove moves tardily. Heat as well as sorrow have got nearly consumed their strength; all of a precipitous you lot listen a quick snap, similar the discharge of a rifle; the fetters clank, as well as the chain rattles simultaneously; your ears are saluted with a scream, that seems to have got torn its way to the middle of your soul The cleft you lot heard was the audio of the slave-whip; the scream you lot heard was from the adult woman you lot saw with the babe. Her speed had faltered nether the weight of her kid as well as her chains! that gash on her shoulder tells her to displace on. Follow this drove to New Orleans. Attend the auction; reckon men examined similar horses; reckon the forms of women rudely as well as brutally exposed to the shocking gaze of American slave-buyers. See this drove sold as well as separated forever; as well as never forget the deep, sorry sobs that arose from that scattered multitude. Tell me, citizens, where, nether the sun, you lot tin witness a spectacle to a greater extent than fiendish as well as shocking. Yet this is but a glance at the American slave-trade, as it exists, at this moment, inward the ruling portion of the United States.<br /> <br /> I was born amid such sights as well as scenes. To me the American slave-trade is a terrible reality. When a child, my soul was oft pierced with a sense of its horrors. I lived on Philpot Street, Fell's Point, Baltimore, as well as have got watched from the wharves the slave ships inward the Basin, anchored from the shore, with their cargoes of human flesh, waiting for favorable winds to waft them downwards the Chesapeake. There was, at that time, a grand slave mart kept at the caput of Pratt Street, past times Austin Woldfolk. His agents were sent into every town as well as county inward Maryland, announcing their arrival, through the papers, as well as on flaming "hand-bills," headed cash for Negroes. These men were by as well as large good dressed men, as well as real captivating inward their manners; ever create to drink, to treat, as well as to gamble. The fate of many a slave has depended upon the turn of a unmarried card; as well as many a kid has been snatched from the arms of its woman parent past times bargains arranged inward a province of brutal drunkenness.<br /> <br /> The flesh-mongers get together upwards their victims past times dozens, as well as drive them, chained, to the full general depot at Baltimore. When a sufficient release has been collected here, a ship is chartered for the usage of conveying the forlorn crew to Mobile, or to New Orleans. From the slave prison theater to the ship, they are normally driven inward the darkness of night; for since the antislavery agitation, a sure caution is observed.<br /> <br /> In the deep, still darkness of midnight, I have got been oft aroused past times the dead, heavy footsteps, as well as the miserable cries of the chained gangs that passed our door. The anguish of my boyish pump was intense; as well as I was oft consoled, when speaking to my mistress inward the morning, to listen her say that the custom was real wicked; that she hated to listen the rattle of the chains as well as the heart-rending cries. I was glad to discover 1 who sympathized with me inward my horror.<br /> <br /> Fellow-citizens, this murderous traffic is, to-day, inward active functioning inward this boasted republic. In the solitude of my spirit I reckon clouds of dust raised on the highways of the South; I reckon the haemorrhage footsteps; I listen the doleful wail of fettered humanity on the way to the slave-markets, where the victims are to live sold similar horses, sheep, as well as swine, knocked off to the highest bidder. There I reckon the tenderest ties ruthlessly broken, to gratify the lust, caprice as well as rapacity of the buyers as well as sellers of men. My soul sickens at the sight.<br /> <br />     Is this the ground your Fathers loved,<br />     The liberty which they toiled to win?<br />     Is this the globe whereon they moved?<br />     Are these the graves they sleep in?<br /> <br /> But a still to a greater extent than inhuman, disgraceful, as well as scandalous province of things remains to live presented. By an deed of the American Congress, non yet 2 years old, slavery has been nationalized inward its most horrible as well as revolting form. By that act, Mason as well as Dixon's line has been obliterated; New York has go as Virginia; as well as the powerfulness to hold, hunt, as well as sell men, women as well as children, as slaves, remains no longer a mere province institution, but is straightaway an establishment of the whole United States. The powerfulness is co-extensive with the star-spangled banner, as well as American Christianity. Where these go, may also go the merciless slave-hunter. Where these are, human being is non sacred. He is a aeroplane for the sportsman's gun. By that most foul as well as fiendish of all human decrees, the liberty as well as individual of every human being are spot inward peril. Your broad republican domain is hunting footing for men. Not for thieves as well as robbers, enemies of society, merely, but for men guilty of no crime. Your law-makers have got commanded all skillful citizens to engage inward this hellish sport. Your President, your Secretary of State, your lords, nobles, as well as ecclesiastics enforce, as a duty you lot owe to your costless as well as glorious country, as well as to your God, that you lot do this accursed thing. Not fewer than xl Americans have, inside the past times 2 years, been hunted downwards and, without a moment's warning, hurried away inward chains, as well as consigned to slavery as well as excruciating torture. Some of these have got had wives as well as children, dependent on them for bread; but of this, no concern human relationship was made. The correct of the hunter to his prey stands superior to the correct of marriage, as well as to all rights inward this republic, the rights of God included! For dark men in that location is neither police nor justice, humanity nor religion. The Fugitive Slave Law makes mercy to them a crime; as well as bribes the justice who tries them. An American justice gets x dollars for every victim he consigns to slavery, as well as five, when he fails to do so. The oath of whatever 2 villains is sufficient, nether this hell-black enactment, to ship the most pious as well as exemplary dark human being into the remorseless jaws of slavery! His ain testimony is nothing. He tin convey no witnesses for himself. The government minister of American justice is bound past times the police to listen but 1 side; as well as that side is the side of the oppressor. Let this damning fact live perpetually told. Let it live thundered around the world that inward tyrant-killing, king-hating, people-loving, democratic, Christian America the seats of justice are filled with judges who take away hold their offices nether an opened upwards as well as palpable bribe, as well as are bound, inward deciding the instance of a man's liberty, to listen only his accusers!<br /> <br /> In glaring violation of justice, inward shameless disregard of the forms of administering law, inward cunning organisation to entrap the defenseless, as well as inward diabolical intent this Fugitive Slave Law stands solitary inward the annals of tyrannical legislation. I doubtfulness if in that location live some other nation on the globe having the brass as well as the baseness to spot such a police on the statute-book. If whatever human being inward this assembly thinks differently from me inward this matter, as well as feels able to disprove my statements, I volition gladly human face upwards him at whatever suitable fourth dimension as well as identify he may select.<br /> <br /> I choose this police to live 1 of the grossest infringements of Christian Liberty, and, if the churches as well as ministers of our province were nor stupidly blind, or most wickedly indifferent, they, too, would so regard it.<br /> <br /> At the real minute that they are thanking God for the enjoyment of civil as well as religious liberty, as well as for the correct to worship God according to the dictates of their ain consciences, they are utterly still inward honor to a police which robs faith of its main significance as well as makes it utterly worthless to a world lying inward wickedness. Did this police concern the "mint, anise, as well as cummin"-abridge the correct to sing psalms, to partake of the sacrament, or to engage inward whatever of the ceremonies of religion, it would live smitten past times the thunder of a one one thousand pulpits. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 full general hollo would go upwards from the church building demanding repeal, repeal, instant repeal!-And it would go hard with that politico who presumed to so licit the votes of the people without inscribing this motto on his banner. Further, if this demand were non complied with, some other Scotland would live added to the history of religious liberty, as well as the stern old covenanters would live thrown into the shade. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 John Knox would live seen at every church building door as well as heard from every pulpit, as well as Fillmore would have got no to a greater extent than quarter than was shown past times Knox to the beautiful, but treacherous, Queen Mary of Scotland. The fact that the church building of our province (with fractional exceptions) does non esteem "the Fugitive Slave Law" as a proclamation of state of war against religious liberty, implies that that church building regards faith simply as a shape of worship, an empty ceremony, as well as non a vital principle, requiring active benevolence, justice, love, as well as skillful volition towards man. It esteems sacrifice higher upwards mercy; psalm-singing higher upwards correct doing; solemn meetings higher upwards practical righteousness. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 worship that tin live conducted past times persons who spend upwards to give shelter to the houseless, to give staff of life to the hungry, article of apparel to the naked, as well as who enjoin obedience to a police forbidding these acts of mercy is a curse, non a approbation to mankind. The Bible addresses all such persons as "scribes, pharisees, hypocrites, who pay tithe of mint, anise, as well as cummin, as well as have got omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, as well as faith."<br /> <br /> But the church building of this province is non only indifferent to the wrongs of the slave, it really takes sides with the oppressors. It has made itself the bulwark of American slavery, as well as the shield of American slave-hunters. Many of its most eloquent Divines, who stand upwards as the real lights of the church, have got shamelessly given the sanction of faith as well as the Bible to the whole slave system. They have got taught that human being may, properly, live a slave; that the relation of master copy as well as slave is ordained of God; that to ship dorsum an escaped bondman to his master copy is clearly the duty of all the followers of the Lord Jesus Christ; as well as this horrible blasphemy is palmed off upon the world for Christianity.<br /> <br /> For my part, I would say, welcome infidelity! welcome atheism! welcome anything! inward preference to the gospel, as preached past times those Divines! They convert the real call of faith into an engine of tyranny as well as vicious cruelty, as well as serve to confirm to a greater extent than infidels, inward this age, than all the pagan writings of Thomas Paine, Voltaire, as well as Bolingbroke spot together have got done! These ministers create faith a mutual cold as well as flinty-hearted thing, having neither principles of correct activity nor bowels of compassion. They strip the honey of God of its beauty as well as leave of absence the throne of faith a huge, horrible, repulsive form. It is a faith for oppressors, tyrants, man-stealers, as well as thugs. It is non that "pure as well as undefiled religion" which is from above, as well as which is "first pure, as well as so peaceable, slow to live entreated, total of mercy as well as skillful fruits, without partiality, as well as with out hypocrisy." But a faith which favors the rich against the poor; which exalts the proud higher upwards the humble; which divides mankind into 2 classes, tyrants as well as slaves; which says to the human being inward chains, rest there; as well as to the oppressor, oppress on; it is a faith which may live professed as well as enjoyed past times all the robbers as well as enslavers of mankind; it makes God a respecter of persons, denies his fatherhood of the race, as well as tramples inward the dust the non bad truth of the brotherhood of man. All this nosotros affirm to live true of the pop church, as well as the pop worship of our ground as well as nation-a religion, a church, as well as a worship which, on the authorization of inspired wisdom, nosotros pronounce to live an abomination inward the sight of God. In the linguistic communication of Isaiah, the American church building mightiness live good addressed, "Bring no to a greater extent than vain oblations; incense is an abomination unto me: the novel moons as well as Sabbaths, the calling of assemblies, I cannot away with; it is iniquity, fifty-fifty the solemn meeting. Your novel moons, as well as your appointed feasts my soul hateth. They are a problem to me; I am weary to behave them; as well as when ye spread forth your hands I volition hide mine eyes from you. Yea' when ye create many prayers, I volition non hear. Your hands are total of blood; cease to do evil, larn to do well; seek judgment; salve the oppressed; justice for the fatherless; plead for the widow."<br /> <br /> The American church building is guilty, when viewed inward connecter with what it is doing to uphold slavery; but it is superlatively guilty when viewed inward its connecter with its powerfulness to abolish slavery.<br /> <br /> The sin of which it is guilty is 1 of omission as good as of commission. Albert Barnes but uttered what the mutual sense of every human being at all observant of the actual province of the instance volition have as truth, when he declared that "There is no powerfulness out of the church building that could sustain slavery an hour, if it were non sustained inward it."<br /> <br /> Let the religious press, the pulpit, the Dominicus School, the conference meeting, the non bad ecclesiastical, missionary, Bible as well as tract associations of the ground array their immense powers against slavery, as well as slave-holding; as well as the whole scheme of criminal offence as well as blood would live scattered to the winds, as well as that they do non do this involves them inward the most awful responsibleness of which the heed tin conceive.<br /> <br /> In prosecuting the anti-slavery enterprise, nosotros have got been asked to spare the church, to spare the ministry; but how, nosotros ask, could such a thing live done? We are met on the threshold of our efforts for the redemption of the slave, past times the church building as well as ministry building of the country, inward battle arrayed against us; as well as nosotros are compelled to combat or flee. From what quarter, I beg to know, has proceeded a ship away so deadly upon our ranks, during the finally 2 years, as from the Northern pulpit? As the champions of oppressors, the chosen men of American theology have got appeared-men honored for their so-called piety, as well as their existent learning. The Lords of Buffalo, the Springs of New York, the Lathrops of Auburn, the Coxes as well as Spencers of Brooklyn, the Gannets as well as Sharps of Boston, the Deweys of Washington, as well as other non bad religious lights of the ground have, inward utter denial of the authorization of Him past times whom they professed to live called to the ministry, deliberately taught us, against the instance of the Hebrews, as well as against the remonstrance of the Apostles, that nosotros ought to obey man's police earlier the police of God.2<br /> <br /> My spirit wearies of such blasphemy; as well as how such men tin live supported, as the "standing types as well as representatives of Jesus Christ," is a mystery which I leave of absence others to penetrate. In speaking of the American church, however, allow it live distinctly understood that I intend the non bad majority of the religious organizations of our land. There are exceptions, as well as I give thank you lot God that in that location are. Noble men may live found, scattered all over these Northern States, of whom Henry Ward Beecher, of Brooklyn; Samuel J. May, of Syracuse; as well as my esteemed friend (Rev. R. R. Raymond) on the platform, are shining examples; as well as allow me say further, that, upon these men lies the duty to inspire our ranks with high religious faith as well as zeal, as well as to cheer us on inward the non bad mission of the slave's redemption from his chains.<br /> <br /> One is struck with the departure betwixt the mental attitude of the American church building towards the anti-slavery movement, as well as that occupied past times the churches inward Eng ground towards a similar motility inward that country. There, the church, true to its mission of ameliorating, elevating as well as improving the status of mankind, came frontward promptly, bound upwards the wounds of the West Indian slave, as well as re stored him to his liberty. There, the interrogation of emancipation was a high religious question. It was demanded inward the call of humanity, as well as according to the police of the living God. The Sharps, the Clarksons, the Wilberforces, the Buxtons, the Burchells, as well as the Knibbs were alike famous for their piety as well as for their philanthropy. The anti-slavery motility in that location was non an anti-church movement, for the ground that the church building took its total part inward prosecuting that movement: as well as the anti-slavery motility inward this province volition cease to live an anti-church movement, when the church building of this province shall assume a favorable instead of a hostile spot towards that movement.<br /> <br /> Americans! your republican politics, non less than your republican religion, are flagrantly inconsistent. You boast of your honey of liberty, your superior civilization, as well as your pure Christianity, piece the whole political powerfulness of the nation (as embodied inward the 2 non bad political parties) is solemnly pledged to back upwards as well as perpetuate the enslavement of iii millions of your countrymen. You hurl your anathemas at the crowned headed tyrants of Russian Federation as well as Republic of Austria as well as pride yourselves on your Democratic institutions, piece you lot yourselves consent to live the mere tools as well as body-guards of the tyrants of Virginia as well as Carolina. You invite to your shores fugitives of oppression from abroad, laurels them with banquets, greet them with ovations, cheer them, toast them, salute them, protect them, as well as pour out your coin to them similar water; but the fugitives from oppression inward your ain ground you lot advertise, hunt, arrest, shoot, as well as kill. You glory inward your refinement as well as your universal education; yet you lot maintain a scheme as vicious as well as dreadful as ever stained the grapheme of a nation-a scheme begun inward avarice, supported inward pride, as well as perpetuated inward cruelty. You shed tears over fallen Hungary, as well as create the sorry even of her wrongs the theme of your poets, statesmen, as well as orators, till your gallant sons are create to wing to arms to vindicate her crusade against the oppressor; but, inward regard to the x one one thousand wrongs of the American slave, you lot would enforce the strictest silence, as well as would hail him as an enemy of the nation who dares to create those wrongs the dependent of world discourse! You are all on ship away at the advert of liberty for French Republic or for Ireland; but are as mutual cold as an iceberg at the thought of liberty for the enslaved of America. You discourse eloquently on the dignity of labor; yet, you lot sustain a scheme which, inward its real essence, casts a stigma upon labor. You tin bare your bosom to the tempest of British artillery to throw off a three-penny taxation on tea; as well as yet wring the finally hard earned farthing from the grasp of the dark laborers of your country. You profess to believe "that, of 1 blood, God made all nations of men to dwell on the human face of all the earth," as well as hath commanded all men, everywhere, to honey 1 another; yet you lot notoriously loathe (and glory inward your hatred) all men whose skins are non colored similar your own. You declare earlier the world, as well as are understood past times the world to declare that you lot "hold these truths to live self-evident, that all men are created equal; as well as are endowed past times their Creator with sure inward alienable rights; as well as that alongside these are, life, liberty, as well as the pursuit of happiness; as well as yet, you lot take away hold securely, inward a bondage which, according to your ain Thomas Jefferson, "is worse than ages of that which your fathers rose inward rebellion to oppose," a 7th portion of the inhabitants of your country.<br /> <br /> Fellow-citizens, I volition non enlarge farther on your national inconsistencies. The existence of slavery inward this province brands your republicanism as a sham, your humanity as a base of operations pretense, as well as your Christianity as a lie. It destroys your moral powerfulness abroad: it corrupts your politicians at home. It saps the foundation of religion; it makes your call a hissing as well as a bye-word to a mocking earth. It is the antagonistic forcefulness inward your government, the only thing that seriously disturbs as well as endangers your Union. it fetters your progress; it is the enemy of improvement; the deadly foe of education; it fosters pride; it breeds insolence; it promotes vice; it shelters crime; it is a curse to the globe that supports it; as well as yet you lot cling to it as if it were the canvas anchor of all your hopes. Oh! live warned! live warned! a horrible reptile is coiled upwards inward your nation's bosom; the venomous creature is nursing at the tender pectus of your youthful republic; for the honey of God, tear away, as well as fling from you lot the hideous monster, as well as allow the weight of xx millions crunch as well as destroy it forever!<br /> <br /> But it is answered inward reply to all this, that exactly what I have got straightaway denounced is, inward fact, guaranteed as well as sanctioned past times the Constitution of the United States; that, the correct to hold, as well as to hunt slaves is a portion of that Constitution framed past times the illustrious Fathers of this Republic.<br /> <br /> Then, I dare to affirm, notwithstanding all I have got said before, your fathers stooped, basely stooped<br /> <br />     To palter with us inward a double sense:<br />     And maintain the tidings of hope to the ear,<br />     But suspension it to the heart. <br /> <br /> And instead of beingness the honest men I have got earlier declared them to be, they were the veriest impostors that ever practiced on mankind. This is the inevitable conclusion, as well as from it in that location is no escape; but I differ from those who accuse this baseness on the framers of the Constitution of the United States. It is a slander upon their memory, at least, so I believe. There is non fourth dimension straightaway to combat the constitutional interrogation at length; nor have got I the powerfulness to verbalize over it as it ought to live discussed. The dependent has been handled with masterly powerfulness past times Lysander Spooner, Esq. past times William Goodell, past times Samuel E. Sewall, Esq., as well as last, though non least, past times Gerrit Smith, Esq. These gentlemen have, as I think, fully as well as clearly vindicated the Constitution from whatever blueprint to back upwards slavery for an hour.<br /> <br /> Fellow-citizens! in that location is no affair inward honor to which the people of the North have got allowed themselves to live so ruinously imposed upon as that of the pro-slavery grapheme of the Constitution. In that musical instrument I take away hold in that location is neither warrant, license, nor sanction of the intend thing; but interpreted, as it ought to live interpreted, the Constitution is a glorious liberty document. Read its preamble, consider its purposes. Is slavery alongside them? Is it at the gate way? or is it inward the temple? it is neither. While I do non intend to combat this interrogation on the introduce occasion, allow me ask, if it live non somewhat singular that, if the Constitution were intended to be, past times its framers as well as adopters, a slaveholding instrument, why neither slavery, slaveholding, nor slave tin whatever where live found inward it. What would live thought of an instrument, drawn up, legally drawn up, for the usage of entitling the metropolis of Rochester to a tract of land, inward which no advert of ground was made? Now, in that location are sure rules of interpretation for the proper understanding of all legal instruments. These rules are good established. They are plain, commonsense rules, such as you lot as well as I, as well as all of us, tin understand as well as apply, without having passed years inward the written report of law. I scout the thought that the interrogation of the constitutionality, or unconstitutionality of slavery, is non a interrogation for the people. I take away hold that every American citizen has a correct to shape an sentiment of the constitution, as well as to propagate that opinion, as well as to usage all honorable agency to create his sentiment the prevailing one. Without this right, the liberty of an American citizen would live as insecure as that of a Frenchman. Ex-Vice-President Dallas tells us that the constitution is an object to which no American heed tin live too attentive, as well as no American pump too devoted. He farther says, the Constitution, inward its words, is apparently as well as intelligible, as well as is meant for the home-bred, unsophisticated understandings of our fellow-citizens. Senator Berrien tells us that the Constitution is the telephone commutation law, that which controls all others. The charter of our liberties, which every citizen has a personal involvement inward understanding thoroughly. The testimony of Senator Breese, Lewis Cass, as well as many others that mightiness live named, who are everywhere esteemed as audio lawyers, so regard the constitution. I choose it, therefore, that it is non presumption inward a private citizen to shape an sentiment of that instrument.<br /> <br /> Now, choose the Constitution according to its apparently reading, as well as I defy the presentation of a unmarried pro-slavery clause inward it. On the other hand, it volition live found to incorporate principles as well as purposes, only hostile to the existence of slavery.<br /> <br /> I have got detained my audience only too long already. At some futurity flow I volition gladly avail myself of an chance to give this dependent a total as well as fair discussion.<br /> <br /> Allow me to say, inward conclusion, notwithstanding the dark motion painting I have got this 24-hour interval presented, of the province of the nation, I do non despair of this country. There are forces inward functioning which must inevitably function the downfall of slavery.<br /> <br /> "The arm of the Lord is non shortened," as well as the doom of slavery is certain. I, therefore, leave of absence off where I began, with hope. While drawing encouragement from "the Declaration of Independence," the non bad principles it contains, as well as the genius of American Institutions, my spirit is also cheered past times the obvious tendencies of the age. Nations do non straightaway stand upwards inward the same relation to each other that they did ages ago. No nation tin straightaway unopen itself upwards from the surrounding world as well as trot circular inward the same old path of its fathers without interference. The fourth dimension was when such could live done. Long established customs of hurtful grapheme could formerly fence themselves in, as well as do their evil function with social impunity. Knowledge was as well as so confined as well as enjoyed past times the privileged few, as well as the multitude walked on inward mental darkness. But a alter has straightaway come upwards over the affairs of mankind. Walled cities as well as empires have got go unfashionable. The arm of commerce has borne away the gates of the potent city. Intelligence is penetrating the darkest corners of the globe. It makes its pathway over as well as nether the sea, as good as on the earth. Wind, steam, as well as lightning are its chartered agents. Oceans no longer divide, but link nations together. From Boston to London is straightaway a vacation excursion. Space is comparatively annihilated.-Thoughts expressed on 1 side of the Atlantic are distinctly heard on the other.<br /> <br /> The far off as well as almost fabulous Pacific rolls inward grandeur at our feet. The Celestial Empire, the mystery of ages, is beingness solved. The fiat of the Almighty, "Let in that location live Light," has non yet spent its force. No abuse, no outrage whether inward taste, sport or avarice, tin straightaway hide itself from the all-pervading light. The Fe shoe, as well as crippled human foot of China must live seen inward contrast with nature. Africa must ascension as well as spot on her yet unwoven garment. "Ethiopia shall stretch out her manus unto God." In the fervent aspirations of William Lloyd Garrison, I say, as well as allow every pump bring together inward maxim it:<br /> <br />     God speed the twelvemonth of jubilee<br />     The broad world o'er!<br />     When from their galling chains laid free,<br />     Th' oppress'd shall vilely curvature the knee,<br /> <br />     And have on the yoke of tyranny<br />     Like brutes no more.<br />     That twelvemonth volition come, as well as freedom's reign.<br />     To human being his plundered rights again<br />     Restore.<br /> <br />     God speed the 24-hour interval when human blood<br />     Shall cease to flow!<br />     In every clime live understood,<br />     The claims of human brotherhood,<br />     And each homecoming for evil, good,<br />     Not blow for blow;<br /> <br />     That 24-hour interval volition come upwards all feuds to end,<br />     And alter into a faithful friend<br />     Each foe.</div>

The Important Of July Quaternary For The Negro -- An 1852 Spoken Communication Past Times Frederick Douglass

The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro past times Frederick Douglass A spoken communication given at Rochester, New York, July 5, 18...

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Queen Amina Of Zazzau: A Westward African Warrior Queen

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHY-iEdlVgLlrNN29C7I3twdjwssoDeSdkNigwQ2RIWDpAZo33Iu_qyi1TT9Xe3YfOkwIJaAUD1KYpnjX4BvcKTp4TL3De-azCrVsWV_w-OQVEeDWd_RaejgpRk9bdPykmtfXZPOzXdGY/s1600/Queen+Amina+elder+daughter+of+Bakwa+Turunku+Zazzau+Kingdom.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHY-iEdlVgLlrNN29C7I3twdjwssoDeSdkNigwQ2RIWDpAZo33Iu_qyi1TT9Xe3YfOkwIJaAUD1KYpnjX4BvcKTp4TL3De-azCrVsWV_w-OQVEeDWd_RaejgpRk9bdPykmtfXZPOzXdGY/s400/Queen+Amina+elder+daughter+of+Bakwa+Turunku+Zazzau+Kingdom.JPG" width="332" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image of Queen Amina of the Zazzau Kingdom of West Africa</td></tr> </tbody></table> Queen Amina (also known every bit Queen Aminatu), was the elderberry immature lady of Queen Bakwa Turunku, the founder of the Zazzau Kingdom inwards 1536. Some scholars appointment Queen Amina's reign to close 1549, every bit heir apparent afterwards the decease of her mother. This medieval African kingdom was located inwards the percentage straight off known every bit the Kaduna State inwards the north-central percentage of Nigeria, working capital alphabetic lineament at the modern metropolis of Zaria. Zaria (aka <span class="st">Birnin <i>Zaria</i>) was named afterwards Queen Amina's younger sis Zariya, and</span> is where the Royal Palace of Zaria resided.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN-KddqRgV0Swwura4T63VQ7x3Mt7ilIAD4j5rhZtLriYnR2fGOW8VXGxTcamDlvQ7JyfMgFX8M4YOl50D69zToTylxMBpkdWLVxmPJn3OfUd0xCBN72cGDyeapJx32Bcs33JQHVVgvxM/s1600/Queen+Amina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN-KddqRgV0Swwura4T63VQ7x3Mt7ilIAD4j5rhZtLriYnR2fGOW8VXGxTcamDlvQ7JyfMgFX8M4YOl50D69zToTylxMBpkdWLVxmPJn3OfUd0xCBN72cGDyeapJx32Bcs33JQHVVgvxM/s1600/Queen+Amina.jpg" /></a></div> <br /> The earliest commentator to cite Queen Amina is Muhammed Bello's history<i> Ifaq al-Maysur</i>, composed roughly 1836. Queen Amina is too mentioned inwards the <a href="http://www.cifas.us/sites/cifas.drupalgardens.com/files/1984b_KanoChron_BC.pdf" target="_blank">Kano Chronicle</a>, a well-regarded in addition to detailed history of the metropolis of Kano in addition to the surrounding Hausa people. It was composed inwards the slow 19th century in addition to incorporated before oral histories before the Fulani jihad of 1804-1810. It included king-lists of the diverse Hausa kingdoms.<br /> <br /> Known every bit a corking military machine strategist, the cavalry-trained Queen Amina fought many wars that expanded this southern-most Hausa kingdom. According to the <a href="http://www.siiasi.org/Chapter%207%20_Infaaq_.pdf" target="_blank">Sankore Institute of Islamic - African Studies International</a>, a non-profit, non-political educational institution, reporting on this percentage of the Hausa:<br /> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <i>These 7 regions witnessed many odd in addition to foreign events. The commencement to constitute authorities amid them, every bit it has been claimed, was Amina, the immature lady of the Amir of Zakzak. She made military machine assaults upon these lands until she proclaimed herself over them past times force. The lands of Katsina in addition to Kano were forced to manus over levy to her. She too made incursions into the lands of Bauchi until she reached the Atlantic Ocean to the due south in addition to west. She died inwards a house called Attaagar. It was for this argue that the kingdom of Zakzak was the most extensive amid the kingdoms of Hausa, since Bauchi included many regions. </i></blockquote> Here, it appears that Zakzak is Zazzau, in addition to the reference is to Queen Amina. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQF6x1jzNOjurN8GN5CsYVTtFee3FtQwdQXzeupwi2JsaytSAa5SrWCvGX_9Lk7asc1tAH7uei_zl4V2RgRmEEYSFTMlcY4P_uoGvtkIyZabEt0uXPRcBdZBh8FVMc4eHHXQG_5PEMhOU/s320/Queen+Amina+Sculpture.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="240" /></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Public sculpture of the warrior Queen Amina inwards Nigeria</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> Queen Amina is a legend amid the Hausa people for her military machine exploits. She controlled the merchandise routes inwards the region, erecting a network of commerce inside the corking earthen walls that surrounded Hausa cities inside her dominion. According to the Kano Chronicle, she conquered every bit far every bit Nupe in addition to Kwarafa, ruling for 34 years. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK7N1faCmValGTijiAEx1Rjsx9nY5f8YijX5Dj4rgEOCgRvO3hE9-jHEWG7jZzYZRWXLQybgCdLEIUjoSgJlX0SI0McT9ZMQnv-S9u-Ik4wKGl3UIetCrTPCQRJLq3_i7HrFwEx7vZxQ8/s1600/Queen+Amina+of+Zaria+African+stamp.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK7N1faCmValGTijiAEx1Rjsx9nY5f8YijX5Dj4rgEOCgRvO3hE9-jHEWG7jZzYZRWXLQybgCdLEIUjoSgJlX0SI0McT9ZMQnv-S9u-Ik4wKGl3UIetCrTPCQRJLq3_i7HrFwEx7vZxQ8/s320/Queen+Amina+of+Zaria+African+stamp.jpg" width="203" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Commemorative postage stamp of Queen of Amina of Zaria.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> By 1805, the percentage was captured past times the Fulani during the Fulani jihad. By 1901, Frederick Lugard led British forces in addition to captured Zaria every bit a protectorate state. This is the same twelvemonth that it is reported that Zaria sought British protection against slave raids from the Kontagora region. After a Zaria magaji (representative) murdered the British Captain Moloney inwards 1902 at Keffi, the British stripped the emirate of most of its vassal states. Since Nigeria's independence from the British inwards 1960, Zaria is i of its largest traditional emirates.</div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRU7x54oltWkhEVd0bQPrr9WBRl4tTzxJ2OlE2X2CC5xC6TGZHz8aVRKC2VoinzHigH9hhi7gW4kuU-_6RWXXLMWqThXXIk3dCk9VyTQ_koITICzgccNsacE-qgvBGdIgB4-N7nRY7T_U/s1600/Photo+Zaria+Nigeria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRU7x54oltWkhEVd0bQPrr9WBRl4tTzxJ2OlE2X2CC5xC6TGZHz8aVRKC2VoinzHigH9hhi7gW4kuU-_6RWXXLMWqThXXIk3dCk9VyTQ_koITICzgccNsacE-qgvBGdIgB4-N7nRY7T_U/s320/Photo+Zaria+Nigeria.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Gate to the palace of the emir of Zazzau</td></tr> </tbody></table> Zaria metropolis was originally surrounded past times walls built past times Queen Amina, but those walls bring since been removed. The to a higher house shown entrance is to the palace of the <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11418542" target="_blank">Emir of Zazzau</a>. The emir counsels over a percentage larger than the metropolis of Zaria. Despite the rising of the nation-states inwards Africa, the emirs exert meaning ability inside the percentage in addition to represents the continuation of the traditional leadership of the historical kingdom-states.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwlWcuKdqJjQh42rckOvcahjHCK8N-XxFUlz0vX181djbCp1za7RL0IHhrGZ86VsqHl5Ss7HdUmogAB5g9js5qGy0VggRHdCqi1eiOvQb381pWW_XfY7Ywahm6UUCXS5xkxP3m0p45oog/s1600/clay+houses+of+Zaria+Nigeria.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwlWcuKdqJjQh42rckOvcahjHCK8N-XxFUlz0vX181djbCp1za7RL0IHhrGZ86VsqHl5Ss7HdUmogAB5g9js5qGy0VggRHdCqi1eiOvQb381pWW_XfY7Ywahm6UUCXS5xkxP3m0p45oog/s320/clay+houses+of+Zaria+Nigeria.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: community inwards metropolis of Zaria, representing traditional Hausa architecture inwards Africa.</td></tr> </tbody></table> Zaria is habitation to Ahmadu Bello University, the largest academy inwards Nigeria in addition to the 2nd largest academy on the African continent. The academy is really prominent inwards the fields of Agriculture, Science, Finance, Medicine in addition to Law.</div>

Queen Amina Of Zazzau: A Westward African Warrior Queen

Image of Queen Amina of the Zazzau Kingdom of West Africa Queen Amina (also known every bit Queen Aminatu), was the elderberry immatur...

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What Harriet Tubman Teaches Us Today

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <i><span class="st"><i></i></span></i></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD1YSZrdfGAocni5GF-9a20rJ8MmPRl1lSqJOeIk3GYZOP5YFsLVYL9i4AoTLo58kELRB5HQip8Q7OhvHelvxa9vPE9piyvGfktbhnKiwec-igpEN-UwCUpmUf9RplBxDGlbWBAXe-Ndo/s1600/Photo+Harriet+Tubman+1911.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD1YSZrdfGAocni5GF-9a20rJ8MmPRl1lSqJOeIk3GYZOP5YFsLVYL9i4AoTLo58kELRB5HQip8Q7OhvHelvxa9vPE9piyvGfktbhnKiwec-igpEN-UwCUpmUf9RplBxDGlbWBAXe-Ndo/s640/Photo+Harriet+Tubman+1911.jpg" width="477" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Harriet Tubman, The Moses of Her People <span class="st">(born circa 1825 – died March 10, 1913)</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <i></i></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="st"><i>Harriet Tubman</i> was an African adult woman as well as anti-slavery activist inwards the eastern Atlantic coastal part that would locomote known every bit the New England as well as after the United States of America of America. </span>Tubman carried out cloak-and-dagger operations against slavery that could competition the most sophisticated armed forces strategies known to Western armed forces lore. If y'all are wondering why her story is non revered to a greater extent than inwards United States of America history, it is because she symbolizes the defeat of the myth of European govern over African people.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBWgI_khhkJZ-hukKPTd1Sf95VGMa3OZ13T56FFZeV2QAzfNPPCGacSkCGmXw8kS-5JlvGqIq6IIgnc-rdsdXvPmezKIYQzXKO4tynqDzcDBb5FccF-K4htsKfwmgFdC1KFDpTXKXICXM/s200/Photo+of+Harriet+Tubman+1885+by+H.+Seymour+Squyer.jpg" width="119" /></i> An exact appointment of nativity for Tubman is unknown, but commentators written report that she believed she was born inwards 1825, accounts vary from 1820 to 1825. Her parents were Harriet Green as well as Benjamin Ross, a captured as well as enslaved African dyad who named their daughter kid Araminta Ross. The mention Araminta also arises with the children of Africa inwards Salvador, Bahia. There is also the metropolis of <span class="st"><i>Aramita</i> inwards the Oyam District, inwards the Northern Region of Uganda. The accounts are non clear every bit to the exact origins of her parents inwards Africa. Her maternal grandmother, whose mention was Modesty, is her earliest known ancestor born inwards Africa. Her grandmother would acquire inwards into slavery with the Patterson identify unit of measurement along the Eastern Shore of Maryland, a</span>ccording to the biographer Catherine Clinton's mass <i>Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom</i>. Araminta Ross had brothers as well as sisters as well as would get hitched with as well as receive got children of her own. In 1844, at the historic catamenia of 25, she married <a href="http://www.math.buffalo.edu/ sww/0history/hwny-tubman.html" target="_blank">John Tubman</a>. She married Nelson Davis inwards 1869 as well as they shared nineteen years inwards marriage. After becoming free, she changed her mention to Harriet -- the mention of her mother.</div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> What receive got nosotros learned from Harriet Tubman? I asked this enquiry during times when musicians as well as artists of African descent experience it appropriate to fictionalize her life through imagery that would convey debauchery upon her legacy. While comments require review at this weblog earlier posting due to efforts to crash the weblog through comments, I encourage y'all to part your ain thoughts virtually Tubman here.<b> </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i><b>Where Do We Go From Here?</b></i></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <i><br /></i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> In 1967, when MD Martin Luther King, Jr. penned his Atlantic vocalization communication <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=dr-martin-luther-king-jr-atlanta-speech" target="_blank">Where Do We Go From Here?</a> King must receive got been channeling our ancestors, including Harriet Tubman. For Tubman, the answer to this historic catamenia old enquiry of a long wandering people, people of an ancient lineage - the oldest - was clearly that nosotros must non maintain a presence with those who would enslave our real bodies. While physical slavery with Africans has been overcome, inwards pregnant work -- I volition acquire out tidings of the prison theatre industrial complex every bit physical slavery to but about other solar daytime -- the biggest challenge facing African families inwards the diaspora today is systemic racism that is fueled past times the continued myth of European superiority. This translates inwards our daily lives into the marginalization of African identify unit of measurement life at diverse levels: spiritually, psychologically, economically, etc. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> Where produce nosotros locomote from here? We must maintain our cultural integrity with a people who would exploit our talents to promote debase cultural arts. We must found community institutions as well as identify unit of measurement structures that promote existent liberty for our children. We must laurels the old civil rights. These are all fights worth undertaking. </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i><b>Save Yourself - By Any Means Necessary</b></i></div> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> There has been a long running dictomy inside African cultures since fourth dimension immemorial. Malcolm X as well as King were examples of but 1 of those dictomies, representing the African Muslim human being as well as the African Christian man. What the 2 men shared was the 1 swell aim towards the liberty of African people. Nothing extra, but fair chance similar everyone else on the planet.<br /> <br /> Harriet Tubman did non hold off on anyone to gratis her from the bondage of physical slavery. She did non hold off on a leader to ascent up. She became the leader. She proclaimed herself free. Equipped with a steadfast conclusion that liberty was her natural lot as well as no human had a correct to receive got that away from her, Tubman teaches us that nosotros must outset salve ourselves, past times whatever agency necessary. </div> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FWJKZNe_Wsl3vbTRj1z1p01177sAYxmlMALEFrBiSjEWzmIjSZqzFNCMfaW1m7rlrFrSH927-VMjTjsk28pVYfkbfEtAdGPdtwen-E0OYOgXG1GdQpnatleN9twrMJpqoH8WALRG87w/s1600/Image+of+Harriet+Tubman+Runaway+Slave+Reward+Notice+1849.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FWJKZNe_Wsl3vbTRj1z1p01177sAYxmlMALEFrBiSjEWzmIjSZqzFNCMfaW1m7rlrFrSH927-VMjTjsk28pVYfkbfEtAdGPdtwen-E0OYOgXG1GdQpnatleN9twrMJpqoH8WALRG87w/s400/Image+of+Harriet+Tubman+Runaway+Slave+Reward+Notice+1849.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr> <tr align="justify"></tr> </tbody></table> <blockquote> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">The Cambridge Democrat promised a vantage for the recovery of "MINTY, aged virtually 27 years, is of a chestnut color, fine looking, as well as virtually five feet high." She would fetch $50 if located inwards Maryland. During the 1930s, the creative individual Jacob Lawrence depicted the life of Harriet Tubman as well as included a runaway notice every bit text for 1 of the 31 images inwards his fine art panels. The caption stated "negro girl, Harriet, sometimes called Minty. Is black chestnut color, rather stout build, but vivid as well as handsome. Speaks rather deep as well as has a scar over the left temple."</span></blockquote> </blockquote> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody></tbody></table> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOvOCu257NUrdzJ8enaGmiCG7CxnZXQVSsUzYIMwEW8kpHisloVeC_uNGrfS2TwQAPBzUv6T08as7RZ55qc2YQRJC6Idf9dGPm6DwoOmMJ8gpTn96d06ze3BZMdCBdVz2SUs95MhraOUw/s1600/tubman-500.jpg"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOvOCu257NUrdzJ8enaGmiCG7CxnZXQVSsUzYIMwEW8kpHisloVeC_uNGrfS2TwQAPBzUv6T08as7RZ55qc2YQRJC6Idf9dGPm6DwoOmMJ8gpTn96d06ze3BZMdCBdVz2SUs95MhraOUw/s1600/tubman-500.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOvOCu257NUrdzJ8enaGmiCG7CxnZXQVSsUzYIMwEW8kpHisloVeC_uNGrfS2TwQAPBzUv6T08as7RZ55qc2YQRJC6Idf9dGPm6DwoOmMJ8gpTn96d06ze3BZMdCBdVz2SUs95MhraOUw/s320/tubman-500.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> </div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody></tbody></table> <i><b> </b></i><br /> <i><b>Don't Look Back - No Fear</b></i></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;" trbidi="on"> Before Harriet Tubman escaped, she spoke of a recurring dream of a "flight" to freedom:<br /> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <i>"flying over fields as well as towns, as well as rivers as well as mountains, looking downwards upon them 'like a bird,' as well as reaching at final a swell fence, or sometimes a river, over which she would attempt to fly.... It "'peared similar I wouldn't receive got the strength, as well as but every bit I was sinkin' down, at that spot would survive ladies all drest inwards white over there, as well as they would issue their arms as well as clit me 'cross." -- From </i>Harriet Tubman, the Moses of Her People<i>, Sarah Bradford (1993).</i></blockquote> One of Harriet Tubman's legacy stories is that when she took her freedom, she went dorsum to gratis others. She became 1 of those ladies all dressed inwards white who would aid clit those over who dared to wing to freedom.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD1YSZrdfGAocni5GF-9a20rJ8MmPRl1lSqJOeIk3GYZOP5YFsLVYL9i4AoTLo58kELRB5HQip8Q7OhvHelvxa9vPE9piyvGfktbhnKiwec-igpEN-UwCUpmUf9RplBxDGlbWBAXe-Ndo/s1600/Photo+Harriet+Tubman+1911.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD1YSZrdfGAocni5GF-9a20rJ8MmPRl1lSqJOeIk3GYZOP5YFsLVYL9i4AoTLo58kELRB5HQip8Q7OhvHelvxa9vPE9piyvGfktbhnKiwec-igpEN-UwCUpmUf9RplBxDGlbWBAXe-Ndo/s200/Photo+Harriet+Tubman+1911.jpg" width="149" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr> </tbody></table> Along the way, at that spot were those who decided at but about signal along the journeying that the toll of liberty was also high. The fright of the flying to liberty became also great. They would rather plough dorsum to the plantation life of slavery. Well, somebody should receive got told them virtually our ancestor Tubman. As 1 of the master conductors of the Underground Railroad, the passage on her educate was a one-way ticket. No halt overs as well as no provide tickets. <br /> <br /> This was reasonable. Slaveholders treated slaves every bit commodities, promoting childbearing to increase their belongings interests. These same slavers would receive got no remorse on a returned slave when it came to torturing the liberty route correct out of him. The brutality that such a slave would undergo is beyond our modern capacity to imagine. Tubman could non receive got the jeopardy of having slavers on her track. You either maintain towards liberty or y'all die. </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Don't Look Back - But Do Reach Back</b></span></i></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: small;">A fugitive daughter inwards her twenties ventured from the exclusively domicile she knew hoping to detect freedom. When Harriet Tubman left the slave nation of Maryland during September 1849, she was a spouse who had to acquire out her ain married adult man behind because he did non part her dream of freedom. She made a treacherous journeying that required a mighty nervus as well as resourcefulness, peculiarly for a woman. In the night, led past times the North Star, she did non know when the audio of bloodhounds were aimed for her or others. She would receive got to depend on all the teachings of her people to navigate through unknown lands.</span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> When Tubman arrived inwards the gratis North, southeastern Pennsylvania, most of Delaware as well as northeastern Maryland contained the largest concentration of gratis Africans inwards the nation. By 1850, to a greater extent than Africans resided inwards these 3 states than gratis Africans inwards all other states combined. Tubman sought refuge inwards Philadelphia where liberties with Black Philadephians were quite striking inwards price of mobility as well as economical opportunity.<br /> <br /> When compared to her one-time Maryland home, gratis Africans had their ain institutions: churches as well as charities, edifice as well as loan collectives, insurance as well as burial societies, divide branches of the Masons as well as other learned club groups. Soon, every bit the issue of Africans grew, along with their prosperity, Northern cities similar Philadelphia began enacting an increasing issue of Fugitive Slave Laws, Bloodhound Laws as well as Slave Codes to acquire by the growing anxiety that this prosperity created with the European populations.<br /> <br /> Despite these challenges, Harriet Tubman found work inwards the North as well as became self supporting. Why would Tubman locomote dorsum into the slave territories to gratis others inwards the early on 1850s? Fugitives spent major resources evading the possible sight of slavers who had also built cloak-and-dagger channels aimed at recovering the bodies of Africans they believed belonged to them.<br /> <br /> Tubman had secured function inwards the North. She had liberty of mobility as well as lived inwards a large metropolis with many comforts similar many of us today. There is no way to genuinely know what convinced Tubman, a adult woman with a bounty over her head, that she herself must locomote dorsum into the slavers territory to aid rescue others. It may receive got come upwards outset from her beloved for her family. Biographers written report that her outset mission was to convey her niece, Kizzy, as well as Kizzy's off-springs out of slavery. The tidings was that they were scheduled to appear earlier a slaver's auction block. <br /> <br /> Looking back, how many of us would locomote back? Does Sankofa but symbolize looking dorsum at history with the comfort of a perceived distance, or does it hateful looking dorsum to encounter improve what's going on correct now? In today's world, with all its ills, who would survive a modify agent for a to a greater extent than peaceful as well as gratis society? How many are willing to risk their ain liberty to aid but about other gain freedom? How many are grappling with their ain personal liberty choices inwards today's world? The legacy of Harriet Tubman is powerful as well as has much to learn us today.</div> </div> </div>

What Harriet Tubman Teaches Us Today

Photo: Harriet Tubman, The Moses of Her People (born circa 1825 – died March 10, 1913) Harriet Tubman was an African adult woman...

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Hannibal: Dominion Of The Carthaginians Inwards Africa Too Europe

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOs0MM0QqThByXCGNkJZ_CJHLJR9gD2t3KIvbdfOnqo3CqHfF5_f_qtgELWSCT44tbSLMgsj5N1NYMk64PZIgw4H7Vrf34bvRTTkF9VQiRQzb4whOyrnQ0gUwNgvJbOoRcRzKHHC0BP5I/s1600/Hannibal+Fresco+Capitolinec+1510.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOs0MM0QqThByXCGNkJZ_CJHLJR9gD2t3KIvbdfOnqo3CqHfF5_f_qtgELWSCT44tbSLMgsj5N1NYMk64PZIgw4H7Vrf34bvRTTkF9VQiRQzb4whOyrnQ0gUwNgvJbOoRcRzKHHC0BP5I/s400/Hannibal+Fresco+Capitolinec+1510.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10.909090995788574px; line-height: 15.82386302947998px; text-align: left;">Hannibal's celebrated feat inwards crossing the Alps with </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_elephant" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10.909090995788574px; line-height: 15.82386302947998px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="Hannibal: Rule of the Carthaginians inwards Africa together with Europe">war elephants</a><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10.909090995788574px; line-height: 15.82386302947998px; text-align: left;"> passed into European legend: </span><br /> <span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10.909090995788574px; line-height: 15.82386302947998px; text-align: left;">detail of a fresco past times Jacopo Ripanda, </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10.909090995788574px; line-height: 15.82386302947998px; text-align: left;">ca. 1510, Capitoline Museums, Rome. </span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Put <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=hannibal-barca-of-carthage-north-africa" target="_blank">Hannibal</a> inwards the scales: how many pounds volition that peerless </i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>General grade upwards today? This is the homo for whom Africa</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Was also small-scale a continent, though it stretched from the surf-beaten</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Ocean shores of Kingdom of Morocco due east to the stormy Nile,</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>To tribal Ethiopia, together with novel elephants’ habitats.</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Now Espana swells his empire, similar a shot he surmounts</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>The Pyrenees. Nature sets inwards his path</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>High Alpine passes, blizzards of snow: only he splits</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>The really rocks asunder, moves mountains amongst vinegar.</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Now Italia is his, yet nevertheless he forces on:</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>‘We convey accomplished nothing,’ he cries,’ till nosotros convey stormed</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>The gates of Rome, till our Carthaginian standard</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Is laid upwards inwards the City’s heart.’ H5N1 fine sight it must convey been,</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Fit dependent champaign for caricature — the one-eyed commander</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Perched on his monstrous beast! Alas, alas for glory,</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>What an goal was here: the defeat, the ignominious</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Headlong flying into exile, everyone gawping at</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>The once-mighty Hannibal turned humble hanger-on,</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Sitting exterior the door of a piffling Eastern despot</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Till His Majesty deign to wake. No sword, no spear,</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>No battle-flung stone was to snuff the fiery spirit</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>That i time had wrecked a world: those crushing defeats,</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Those rivers of spilt blood were all wiped out past times a</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Ring, a poisoned ring. On, on, you lot madman, drive</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Over your brutal Alps, to thrill immature schoolboys</i></span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>And provide a topic for speech-day recitations!</i></span></h3> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <i>-- Juvenal, Satire X, lines 147-67 (Translated past times Peter Green)</i></blockquote> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8lfkFc7YH3vZx8VbfDe1Oi8E7E-L6G0u6BhXMEvWzAMbG59Z9GWHaWUxku1zqMXIN2uqwKrU2eOFtFopHVDL5L3sEIJEeF7w7rDT3y-aQgrhqxGoDD0pniVf0ZNIvjAW5b0iDuCV9Dto/s1600/Hannibal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8lfkFc7YH3vZx8VbfDe1Oi8E7E-L6G0u6BhXMEvWzAMbG59Z9GWHaWUxku1zqMXIN2uqwKrU2eOFtFopHVDL5L3sEIJEeF7w7rDT3y-aQgrhqxGoDD0pniVf0ZNIvjAW5b0iDuCV9Dto/s320/Hannibal.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=hannibal-barca-of-carthage-north-africa" target="_blank"><br /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=hannibal-barca-of-carthage-north-africa" target="_blank">Read Blog About Hannibal Here</a></div> </div>

Hannibal: Dominion Of The Carthaginians Inwards Africa Too Europe

Hannibal's celebrated feat inwards crossing the Alps with  war elephants  passed into European legend:  detail of a fresco past time...

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Henry Highland Garnet: An Address To The Slaves Of The United States Of America

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJIso6RUS3FHLTnS7JDpXf0aSQgdui50zp38kRZ6RsNprMIFlehhCi3qg93P4HurC1ioeJ-UZFmI1ZpY0kMTJIB4vLiRSeO11TvZuahhNxPpF30H3PfSNYkHzdVxQObIDldHiZhetnXsA/s1600/Photo+Henry+Highland+Garnet+circa+1881.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJIso6RUS3FHLTnS7JDpXf0aSQgdui50zp38kRZ6RsNprMIFlehhCi3qg93P4HurC1ioeJ-UZFmI1ZpY0kMTJIB4vLiRSeO11TvZuahhNxPpF30H3PfSNYkHzdVxQObIDldHiZhetnXsA/s1600/Photo+Henry+Highland+Garnet+circa+1881.jpg" width="252" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Henry Highland Garnet, circa 1881. <br /> National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution</td></tr> </tbody></table> <i>Henry Highland Garnet (b. Dec 23, 1815 – d. Feb 13, 1882) was oft categorized equally a radical abolitionist minister because he discussed civil disobedience, including armed resistance. Born into the United States' slavery organization inwards 1815 Maryland, at the estate of Colonel William Spencer, past times historic catamenia 9, Garnet would escape with his father, a captured Mandingo chief. His virile someone raise led the identify unit of measurement through the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=what-harriet-tubman-teaches-us-today" target="_blank">Underground Railroad</a> organization from Maryland to Delaware, Pennsylvania and, finally, New York. This would grade merely the firstly of Garnet's many challenges to alive costless with the racially volatile Europeans of the Americas who were bent on maintaining Africans equally a slave class.</i> <br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> AN ADDRESS TO THE SLAVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA  </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> BY HENRY HIGHLAND GARNET. <br /> ______________________  </div> <br /> This Address, past times Henry Highland Garnet, was made earlier the National Convention of Colored Citizens on August 16, 1843 inwards Buffalo, New York <br /> <br /> Brethren as well as Fellow-Citizens: Your brethren of the North, East, as well as West take hold been accustomed to come across together inwards National Conventions, to understand with each other, as well as to shout over your unhappy condition. In these meetings nosotros take hold addressed all classes of the free, but nosotros take hold never, until this time, sent a give-and-take of consolation as well as advice to you. We take hold been contented inwards sitting nevertheless as well as mourning over your sorrows, earnestly hoping that earlier this twenty-four hr catamenia your sacred liberties would take hold been restored. But, nosotros take hold hoped inwards vain. Years take hold rolled on, as well as tens of thousands take hold been borne on streams of blood as well as tears, to the shores of eternity. While you lot take hold been oppressed, nosotros take hold also been partakers with you; nor tin can nosotros live costless patch you lot are enslaved. We, therefore, write to you lot equally beingness boundary with you. <br /> <br /> Many of you lot are boundary to us, non only past times the ties of a mutual humanity, but nosotros are connected past times the to a greater extent than tender relations of parents, wives, husbands, children, brothers, as well as sisters, as well as friends. As such nosotros most affectionately address you. <br /> <br /> Slavery has fixed a deep gulf betwixt you lot as well as us, as well as patch it shuts out from you lot the relief as well as consolation which your friends would willingly render, it afflicts as well as persecutes you lot with a fierce- ness which nosotros powerfulness non await to catch inwards the fiends of hell. But nevertheless the Almighty Father of mercies has left to us a glimmering ray of hope, which shines out similar a solitary star inwards a cloudy sky. Mankind are becoming wiser, as well as better—the oppressor’s ability is fading, as well as you, every day, are becoming ameliorate informed, as well as to a greater extent than numerous. Your grievances, brethren, are many. We shall non attempt, inwards this curt address, to introduce to the world all the dark catalogue of this nation’s sins, which take hold been committed upon an innocent people. Nor is it indeed necessary, for you lot experience them from twenty-four hr catamenia to day, as well as all the civilized world expression upon them with amazement.<br /> <br /> Two hundred as well as twenty-seven years ago, the firstly of our injured race were brought to the shores of America. They came non with glad spirits to select their homes inwards the New World. They came non with their ain consent, to uncovering an unmolested enjoyment of the blessings of this fruitful soil. The firstly dealings they had with men calling themselves Christians, exhibited to them the worst features of corrupt, as well as sordid hearts: as well as convinced them that no cruelty is also great, no villainy as well as no robbery also abhorrent for fifty-fifty enlightened men to perform, when influenced past times avarice as well as lust. Neither did they come upwards flight upon the wings of Liberty, to a dry soil of freedom. But they came with broken hearts, from their dear native land, as well as were doomed to unrequited toil as well as deep degradation. Nor did the evil of their bondage terminate at their emancipation past times death. Succeeding generations inherited their chains, as well as millions take hold come upwards from eternity into time, as well as take hold returned in i trial to a greater extent than to the world of spirits, cursed as well as ruined past times American slavery. <br /> <br /> The propagators of the system, or their immediate ancestors, really presently discovered its growing evil, as well as its tremendous wickedness, as well as cloak-and-dagger promises were made to destroy it. The gross inconsistency of a people belongings slaves, who had themselves “ferried o’er the wave” for freedom’s sake, was also apparent to live alone over-looked. The vocalisation of Freedom cried, “Emancipate your slaves.” Humanity supplicated with tears for the deliverance of the children of Africa. Wisdom urged her solemn plea. The haemorrhage captive pleaded his innocence, as well as pointed to Christianity who stood weeping at the cross. Jehovah frowned upon the nefarious institution, as well as thunderbolts, cherry-red with vengeance, struggled to fountain forth to nail the guilty wretches who maintained it. But all was vain. Slavery had stretched its dark wings of expiry over the land, the Church stood silently by—the priests prophesied falsely, as well as the people loved to take hold it so. Its throne is established, as well as at nowadays it reigns triumphant. <br /> <br /> Nearly 3 millions of your fellow-citizens are prohibited past times police delineate as well as world persuasion (which inwards this province is stronger than law) from reading the Book of Life. Your intellect has been destroyed equally much equally possible, as well as every ray of lite they take hold attempted to closed out from your minds. The oppressors themselves take hold larn involved inwards the ruin. They take hold larn weak, sensual, as well as rapacious—they take hold cursed you—they take hold cursed themselves—they take hold cursed the world which they take hold trod.<br /> <br /> The colonies threw the blame upon England. They said that the woman raise province entailed the evil upon them, as well as that they would rid themselves of it if they could. The world idea they were sincere, as well as the philanthropic pitied them. But fourth dimension presently tested their sincerity. In a few years the colonists grew strong, as well as severed themselves from the British Government. Their independence was declared, as well as they took their station with the sovereign powers of the earth. The annunciation was a glorious document. Sages admired it, as well as the patriotic of every state reverenced the God-like sentiments which it contained. When the ability of Government returned to their hands, did they emancipate the slaves? No; they rather added novel links to our chains. Were they ignorant of the principles of Liberty? Certainly they were not. The sentiments of their revolutionary orators fell inwards burning eloquence upon their hearts, as well as with i vocalisation they cried,<i> Liberty or death</i>. Oh what a judgement was that! It ran from soul to soul similar electrical fire, as well as nerved the arm of thousands to struggle inwards the holy crusade of Freedom. Among the multifariousness of opinions that are entertained inwards regard to physical resistance, in that location are but a few found to gainsay that stern declaration. We are with those who exercise not. <br /> <br /> <i>Slavery!</i> How much misery is comprehended inwards that unmarried word. What hear is in that location that does non shrink from its direful effects? Unless the icon of God live obliterated from the soul, all men cherish the love of Liberty. The squeamish discerning political economist does non regard the sacred correct to a greater extent than than the untutored African who roams inwards the wilds of Congo. Nor has the i to a greater extent than correct to the sum enjoyment of his liberty than the other. In every man’s hear the proficient seeds of liberty are planted, as well as he who brings his swain downwardly so low, equally to brand him contented with a status of slavery, commits the highest criminal offense against God as well as man. Brethren, your oppressors aim to exercise this. They endeavor to brand you lot equally much similar brutes equally possible. When they take hold blinded the eyes of your hear when they take hold embittered the sugariness waters of life—when they take hold closed out the lite which shines from the give-and-take of God—then, as well as non till then, has American slavery done its perfect work. <br /> <br /> <i>To such degradation it is sinful inwards the Extreme for you lot to brand voluntary submission</i>. The divine commandments you lot are inwards duty boundary to reverence as well as obey. If you lot exercise non obey them, you lot volition for sure come across with the displeasure of the Almighty. He requires you lot to love him supremely, as well as your vecino equally yourself—to move on the Sabbath twenty-four hr catamenia holy—to search the Scriptures—and take upwards your children with honor for his laws, as well as to worship no other God but him. But slavery sets all these at nought, as well as hurls defiance inwards the human face upwards of Jehovah. The forlorn status inwards which you lot are placed, does non destroy your moral obligation to God. You are non sure of heaven, because you lot endure yourselves to stay inwards a province of slavery, where you lot cannot obey the commandments of the Sovereign of the universe. If the ignorance of slavery is a passport to heaven, as well as so it is a blessing, as well as no curse, as well as you lot should rather wishing its perpetuity than its abolition. God volition non have slavery, nor ignorance, nor whatever other province of mind, for love as well as obedience to him. Your status does non absolve you lot from your moral obligation. The diabolical injustice past times which your liberties are cloven down, <i>neither God; nor angels, or merely men, ascendancy you lot to endure for a unmarried moment. Therefore it is your solemn as well as imperative duty to utilisation every means, both moral; intellectual as well as physical that promises success.</i> If a band of infidel men should elbow grease to enslave a race of Christians, as well as to identify their children nether the influence of some faux religion, surely, Heaven would frown upon the men who would non resist such aggression, fifty-fifty to death. If, on the other hand, a band of Christians should elbow grease to enslave a race of infidel men, as well as to entail slavery upon them, as well as to move on them inwards heathenism inwards the midst of Christianity, the God of sky would grin upon every elbow grease which the injured powerfulness brand to dis-enthrall themselves. <br /> <br /> Brethren, it is equally incorrect for your lordly oppressors to move on you lot inwards slavery, equally it was for the human thief to pocket our ancestors from the coast of Africa. You should hence at nowadays utilisation the same way of resistance, equally would take hold been merely inwards our ancestors, when the bloody footprints of the firstly remorseless soul-thief was placed upon the shores of our fatherland. The humblest peasant is equally costless inwards the sight of God equally the proudest monarch that always swayed a sceptre. Liberty is a spirit sent out from God, as well as similar its groovy Author, is no respecter of persons. <br /> <br /> Brethren, the fourth dimension has come upwards when you lot must human activity for yourselves. It is an onetime as well as truthful proverb that, “if hereditary bondmen would live free, they must themselves strike the blow.” You tin can plead your ain cause, as well as exercise the function of emancipation ameliorate than whatever others. The nations of the onetime world are moving inwards the groovy crusade of universal freedom, as well as some of them at to the lowest degree will, ere long, exercise you lot justice. The combined powers of Europe take hold placed their wide seal of disapprobation upon the African slave-trade. But inwards the slave-holding parts of the United States, the merchandise is equally brisk equally ever. They purchase as well as sell you lot equally though you lot were brute beasts. The North has done much—her persuasion of slavery inwards the abstract is known. But inwards regard to the South, nosotros adopt the persuasion of the <i>New York Evangelist </i>—“We take hold advanced so far, that the crusade obviously waits for a to a greater extent than effectual door to live thrown opened upwards than has been yet.” We are most to betoken you lot to that to a greater extent than effectual door. Look closed to you, as well as behold the bosoms of your loving wives heaving with untold agonies! Hear the cries of your pitiable children! Remember the stripes your fathers bore. Think of the torture as well as disgrace of your noble mothers. Think of your wretched sisters, loving virtue as well as purity, equally they are driven into concubinage as well as are exposed to the unbridled lusts of incarnate devils. Think of the undying glory that hangs closed to the ancient advert of Africa—and forget non that you lot are native-born American citizens, as well as equally such, you lot are justly entitled to all the rights that are granted to the freest. Think how many tears you lot take hold poured out. upon the soil which you lot take hold cultivated with unrequited toil as well as enriched with your blood; as well as and so move to your lordly enslavers as well as tell them plainly, that you lot <i>are determined to live free</i>. Appeal to their sense of justice, as well as tell them that they take hold no to a greater extent than correct to oppress you, than you lot take hold to enslave them. Entreat them to take the grievous burdens which they take hold imposed upon you, as well as to remunerate you lot for your labor. Promise them renewed diligence inwards the tillage of the soil, if they volition homecoming to you lot an equivalent for your services. Point them to the increase of happiness as well as prosperity inwards the British West Indies since the Act of Emancipation.<br /> <br /> Tell them inwards linguistic communication which they cannot misunderstand, of the exceeding sinfulness of slavery, as well as of a futurity judgment, as well as of the righteous retributions of an indignant God. Inform them that all you lot wishing is <i>freedom</i>, as well as that zero else volition suffice. Do this, as well as for always afterwards cease to toil for the heartless tyrants, who give you lot no other vantage but stripes as well as abuse. If they as well as so commence the function of death, they, as well as non you, volition live responsible for the consequences. You had far ameliorate all die—<i>die immediately</i>, than alive slaves, as well as entail your wretchedness upon your posterity. If you lot would live costless inwards this generation, hither is your only hope. However much you lot as well as all of us may wishing it, in that location is non much hope of redemption without the shedding of blood. If you lot must bleed, allow it all come upwards at once—rather <i>die freemen, than alive to live the slaves</i>. It is impossible, similar the children of Israel, to brand a grand exodus from the dry soil of bondage. The Pharaohs are on both sides of the blood-red waters! You cannot displace <i>en masse</i>, to the dominions of the British Queen—nor tin can you lot hand through Florida as well as overrun Texas, as well as at lastly uncovering peace inwards Mexico. The propagators of American slavery are spending their blood as well as treasure, that they may flora the dark flag inwards the pump of United Mexican States as well as riot inwards the halls of the Montezumas. In the linguistic communication of the Rev. Robert Hall, when addressing the volunteers of Bristol, who were rushing forth to repel the invasion of Napoleon, who threatened to lay waste product the fair homes of England, “Religion is also much interested inwards your behalf, non to shed over you lot her most gracious influences.” <br /> <br /> You volition non live compelled to pass much fourth dimension inwards gild to larn inured to hardships. From the firstly minute that you lot breathed the air of heaven, you lot take hold been accustomed to zero else but hardships. The heroes of the American Revolution were never position upon harder fare than a peck of corn as well as a few herrings per week. You take hold non larn enervated past times the luxuries of life. Your sternest energies take hold been beaten out upon. the anvil of severe trial, Slavery has done this, to brand you lot subservient to its ain purposes; but it has done to a greater extent than than this, it has prepared you lot for whatever emergency. If you lot have proficient treatment, it is what you lot could hardly expect; if you lot come across with pain, sorrow, as well as fifty-fifty death, these are the mutual lot of the slaves. Fellow-men! patient sufferers! behold your dearest rights crushed to the earth! See your sons murdered, as well as your wives, mothers as well as sisters doomed to prostitution. In the advert of the merciful God, as well as past times all that life is worth, allow it no longer live a debatable question, whether it is ameliorate to select Liberty or death. In 1822, Kingdom of Denmark Vesey, of South Carolina, formed a excogitation for the liberation of his fellow-men. In the whole history of human efforts to overthrow slavery, a to a greater extent than complicated as well as tremendous excogitation was never formed. He was betrayed past times the treachery of his ain people, as well as died a martyr to freedom. Many a brave hero fell, but history, faithful to her high trust, volition transcribe his advert on the same monument with Moses, Hampden, Tell, Bruce as well as Wallace, Toussaint L’Ouverture, Lafayette as well as Washington. That tremendous motility shook the whole empire of slavery. The guilty soul-thieves were overwhelmed with fear. It is a thing of fact, that at that time, as well as inwards effect of the threatened revolution, the slave States talked strongly of emancipation. But they blew but i nail of the trumpet of freedom, as well as and so set it aside. As these men became quiet, the slaveholders ceased to utter most emancipation: as well as at nowadays behold your status today! Angels sigh over it, as well as humanity has long since exhausted her tears inwards weeping on your account! The patriotic Nathaniel Turner followed Kingdom of Denmark Vesey. He was goaded to desperation past times incorrect as well as injustice. By despotism, his advert has been recorded on the listing of infamy; as well as futurity generations volition recollect him with the noble as well as brave. Next arose the immortal Joseph Cinque, the hero of the Amistad. He was a native African, as well as past times the assist of God he emancipated a whole ship-load of his fellow-men on the high seas. And he at nowadays sings of liberty on the sunny hills of Africa as well as beneath his native palm-trees, where he hears the Panthera leo roar as well as feels himself equally costless equally that virile someone monarch of the forest. <br /> <br /> Next arose Madison Washington, that brilliant star of freedom, as well as took his station inwards the constellation of truthful heroism. He was a slave on board the brig Creole, of Richmond, boundary to New Orleans, that groovy slave mart, with a hundred as well as iv others. Nineteen struck for liberty or death. But i life was taken, as well as the whole were emancipated, as well as the vessel was carried into Nassau, New Providence. Noble men! Those who take hold fallen inwards freedom’s conflict, their memories volition live cherished past times the true-hearted as well as the God-fearing inwards all futurity generations; those who are living, their names are surrounded past times a halo of glory. Brethren, arise, arise! Strike for your lives as well as liberties. Now is the twenty-four hr catamenia as well as the hour. Let every slave throughout the dry soil exercise this, as well as the days of slavery are numbered. You cannot live to a greater extent than oppressed than you lot take hold been—you cannot endure greater cruelties than you lot take hold already. Rather choke freemen than alive to live slaves. Remember that you lot are iv millions! It is inwards your ability so to torment the God-cursed slaveholders, that they volition live glad to allow you lot move free. If the scale was turned, as well as dark men were the masters as well as white men the slaves, every destructive agent as well as chemical factor would live employed to lay the oppressor low. Danger as well as expiry would hang over their heads twenty-four hr catamenia as well as night. Yes, the tyrants would come across with plagues to a greater extent than terrible than those of Pharaoh. But you lot are a patient people. You human activity equally though you lot were made for the exceptional utilisation of these devils. You human activity equally though your daughters were born to pamper the lusts of your masters as well as overseers. And worse than all, you lot tamely submit patch your lords tear your wives from your embraces as well as defile them earlier your eyes. In the advert of God, nosotros ask, are you lot men? Where is the blood of your fathers? Has it all run out of your veins? Awake, awake, millions of voices are calling you! Your dead fathers speak to you lot from their graves. Heaven, equally with a vocalisation of thunder, calls on you lot to arise from the dust. Let your motto live resistance! resistance! resistance! No oppressed people take hold always secured their liberty without resistance. What form of resistance you lot had ameliorate make, you lot must create upwards one's hear past times the circumstances that surroundings you, as well as according to the proffer of expediency. Brethren, adieu! Trust inwards the living God. Labor for the peace of the human race, as well as recollect that you lot are iv millions.    <br /> ―――――――   <br /> Published inwards Henry Highland Garnet, Walker’s Appeal, with a Brief Sketch of His Life. See also Garnet’s Address to the Slaves of the US of America. New-York, Printed past times J. H. Tobitt, 1848, pages 89–97. <br /> <br /></div>

Henry Highland Garnet: An Address To The Slaves Of The United States Of America

Photo: Henry Highland Garnet, circa 1881. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution Henry Highland Garnet (b. Dec 23, 1815 –...

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Garifuna: Africans Inwards St. Vincent, Caribbean In Addition To Honduras, Due South America

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq84ljHWa1QAdKV97Fpdk1GDHti4Wn3VE4Qy3IrQarE9s9U_sTpDNfBu68F4iiLaiQmQcH7vQQhi3RNO-o6JMexK5V4o3EmOkB_FMVP_8EHYiFBodURAqQZECsGvHB41O6mCVDxyLEpaQ/s1600/Photo+of+Joseph+Satuye+Honduras.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq84ljHWa1QAdKV97Fpdk1GDHti4Wn3VE4Qy3IrQarE9s9U_sTpDNfBu68F4iiLaiQmQcH7vQQhi3RNO-o6JMexK5V4o3EmOkB_FMVP_8EHYiFBodURAqQZECsGvHB41O6mCVDxyLEpaQ/s1600/Photo+of+Joseph+Satuye+Honduras.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image of Joseph Satuye (aka Joseph Chatoyer), Chief of the Black Caribs aka Garifuna. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> The millions of Africans living inwards Central America, South America as well as the Caribbean Area - inwards Castilian linguistic communication nations - are amid the most rich examples of African cultural survival inwards the so-called New World. The Garifuna represents a real unique instance of an early on African community to the Americas that held a job solid travelling pocket onto African kinship as well as cultural ties. <br /> <br /> No Garifuna state volition live found on a map today, but in that place are some quondam maps that stand upwards for a region in northern South America by the advert of "Garibana." Here is the icon of one such map found inwards a vintage store inwards Southern California.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA9zgZ9PaNvv5WT-6pNuouJ2p46tV6_o7Kf9kGfeKvNzlbYon0NsBVA1oTDyaLXTr4yCShOovXvtSjk1SJSAGAOPoa_O7A3p3-sqnHc-rK0FFDXhR208psYkxuH9bsamlnR5Y5hH3yIMI/s1600/Garifuna+Garibana+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA9zgZ9PaNvv5WT-6pNuouJ2p46tV6_o7Kf9kGfeKvNzlbYon0NsBVA1oTDyaLXTr4yCShOovXvtSjk1SJSAGAOPoa_O7A3p3-sqnHc-rK0FFDXhR208psYkxuH9bsamlnR5Y5hH3yIMI/s1600/Garifuna+Garibana+map.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Partial icon of map dated 1586 representing America.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiey8Ba3OJ51wXpV8Ty9yyONfK1F33rwWmb-36RLNP-B6YhAwlIFqqh_mTE9LuJOTxykmp5YMhMhyzU__HIW_Onhe2iV28wwJd6L0FZxE1YmayP61j968hgTRHxVOWgPM7oE92-onOQtn4/s1600/Garifuna+Garibana+map+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiey8Ba3OJ51wXpV8Ty9yyONfK1F33rwWmb-36RLNP-B6YhAwlIFqqh_mTE9LuJOTxykmp5YMhMhyzU__HIW_Onhe2iV28wwJd6L0FZxE1YmayP61j968hgTRHxVOWgPM7oE92-onOQtn4/s1600/Garifuna+Garibana+map+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Zoom icon on 1586 map representing percentage described equally "Garibana."</td></tr> </tbody></table> Some commentators study that the Garifuna were inwards the Americas equally early on equally the 1300s, migrants from the West African Republic of Mali Empire. See <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=african-kingdoms-medieval-warfare" target="_blank">African Kingdoms: Medieval Warfare Between Republic of Ghana as well as Republic of Mali Empires</a> (Mansa Musa chronicles go tales from Republic of Mali Empire to East Africa as well as Middle East cir. 1300 C.E).<br /> <br /> Other commentators debate that the Garifuna arrived from ship-wrecked European slave ships that landed on the isle of St. Vincent (aka Saint Vincent, San Vicente) equally early on equally 1635. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 seat historian from Greater-Accra, Ghana, <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=african-kingdoms-medieval-warfare" target="_blank">Kwekudee</a>, asserts they may live kin to the Akan Fante people of West Africa. Kwekudee considered factors such equally the Garifuna's matrilineal inheritance system, their dancing styles as well as their food, amongst the staple nutrient existence cassava. <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXnVfocRdpuaNvp64Lipw8Yvr9sIl6q03HnkX2qMoiscviVTeTiaUQ3OjFKQdAgRaEezGseREYTVZ_qjxFG3krWV6_vdV3TJy1AAfbXHjLOqbGGXE247eMj_0ROnnn5S2-2qAy_ptAStM/s1600/Garifuna+DAncers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXnVfocRdpuaNvp64Lipw8Yvr9sIl6q03HnkX2qMoiscviVTeTiaUQ3OjFKQdAgRaEezGseREYTVZ_qjxFG3krWV6_vdV3TJy1AAfbXHjLOqbGGXE247eMj_0ROnnn5S2-2qAy_ptAStM/s1600/Garifuna+DAncers.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: The Chief Joseph Chatoyer Garifuna Folkloric Ballet of New York. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Central to the Garifuna civilization is a rigid collective identity equally a people. The Garifuna receive got their ain unique Garifuna language, music as well as cuisine. The spiritual tradition of the Garifuna centers to a greater extent than or less an ancestral reverence, honoring the wisdom of the ancestors they receive got relied upon for survival for centuries. Like many African communities adjusting to slavery as well as the lost of household unit of measurement as well as tribal kinship ties, the rhythms of the drum as well as trip the low-cal fantastic would aid to create mutual songs to a greater extent than or less a mutual struggle. This reunified families as well as villages torn from their traditional homelands inwards Africa. <br /> <br /> <b>The Island of St. Vincent </b><br /> <br /> The Arawak as well as the Kalinago were the native inhabitants of St. Vincent at the fourth dimension Africans began to arrive. The Kalinago, known to a greater extent than oft than non equally the Caribs (hence Caribbeans) past times the Europeans, intermarried amongst the Africans, equally did the Arawak. The population of natives to the isle refused to homecoming Africans to European slavers, according to the<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=lTgIOFMw5GsC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=Jean-Baptiste+Labat+saint+vincent+black+carib&source=bl&ots=4brVsDpG8-&sig=HqdoVm_8OgxSxTEFShAKAtTztA4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=st73Uv-rC8O8oQSZx4HABQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Jean-Baptiste%20Labat%20saint%20vincent%20black%20carib&f=false" target="_blank"> accounts of Jean-Baptiste Labat</a>,<span class="st"> a Jesuit priest who lived inwards the Caribbean Area colonies at the plough of </span>the 1700s. Historical accounts study Africans escaping European slave plantations inwards the Caribbean Area for St. Vincent past times canoes as well as rafts. By the 1700s the mixed community of Africans as well as native peoples on the isle of St. Vincent had increased as well as the people became known equally the Garinagu (later Garifuna).<br /> <br /> By 1763, nether the Treaty of Paris, all European claims to the isle of St. Vincent was ceded to the British. The British would receive got to become in, however, to genuinely receive got possession over an isle populated past times complimentary people. The warrior-leader of the Garifuna was <b>Joseph Satuye</b>. For decades, Satuye organized the Garifuna equally <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=african-kingdoms-medieval-warfare" target="_blank">African Maroons</a> inwards state of war against the colonial British mission.<br /> <br /> The British forces, however, overwhelmed the Garifuna after many decades of battles. By 1797, in that place was a lastly give upwards past times the Garifuna. According to the GAHFU, to this 24-hour interval the Vincentians "make an annual pilgrimage to the isle of Beliceaux to pay homage to the Garifuna people who were imprisoned on that isle where one-half of the population died of Yellow Fever, other diseases as well as starvation."<br /> <br /> <b>The Island of Roatán, Honduras</b><br /> <br /> According to the <a href="http://bayislandsdiver.com/History.html" target="_blank">Bay Island Diver</a>, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 diver's guide to the Bay Island of Honduras, the origins of the Garifuna inwards Republic of Honduras was the trial of the following.<br /> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <i>One grouping of slaves was "parked" hither during this fourth dimension during the oestrus of a battle (between the Castilian as well as British). When the winners came to collect them, the slaves refused to go. These are the Garifunas who populate much of the Bay Islands to this date, soundless maintaining their ain cultural identity as well as language. Punta Gorda on Roatán is ane of many villages where they soundless brand their homes.  </i></blockquote> While the British defeated the Garifuna inwards St. Vincent, they could non enslave them. An get at enslavement would sure receive got led to an unending as well as continuous get at revolt on the isle the Garifuna knew real well. Instead, the British imprisoned Garifunas on the isle of St. Vincent as well as literally exiled populations of the Garifuna from St. Vincent to the Republic of Honduras coastal isle Roatán (aka Ruatan, Rattan). The British may receive got sought to constitute a novel slave plantation from the Garifuna project inwards Honduras, but fortunately it was without success. <br /> <br /> The Garifuna people would non know slavery inwards Honduras, alone poverty. The Garifuna would grow their populations from Republic of Honduras as well as expand amid the coastal nations of the Americas -- amongst populations of Garifuna straightaway living inwards Belize, Nicaragua as well as Guatemala. Today, the Garifuna are introduce inwards Central as well as South America, too equally across the Caribbean Area as well as the United States.<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><b> The Garifuna Heritage</b></span><br /> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"One of the unique things to me nearly the Garifuna spirituality is that the sacred as well as the profane seems to be simultaneously. In the western agreement of organized religious belief as well as spirituality, that could never happen." </span></i></span></blockquote> <span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></span> <object height="315" width="560"><param name="movie" value="//www.youtube.com/v/BM63f5SBlkw?hl=en_US&version=3"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="//www.youtube.com/v/BM63f5SBlkw?hl=en_US&version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="560" height="315" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object><br /> Video: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 documentary celluloid produced past times the National Garifuna Council of Belize.<br />  The celluloid addresses Garifuna Culture including ritual, music, trip the low-cal fantastic as well as language.<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><b>A Story About the Garifuna Documentary</b></span><br /> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i>"This is what our ancestors receive got left for us as well as this is what God has given to us, our ain culture."</i></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i> "We receive got a huge battle to rescue what is ours again. And nosotros receive got to practice it. And nosotros tin practice it." </i></span></blockquote> <div style="text-align: center;"> - Jorge Castillo, Tornabe, Honduras</div> <br />  <object height="315" width="560"><param name="movie" value="//www.youtube.com/v/hXb2p2WgHxI?version=3&hl=en_US"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="//www.youtube.com/v/hXb2p2WgHxI?version=3&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="560" height="315" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object><br /> Video: This celluloid chronicles the challenges as well as struggles of the Garifuna people to save their identity. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Ben Petersen Film Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Brigham Young University Communications Department Production. </div>

Garifuna: Africans Inwards St. Vincent, Caribbean In Addition To Honduras, Due South America

Image of Joseph Satuye (aka Joseph Chatoyer), Chief of the Black Caribs aka Garifuna. The millions of Africans living inwards Central ...

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J. A. Rogers: Author, Journalist As Well As Historical Illustrator

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIA_yqBKG5GtKFBeBkYBff5UpFOybgYxOytOBG4_k_DmlRb9wq4jFAQyUbPpe7jct3eIIx21EuuajS3WwUlZlQXGj7756yCqh0b9MobwzEGpNEi1t_W-CF1vxYjO4zl5nFyG6FEPBqphY/s1600/J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIA_yqBKG5GtKFBeBkYBff5UpFOybgYxOytOBG4_k_DmlRb9wq4jFAQyUbPpe7jct3eIIx21EuuajS3WwUlZlQXGj7756yCqh0b9MobwzEGpNEi1t_W-CF1vxYjO4zl5nFyG6FEPBqphY/s1600/J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" width="305" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo of Joel Augustus Rogers aka J.A. Rogers (b. 9/6/1880 - d. 3/26/1966) </td></tr> </tbody></table> Joel Augustus Rogers was born September 6, 1880 inward Negril, Jamaica in addition to died on March 26, 1966 inward New York City.  Rogers was a historian, journalist in addition to writer whose works made groovy contributions to the history of Africa in addition to its diaspora. Of mixed-race parentage in addition to ane of 11 children, J.A. Roger's manful individual raise was Samuel John Rogers, a school-teacher, government minister in addition to a plantation director inward Jamaica. Information virtually Roger's woman raise has been hard to find.<br />   <br /> What is known is that inward 1906, afterward serving inward the British Army at Port Royal, Jamaica, J.A. Rogers moved from Jamaica to Harlem, New York, where he would eventually reside during the bulk of his adult life, living with his married adult woman Helga M. Rogers. Rogers did brand <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=regal-theater-and-new-regal-theater-of" target="_blank">Black Chicago</a> his abode for a time, piece working equally a <a href="http://www.pullman-museum.org/laborAndRace/raceRelations.html" target="_blank">Pullman Porter</a> in addition to reporter.<br /> <br /> In 1909, Rogers enrolled inward the Chicago Art Institute. According to his biographer, Thabiti Asukile, he attended fine art classes at that topographic point piece supporting himself financially equally a Pullman Porter, where he would operate until 1919. As a resultant of his existence able to move widely inside the USA equally a Pullman Porter, Rogers was surely able to access a broad diverseness of libraries that had developed inward dissimilar cities across the country. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 voracious bibliophile, Rogers compiled data virtually African history in addition to began to write in addition to self-publish his query findings.<br /> <br /> "I industrial plant life inward Chicago a friend who introduced me to books inward which I industrial plant life the names of several groovy men of Negro ancestry past times in addition to present," states Rogers inward his bulk <i>World's Great Men of Color, Vol. 1</i>. "In my spare time, in addition to with no idea of writing a book, I began to collect some of these names. That was virtually 1911." <br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh05AQiywcnU6kdPNPDUPoDi59HtNyIbTeXtkNNm8xyj3QvYH5Cjha3ugGTHc72Uiu8xGxjCvPE-BJ1bAUb3iNMJ0uvu0tKSRfNGjnlbcQXKfuvp0vti0QTnAgJXxwd8XVT6GQrE5W2XMw/s1600/Photo+of+J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh05AQiywcnU6kdPNPDUPoDi59HtNyIbTeXtkNNm8xyj3QvYH5Cjha3ugGTHc72Uiu8xGxjCvPE-BJ1bAUb3iNMJ0uvu0tKSRfNGjnlbcQXKfuvp0vti0QTnAgJXxwd8XVT6GQrE5W2XMw/s1600/Photo+of+J.+A.+Rogers.jpg" width="227" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Early photograph of J. A. Rogers.</td></tr> </tbody></table> Rogers outset bulk was <i>Superman to Man</i>, privately published inward 1917 in addition to printed past times the M.A. Donohue Co. In <i>Superman to Man</i>, Rogers used the classic literary technique of developing the cardinal theme of a written operate around a debate -- a tool oftentimes used past times ancient historians. In the book, nosotros run into a Pullman Porter debate a white supremacist from the South regarding politics in addition to religion. The ensuing debate served equally a forum for Rogers to counter many of the stereotypes that prevailed at the fourth dimension virtually race. Rogers' Pullman Porter argued that the concept of race, inward fact, lacked scientific proof.<br /> <br /> Rogers served equally a unusual correspondent for a diverseness of African American newspapers, peculiarly afterward he moved to Harlem inward 1921. In improver to his published works for the Chicago Enterprise in addition to Chicago Defender newspapers, Rogers wrote for the Pittsburgh Courier in addition to served equally sub-editor for the Daily Negro Times -- the latter published past times Marcus Garvey. The editors of the Pittsburgh Courier sent Rogers equally a correspondent to encompass the coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie I inward Ethiopia. Additionally, Rogers was noted equally the exclusively Black U.S. state of war correspondent during World War II. He would issue widely inward publications such equally the New York Amsterdam News, the Messenger Magazine, in addition to others -- making him ane of the leading Black journalist of his times.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrqO79hrTRnGUzzgziozkQ5I5zF3P2RIuM3_-ODOvjSnyDPwR5nV0jF5LRS1CVNszB3jBmZPLTydGuEURJkcQK-4q3gN9QPlH2X5fhqQ3ijq9AxH450A3_ESkAV357vSvA1TvA8Ew5wsw/s1600/100+Amazing+Facts+About+the+Negro+with+Complete+Proof+by+J.A.+Rogers.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrqO79hrTRnGUzzgziozkQ5I5zF3P2RIuM3_-ODOvjSnyDPwR5nV0jF5LRS1CVNszB3jBmZPLTydGuEURJkcQK-4q3gN9QPlH2X5fhqQ3ijq9AxH450A3_ESkAV357vSvA1TvA8Ew5wsw/s1600/100+Amazing+Facts+About+the+Negro+with+Complete+Proof+by+J.A.+Rogers.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Book published past times J.A. Rogers -- <a href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0960229477/ref=nosim?tag=crosswriting-20&linkCode=sb1&camp=212353&creative=380549" target="_blank">100 Amazing Facts About the Negro with Complete Proof</a> </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr> </tbody></table> Rogers made groovy contribution to publishing in addition to distributing picayune know African history facts through books in addition to pamphlets such equally <i>100 Amazing Facts About the Negro with Complete Proof</i> in addition to <i>The Five Negro Presidents</i>. His greatest involvement was inward exploring the concept of race that was developing into a themed possession with historians of European descent. In response, Rogers published the three-volume operate <i>Sex in addition to Race</i> betwixt 1941 in addition to 1944. From 1946 to 1947, Rogers published his pioneering operate <i>The World's Great Men of Color</i>, printed inward 2 volumes. <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYaHwfcndDM0a_t9WRn8E9l9HqlSk9p-Fym1w777o8j_-VHZsIWcX_wd6ikT7oJkJKH1XU_zkWZgqGP2mLW6t_QL87jqW8Dg0tdFZ0ntqPf1TOqEHQfZcv17e0Ip7SIDgVWUdSKU8Tsk/s1600/scotia+daughter+of+an+egyptian.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYaHwfcndDM0a_t9WRn8E9l9HqlSk9p-Fym1w777o8j_-VHZsIWcX_wd6ikT7oJkJKH1XU_zkWZgqGP2mLW6t_QL87jqW8Dg0tdFZ0ntqPf1TOqEHQfZcv17e0Ip7SIDgVWUdSKU8Tsk/s1600/scotia+daughter+of+an+egyptian.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Copy of an illustrated operate J.A. Rogers published inward newspapers in addition to inward books. Many of his amazing facts were substantiated past times subsequent writings on the topic. For example, read to a greater extent than virtually Scota of Arab Republic of Egypt in addition to the origins of the Scottish people at "<a href="http://www.scotsman.com/news/the-pharaoh-s-daughter-who-was-the-mother-of-all-scots-1-466985" target="_blank">The pharaoh's immature lady who was the woman raise of all Scots</a>," from <i>The Scotsman</i> publication. </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> The mutual thread inward Roger's query was his unending aim to counter white supremacist propaganda that prevailed inward segregated communities across the USA against people of African descent.The works of Rogers exclusively became assigned reading inward the most independently-developed, academy curriculum of African-centered history professors -- in addition to fifty-fifty then, afterward Rogers had passed away. The noted historian physician John Henrik Clarke states that Rogers "looked at the history of people of African origin, in addition to showed how their history is an inseparable purpose of the history of mankind." His works bring enlightened many people interested inward uncovering the suppressed histories of African people. His legacy continues through the groovy bulk of works he has left behind.<br /> <br /> <b>J.A. Rogers Works, Chronological past times Publication Date: </b><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>    From "Superman" to Man. Chicago: J. A. Rogers, 1917. —novel.</li> <li>    As Nature Leads: An Informal Discussion of the Reason Why Negro in addition to Caucasian are Mixing inward Spite of Opposition. Chicago: M. A. Donahue & Co, 1919. —novel.</li> <li>    The Approaching Storm in addition to Bow it May go Averted: An Open Letter to Congress Chicago: National Equal Rights League, Chicago Branch: 1920.</li> <li>    "Music in addition to Poetry — The Noblest Arts," Music in addition to Poetry, vol. 1, no. 1 (January 1921).</li> <li>    "The Thrilling Story of The Maroons," serialized inward The Negro World, March–April 1922.</li> <li>    "The West Indies: Their Political, Social, in addition to Economic Condition," serialized inward The Messenger (Volume 4, Number 9, September 1922).</li> <li>    Blood Money (Novel) serialized inward New York Amsterdam News, Apr 1923.</li> <li>    "The Ku Klux Klan Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Menace or Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Promise," serialized inward The Messenger (Volume 5, Number 3, March 1923).</li> <li>    "Jazz at Home" The Survey Graphic Harlem, vol. 6, no. half dozen (March 1925).</li> <li>    "What Are We, Negroes or Americans?" The Messenger, vol. 8, no. 8 (August 1926).</li> <li>    Book Review, Jazz, past times Paul Whiteman." Opportunity: The Journal of Negro Life (Volume 4, Number 48, Dec 1926).</li> <li>    "The Negro's Experience of Christianity in addition to Islam," Review of Nations, Geneva (January–March 1928)</li> <li>    "The American Occupation of Haiti: Its Moral in addition to Economic Benefit," past times Dantes Bellegarde. (Translator). Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life (Volume 8, Number 1, Jan 1930).</li> <li>    "The Negro inward Europe," The American Mercury (May 1930).</li> <li>    "The Negro inward European History," Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life (Volume 8, Number 6, June 1930).</li> <li>    World's Greatest Men of African Descent. New York: J. A. Rogers Publications, 1931.</li> <li>    "The Americans inward Ethiopia," nether the pseudonym Jerrold Robbins, inward American Mercury (May 1933).</li> <li>    "Enrique Diaz," inward Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life, vol. 11, no. half dozen (June 1933).</li> <li>    100 Amazing facts virtually the Negro with Complete Proof. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Short Cut to the World History of the Negro. New York: J. A. Rogers Publications, 1934.</li> <li>    World's Greatest Men in addition to Women of African Descent. New York: J. A. Rogers Publications, 1935.</li> <li>    "Italy Over Abyssinia," The Crisis, Volume 42, Number 2, Feb 1935.</li> <li>    The Real Facts About Ethiopia. New York: J.A Rogers, 1936.</li> <li>    "When I Was In Europe," Interracial Review: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 magazine for Christian Democracy, Oct 1938.</li> <li>    "Hitler in addition to the Negro," Interracial Review: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Journal for Christian Democracy, Apr 1940.</li> <li>    "The Suppression of Negro History," The Crisis, vol. 47, no. v (May 1940).</li> <li>    Your History: From the Beginning of Time to the Present. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Courier Publishing Co, 1940.</li> <li>    An Appeal From Pioneer Negroes of the World, Inc: An Open Letter to His Holiness Pope Pius XII. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1940.</li> <li>    Sex in addition to Race: Negro-Caucasian Mixing inward All Ages in addition to All Lands, Volume I: The Old World. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1941.</li> <li>    Sex in addition to Race: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 History of White, Negro, in addition to Indian Miscegenation inward the Two Americas, Volume II: The New World. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1942.</li> <li>    Sex in addition to Race, Volume III: Why White in addition to Black Mix inward Spite of Opposition. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1944.</li> <li>    World's Great Men of Color, Volume I: Asia in addition to Africa, in addition to Historical Figures Before Christ, Including Aesop, Hannibal, Cleopatra, Zenobia, Askia the Great, in addition to Many Others. New York : J. A. Rogers, 1946.</li> <li>    World's Great Men of Color, Volume II: Europe, South in addition to Central America, the West Indies, in addition to the United States, Including Alessandro de' Medici, Alexandre Dumas, Dom Pedro II, Marcus Garvey, in addition to Many Others (New York: J. A. Rogers, 1947).</li> <li>    "Jim Crow Hunt," The Crisis (November 1951).</li> <li>    Nature Knows No Color Line: Research into the Negro Ancestry inward the White Race. (New York: J. A. Rogers, 1952).</li> <li>    Facts About the Negro. (Drawings past times A. S. Milai) (booklet) (Pittsburgh: Lincoln Park Studios, 1960).</li> <li>    Africa's Gift to America: The Afro-American inward the Making in addition to Saving of the United States. With New Supplement Africa in addition to its Potentialities. (New York: J. A. Rogers, 1961).</li> <li>    She Walks inward Beauty. Los Angeles: Western Publishers, 1963. —novel</li> <li>    "Civil War Centennial: Myth in addition to Reality," Freedomways, vol. 3, no.1 (Winter 1963).</li> <li>    The Five Negro presidents: According to What White People Said They Were. New York: J. A. Rogers, 1965.</li> </ul> (<i>Publication Chronology courtesy of Wikipedia</i>) <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> </div>

J. A. Rogers: Author, Journalist As Well As Historical Illustrator

Photo of Joel Augustus Rogers aka J.A. Rogers (b. 9/6/1880 - d. 3/26/1966) Joel Augustus Rogers was born September 6, 1880 inward Negri...

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