Ancient Egypt Remembered Inward Photographs | Excursions Along The Nile

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /> </div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihkF33QxXApUTQvOW-_Zyxuz8_zdePo4L9H4xIInCdrh3WZ4TxLJkgLfjIFkvq80sj6aPep-EsMVCsqy-U-t5upN40QWWrRQp3ZgdCcS-GT6n1wTJYzgEqVLqMsSFrB07CAhiZP6z9gOU/s1600/Cairo+Street+Sellers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihkF33QxXApUTQvOW-_Zyxuz8_zdePo4L9H4xIInCdrh3WZ4TxLJkgLfjIFkvq80sj6aPep-EsMVCsqy-U-t5upN40QWWrRQp3ZgdCcS-GT6n1wTJYzgEqVLqMsSFrB07CAhiZP6z9gOU/s640/Cairo+Street+Sellers.jpg" width="486" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Photo: Street vendors, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt 1870's, albumen impress from drinking glass negative.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;">I constitute myself at a library mass sell during the weekend of May 8, 2012, rummaging through the left behind collection of a collector of books inwards San Fernando Valley, Edgar Hermann, who late passed. First the mass sale attendant handed me a box, noticing my arms weighed alongside books. Then ii boxes...</span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;">I knew it was going to last a cracking weekend for this armchair historian. </span><br /> <span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><br /> </span><br /> <span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;">At this early on review of my finds, I am most excited close acquiring the mass "Excursions Along the Nile: The Photographic Discovery of Ancient Egypt," a 1993 fine art exhibition catalog of photographs of the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=things-you-should-know-about-nile-river?utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=twitterfeed" target="_blank">Nile</a> published yesteryear the Santa Barbara Museum of Art inwards California. The 100+ twelvemonth quondam photographs of Cairo from the exhibition catalog are astonishing. I could non aid but percentage a few of my favorites hither alongside BHH readers. </span><br /> <br /> V. Cross<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0wMqu521Ga_jycQQIJU6osm7bdpsUy9BMAnHVPZ_Oyg6GnyqHGlmqLHZItuHx3EpS-SeAILkq8oDKkb7pqpIIgwg68tNLIVRSEB-yvAHVlHDEOm0ROxSdw-FCPNoRH9Z6DBwI6JJb21U/s1600/Great+Pyramid+and+Spinx+1873.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0wMqu521Ga_jycQQIJU6osm7bdpsUy9BMAnHVPZ_Oyg6GnyqHGlmqLHZItuHx3EpS-SeAILkq8oDKkb7pqpIIgwg68tNLIVRSEB-yvAHVlHDEOm0ROxSdw-FCPNoRH9Z6DBwI6JJb21U/s400/Great+Pyramid+and+Spinx+1873.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Photo: Great Pyramid in addition to Sphinx, Egypt, 1873.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJONTuMtnZEs_akt_FbUs7ijJmlqEoYndwNj0LCA_Eg6iDwNJJPaRp3W9TYVfQxJrYeFEdlAkmhk_rXNhyExQcdX-bxggY5Bx9jzhSF7VTAPPuhg-qW9yt0fTFeZhj7qFYm9H0R1UrGbE/s1600/Scottish+Soldiers+Visit+Spinx+1880.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJONTuMtnZEs_akt_FbUs7ijJmlqEoYndwNj0LCA_Eg6iDwNJJPaRp3W9TYVfQxJrYeFEdlAkmhk_rXNhyExQcdX-bxggY5Bx9jzhSF7VTAPPuhg-qW9yt0fTFeZhj7qFYm9H0R1UrGbE/s400/Scottish+Soldiers+Visit+Spinx+1880.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Photo: Scottish soldiers see Sphinx inwards Egypt, 1880</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyw2orvRD5fZr_ADR6Py00Um6HpHDu7SVqJ6nMKbMN4a_KGfwM0ESrSjxZE9dOSmGg9YzikKdeGUtF-luODz1hVOGgRtn8oLK3e1fYEq4URCMzl_awTIB2xWgvmPxO3GPA5C9KJSb1ZdE/s1600/crocodile+on+sand+bank+1858.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyw2orvRD5fZr_ADR6Py00Um6HpHDu7SVqJ6nMKbMN4a_KGfwM0ESrSjxZE9dOSmGg9YzikKdeGUtF-luODz1hVOGgRtn8oLK3e1fYEq4URCMzl_awTIB2xWgvmPxO3GPA5C9KJSb1ZdE/s400/crocodile+on+sand+bank+1858.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Photo: Crocodile on sand banking concern of the Nile River, 1858.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxRwW1lfd5BJideEeoNCD7Vt9IuqElPpkWVZQVZghkD1l-Z1x5He09H83qwQUDHXMOkTtsobKjZsNiXP3rObktmFEe3Nk0sb9oy6yRs7n2aw9vnWXNKkamWjy7Uwc_OwPY4v4s74wk0sk/s1600/Mosque+at+Cairo+1857.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxRwW1lfd5BJideEeoNCD7Vt9IuqElPpkWVZQVZghkD1l-Z1x5He09H83qwQUDHXMOkTtsobKjZsNiXP3rObktmFEe3Nk0sb9oy6yRs7n2aw9vnWXNKkamWjy7Uwc_OwPY4v4s74wk0sk/s640/Mosque+at+Cairo+1857.jpg" width="508" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Photo: Mosque at Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt 1857, albumen impress from drinking glass negative.</td></tr> </tbody></table><br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5XImn0IUVKaVvg4rxFLLqeR5f39Tg80HejO585HpjzLPVtmEdN2S5Fk8LyPpaf64Ewbm3SS4CywQZTTX5a-z3Xrhyrn8MVX3XPq21aGll9cffRvCvpFr9-FfkNydi8mrjxEJe1MHhm6M/s1600/street+in+cairo+1850s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5XImn0IUVKaVvg4rxFLLqeR5f39Tg80HejO585HpjzLPVtmEdN2S5Fk8LyPpaf64Ewbm3SS4CywQZTTX5a-z3Xrhyrn8MVX3XPq21aGll9cffRvCvpFr9-FfkNydi8mrjxEJe1MHhm6M/s640/street+in+cairo+1850s.jpg" width="510" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Photo: Street inwards Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt 1850's, tabular array salt impress from newspaper negative</span></td></tr> </tbody></table>.<br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd3oksogU-90_NiQec7yhwm8R5eGtHpZY5UCKEee5jEEc4ZJsBE9NMhkt-EEg_u4tzj4ZQfiyYy8wSA3cXHOsV5pR-qe1_3clXTOwM8fsCWjN4dfT4Hks7ewxhSmhmrcRRZfBsdou_DT0/s1600/street+view+of+cairo+1858.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd3oksogU-90_NiQec7yhwm8R5eGtHpZY5UCKEee5jEEc4ZJsBE9NMhkt-EEg_u4tzj4ZQfiyYy8wSA3cXHOsV5pR-qe1_3clXTOwM8fsCWjN4dfT4Hks7ewxhSmhmrcRRZfBsdou_DT0/s640/street+view+of+cairo+1858.jpg" width="508" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Photo: Street of the Citadel, Cairo, c. 1858, stereo albumen impress from drinking glass negative.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5J5mN1cOe39ET0S1DdsdR1RsplYHjg8EYhD2f7OFWcSX11GgQEh0TmdrWo6RZUOl00O5cmeVkUcHjGsA1128vPA2M5NpzJW2iiir8suB5cewjvu8OU9wVe_VxziC7M0mTZNlmtUByl6o/s1600/Boys+swimming+in+the+Nile,+1873.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5J5mN1cOe39ET0S1DdsdR1RsplYHjg8EYhD2f7OFWcSX11GgQEh0TmdrWo6RZUOl00O5cmeVkUcHjGsA1128vPA2M5NpzJW2iiir8suB5cewjvu8OU9wVe_VxziC7M0mTZNlmtUByl6o/s640/Boys+swimming+in+the+Nile,+1873.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Photo: boys swimming inwards the Nile River, 1873, albumen impress from drinking glass negative.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdp6S_F_3TIWX2x5zxQJluQz5maQCcwEej6mZagZ2Yv9MwZYKabE9ZcGz29shD10ofZz0JFMGiBAi1NpT2x43rbpeUa07l1R3b_znBmyk8rs_LTN1eZ6JjUsWzpzI0SHYxKnQt-ppRBto/s1600/Cairo+from+the+citadel+1858.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdp6S_F_3TIWX2x5zxQJluQz5maQCcwEej6mZagZ2Yv9MwZYKabE9ZcGz29shD10ofZz0JFMGiBAi1NpT2x43rbpeUa07l1R3b_znBmyk8rs_LTN1eZ6JjUsWzpzI0SHYxKnQt-ppRBto/s640/Cairo+from+the+citadel+1858.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Photo: Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt from the Citadel, 1858.</td></tr> </tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyJLDC3oy7twjGFIpsbfYwYBnpmLKbHGlKkAYywC4U-350Pp5Po_W10ssn-7pZb6-2Bi7vxxqOLnmmMGEY8Tmeze5XGVhn4PxrxHb2vFGr7HfHwXub68Pchr9ZRv0bR1dnNYXnG58vPRo/s1600/view+from+summit+of+mount+serbal+looking+northeast+1868.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyJLDC3oy7twjGFIpsbfYwYBnpmLKbHGlKkAYywC4U-350Pp5Po_W10ssn-7pZb6-2Bi7vxxqOLnmmMGEY8Tmeze5XGVhn4PxrxHb2vFGr7HfHwXub68Pchr9ZRv0bR1dnNYXnG58vPRo/s640/view+from+summit+of+mount+serbal+looking+northeast+1868.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Photo: sentiment from the Summit of Mount Serbal, Arab Republic of Egypt looking northeast, 1868, albumen impress from drinking glass negative.</span><br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCKiCZ30LylvQ2zEZMiD-Yl6RE2_mEWsfjuQlb4PwEsSseEikE3fsw8VApHhaiq3ytQ8SIDYDwdMsacFZTuQnXDvZzbil4TSE_UdFm_4-lw0JywRmxFuciF-YMDXc6OoT47P45sGCdD84/s1600/Map+of+Blue+and+White+Nile.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCKiCZ30LylvQ2zEZMiD-Yl6RE2_mEWsfjuQlb4PwEsSseEikE3fsw8VApHhaiq3ytQ8SIDYDwdMsacFZTuQnXDvZzbil4TSE_UdFm_4-lw0JywRmxFuciF-YMDXc6OoT47P45sGCdD84/s400/Map+of+Blue+and+White+Nile.PNG" width="350" /></a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></div>

Ancient Egypt Remembered Inward Photographs | Excursions Along The Nile

Photo: Street vendors, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt 1870's, albumen impress from drinking glass negative. I constitute myself at a library mass sell during the weekend of May 8, 2012, rummaging th…

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Bessie Coleman: Aviation Barnstormer

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM9exmxi_RUvnIfSkM5NT3wgiKILCaFckrOAgAeyJj4t4bkwFLPfkl9Gj1RNrr1B41seSaLhGy8qS0aVStLx59BM-E7YKKVD1_qDJyKWcrm5HHgQya-_Ylwua-o3FP4z9PE4GHUDX_WI4/s1600/photo+of+bessie+coleman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM9exmxi_RUvnIfSkM5NT3wgiKILCaFckrOAgAeyJj4t4bkwFLPfkl9Gj1RNrr1B41seSaLhGy8qS0aVStLx59BM-E7YKKVD1_qDJyKWcrm5HHgQya-_Ylwua-o3FP4z9PE4GHUDX_WI4/s320/photo+of+bessie+coleman.jpg" width="227" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Bessie Coleman was the origin American of whatever race or sex to earn an international pilot's license too she was the origin soul of African descent to obtain a license.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> The immature Coleman dreamed of a racehorse monastic enjoin too non i of mules. It is inwards her generation that the Wright Brothers would construct the flying machine too American airplane pilot fighters would Pb Europe through The Great War (World War I).<br /> <br /> <b>The Young Bessie Coleman</b><br /> <br /> Bessie Coleman was born inwards rural Atlanta, Texas on Jan 26, 1892 to a draw solid unit of measurement laboring every bit sharecroppers. Coleman completed high schoolhouse afterwards an intensive self-study afterwards she could no longer afford studies at the Colored Agricultural too Normal University inwards Langston, Oklahoma inwards 1910.<br /> <br /> Coleman sought to larn inwards flying schoolhouse simply her application was denied because of her race too gender. She decided to motion from Oklahoma north, amongst 2 of the 13 siblings that had relocated to Chicago. Through written report too difficult work, Coleman opened a beauty store inwards Chicago where she would employ her draw solid unit of measurement members immigrating from Texas to Chicago.<br /> <br /> <b>First Licensed Woman Pilot to Bessie Coleman's Last Flight inwards Florida</b><br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvUjTrEcKfMm6UTnvNCkY56hFtq0De3-oXZk1mdSCjsH-nSv62Wgdr0T94yDF1-KoiLdvsJltjzPzpMwZFtzUhSEJi4R7bxy5TpFowUQt5bT7qs0DOpGgqtazeSnnewzIU0REysqHTnQ4/s1600/Bessie+Coleman+and+her+plane+1922.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvUjTrEcKfMm6UTnvNCkY56hFtq0De3-oXZk1mdSCjsH-nSv62Wgdr0T94yDF1-KoiLdvsJltjzPzpMwZFtzUhSEJi4R7bxy5TpFowUQt5bT7qs0DOpGgqtazeSnnewzIU0REysqHTnQ4/s1600/Bessie+Coleman+and+her+plane+1922.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Bessie Coleman too her plane inwards 1922</td></tr> </tbody></table> Bessie Coleman began studying the French linguistic communication inwards Chicago too before long bought a ticket from Chicago to French Republic inwards 1919. In France, she studied at the <i>Ecole d'Aviation des Freres Caudon</i> at Le Crotoy. After completing the program, she successfully tested to earn her International Flying License. She became the origin adult woman of African descent to earn a pilot's license. Bessie Coleman obtained her pilot's license on June 15, 1921, afterwards The Great War. Amelia Earhart received her airplane pilot license from the National Aeronautic Association, the U.S. chapter of the <i>Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</i>, on May 15, 1923.<br /> <br /> Bessie Coleman died similar she lived, inwards the air. On Apr 30, 1926 inwards Jacksonville, Florida, Coleman sat inwards the cockpit of a novel plane, non the Curtis Jenny. Coleman's plane mechanic took upward the novel plane for a exam flight. When the plane malfunctioned, Coleman vicious from cockpit's opening. The plane crashed several hundred feet inwards the practise session. Her planned elaborate air present inwards Florida would never occur. Coleman's torso was taken past times prepare from Orlando to Chicago to 10 thou mourners who would pay their concluding respects to the flying legend. Bessie Coleman is buried at the Lincoln Cemetery inwards Blue Island, Cook County, Illinois, USA.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkCGzSs9P2m6cC1Nfz_LdrqGOwQ1_9rsmgdhdS2dfUm4zByiXW7OQlAf-ryhCa0585xBPRmwAphucbbNa4wnXsEkqu5UmSvSBr55PFWmlw0l6GFmG-XD5Xx1tMI9oTq2WZNBw6UEHV6_Q/s1600/Image+of+Bessie+Coleman+African+American+pilot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkCGzSs9P2m6cC1Nfz_LdrqGOwQ1_9rsmgdhdS2dfUm4zByiXW7OQlAf-ryhCa0585xBPRmwAphucbbNa4wnXsEkqu5UmSvSBr55PFWmlw0l6GFmG-XD5Xx1tMI9oTq2WZNBw6UEHV6_Q/s1600/Image+of+Bessie+Coleman+African+American+pilot.jpg" width="306" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: African American aviator. Bessie Coleman.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> After Bessie Coleman, African flyers such every bit the Five Blackbirds, the Flying Hobos (James Banning too Thomas Allen), the Tuskegee Airmen, Cornelius Coffey, John Robinson, Willa Brown too Harold Hurd would accept to the skies. In 1929, William J. Powell established the Bessie Coleman Aero Club. Since 1931, the Challenger Pilots' Association of Chicago has flown over Chicago's Lincoln Cemetery inwards laurels of Bessie Coleman. Beginning inwards 1977, women pilots inwards the Chicago surface area lead keep organized too associated every bit the Bessie Coleman Aviators Club.<br /> <br /> <i>Further Reading: Hardesty, Von. "Black Wings: Courageous Stories of African American inwards Aviation too Space History," (HarperCollins Publishers, 2007).</i></div>

Bessie Coleman: Aviation Barnstormer

Photo: Bessie Coleman was the origin American of whatever race or sex to earn an international pilot's license too she was the origin soul of African descent to obtain a license. The immature Col…

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Black Panthers

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href=" " imageanchor="1" rel="nofollow" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img alt="the" an="" analysis="" black="" border="0" forward="" in="" institutional="" of="" panther="" panthers="" party="" put="" racism="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixgaXKgw2POP26nNgLcOdsFKEaG4io8iBN8dwmP_XEoBouq_HwyQrePPfub7pgBB9rOfseMg-niRy7Za6aOg7jyNyDd1qN9_Fij15tHMdnwOxkwPYES-Y-gcgZC8JmIMzkMLR_Z5DLhLS9/s1600/panther-logo.jpg" sta="" the="" title="Black" united="" width="250" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Black Panther Logo</td></tr> </tbody></table> A militant black activist <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">organization</a> established in the 1960s, the Black Panther Party put forward an analysis of institutional racism in the United States that had conspiratorial overtones, while at the same time it was the subject of conspiracy theories told by white conservatives who feared that the party constituted an armed conspiracy against U.S. institutions.<br /> <br /> Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party (BPP) in 1966 in North Oakland, <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">California</a>. In the aftermath of the recent uprisings in Watts, Harlem, Chicago, and Detroit, Newton and Seale had come to question the effectiveness of the civil rights movement.<br /> <br /> Examining the situation in their own backyard—an exodus of manufacturing jobs to the Oakland suburbs and even overseas (replaced by jobs in the commerce and finance sectors that required high levels of education and skill) and a shortage of affordable housing (from 1955 to the early 1960s, over 7,000 low-income housing units were destroyed, and few of them were replaced)—they began to believe that the <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">movement</a> was not properly addressing these issues of economic change and inequality and thus questioned how best to proceed.<br /> <br /> For many black nationalists, the answer to this query was a call for racial separatism, while <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">traditional</a> liberals continued to press for greater integration and the passage of new legal civil rights guarantees.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" border="0"><tbody> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0520282221/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=218861c3cc82a8a786216a447c561923" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0520282221&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img alt="the" an="" analysis="" black="" border="0" forward="" height="1" in="" institutional="" of="" panther="" panthers="" party="" put="" racism="" src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=0520282221" sta="" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" the="" united="" width="1" /></span><span style="padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/093312130X/ref=as_li_ss_il?ie=UTF8&linkCode=li3&tag=inamerican-20&linkId=e7c567c174aa8fa448266f4efa05fb00" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=093312130X&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=US&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=inamerican-20" /></a><img alt="the" an="" analysis="" black="" border="0" forward="" height="1" in="" institutional="" of="" panther="" panthers="" party="" put="" racism="" src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=inamerican-20&l=li3&o=1&a=093312130X" sta="" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" the="" united="" width="1" /></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> It was within this volatile ideological milieu that the BPP called for “revolutionary intercommunalism”, a distinctively “socialist and Marxist” ideology that rejected both the concept of separatism as well as the gradualism that accompanied liberal calls for change, and placed the civil rights struggle in a more global context.<br /> <br /> Stating that since the United States was no longer a nation but an empire, they argued that the sovereignty of all countries had been called into question. “Their self-determination, economic determination, and cultural determination,” Newton explained, “has been transformed by the imperialists and the ruling cycle.”<br /> <br /> These transformations and phenomena required the Panthers to call themselves “intercommunalists” (rather than “internationalists”) because “nations have been transformed into communities of the world”. Such a focus led to attention on the inequities of capitalism on the local level, as the Panthers saw African American neighborhoods as such communities within the U.S. empire.<br /> <br /> Party members established armed police patrols (which the Panthers are perhaps best known for), free breakfast programs for children, health clinics, escort and <a href=" " rel="nofollow" target="_blank">transportation</a> services for senior citizen housing project residents, and clothing and shoe programs for community members across the country. These programs were seen as explicitly protecting the community from the dangers of imperialism, providing a local wall of self-defense against the larger forces that maintained the U.S. empire.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href=" " imageanchor="1" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img alt="the" an="" analysis="" black="" border="0" forward="" in="" institutional="" of="" panther="" panthers="" party="" put="" racism="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQCH2u7efeyS0IxFjWOnl7zoy2KdD1MFJQ_jLyz5MGcYcC5gQqSqZhGqKFmX9ZsFsGHt9dFd0KTRx9ZcpyKR6pG-U4onpzZ2w8b7EAY0PYHYJ0CvcrWdFvp4fs3to3kQxiaoRBjxi3yD3J/s1600/black-party.jpg" sta="" the="" title="Black" united="" width="470" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Black Panthers Party members</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> As one might expect, such a sweeping ideology lent itself to conspiracy theory, particularly as the BPP continued to face hostility from the very forces it wished to overthrow. By 1970, the BPP was referring to the United States as a barbaric organization controlled and operated by avaricious, sadistic, bloodthirsty thieves.<br /> <br /> There was, as the New York Black Panthers explained, a Government Conspiracy that sought to eliminate all of those who dared to question the inhuman capitalistic system. Not surprisingly, it was those institutions that the Panthers interacted with on the local level that were most often implicated in these conspiratorial theories.<br /> <br /> Police officers and court officials were tangible symbols of the most ruthless system in the world, a system that attempted to cover up instances of cruelty, inequality, and outright brutality through the propagation of the “big lie” of U.S. freedom and equality. Such actions showed that “[t]he ‘Amerikkan system of justice’ is a hideous sham and a revolting farce”. In the face of such a wide-ranging conspiracy, the Panthers felt that they had little choice but to topple these institutions wholesale.<br /> <br /> Yet there was strong evidence to support the Panthers’ turn to conspiracy thinking, primarily in the shape of the governmental response to the party. Seeing the Panthers themselves as leaders of a grand conspiracy against the United States government, such organizations as the <a href=" " target="_blank">Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)</a>, the <a href=" " target="_blank">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)</a>, the Justice Department, and even the <a href=" " target="_blank">Internal Revenue Service (IRS)</a> launched an assault on the Panthers that would be enough to make any group fall victim to paranoia.<br /> <br /> On 8 September 1968, FBI Director <a href=" " target="_blank">J. Edgar Hoover</a> announced that the Black Panther Party was the greatest threat to the internal security of the country, and called for the bureau to expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize the BPP.<br /> <br /> By June 1969 the FBI was investigating all forty-two Panther chapters and approximately 1,200 members and sympathizers in order to obtain evidence of possible violation of federal and local laws. This effort included the examination of every aspect of Panther affairs, from financial records to the publication of Black Panther newsletters and flyers. The FBI even conducted a survey to determine how many members are on welfare.<br /> <br /> The Panthers also found themselves the target of numerous COINTELPRO (the infamous FBI counterintelligence program) investigations. Of the 295 documented actions taken by COINTELPRO to disrupt African American groups, 233 were specifically directed toward destruction of the Party (Newton, 53).<br /> <br /> And when such covert counterintelligence programs could not fully curtail the activities of the BPP, the government had little trouble resorting to overt violence, as seen in the 1969 murder of Chicago Black Panther Fred Hampton, at the hands of the FBI and the Chicago police force.<br /> <br /> Such acts of violence and intimidation weakened the infrastructure of the BPP across the country, and the party, by the early 1980s, ceased to be a vital political force on the national scene.<br /> <br /> However, the party left a legacy that, throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and even 1990s, influenced such groups and individuals as the white radical Weathermen, the Philadelphia-based MOVE organization, and even academics and students who called upon their universities to institute black studies programs and departments.<br /> <br /> Perhaps most important, the BPP, by calling attention to the government-mandated attacks against it, made it clear that it was not only outsider groups that relied heavily on conspiracy thinking. Such thinking was now something practiced by our own government, a revelation that led many U.S. citizens to take a more cynical and pessimistic view of the U.S. state.

Black Panthers

Black Panther Logo A militant black activist organization established in the 1960s, the Black Panther Party put forward an analysis of institutional racism in the United States that had conspirator…

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