American History

Susan L. Taylor: Advocate For Mentoring

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div align="center"><object height="240" width="360"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/HHIsSjMbppg&hl=en_US&fs=1&color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/HHIsSjMbppg&hl=en_US&fs=1&color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="360" height="240"></embed></object></div><div align="center"><strong>Video of Susan Taylor on mentoring as a tool to </strong><br /> <strong>combat Earth educational activity crisis</strong></div><br /> <div style="text-align: justify;">Born Jan 23, 1946 inwards New York, Susan L. Taylor is similar a shot Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of <i>Essence</i> magazine as well as founder of National CARES Mentoring. In this video she discusses countering the "pipeline to prison" course of written report of failing schools through instituting local mentoring programs that tap into the wealth of back upward as well as know-how available from individuals inside a community. Each 1 accomplish one. This clip was developed Jan 14, 2010 equally business office of The Lottery Film (thelotterfilm.com), a celluloid past times Madeleine Sackler, released inwards U.S. theaters May 7, 2010.</div><br /> <strong>Local Mentoring Program Information:</strong><br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxPhLUpe9ksyXpq2pYQtPXQJ3yzXLOtJ69Q1TQQRLnRMs7O3NPBHbzcKmiclo_bs217VdJRwiiywwzqvQghnykhqAFFEDYXOwp-2tL0k8RU1tXfXABMfUFzQJRdoBfcad6w8Hy6Z7mFco/s1600/harlem-cares-mentoring-movement.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxPhLUpe9ksyXpq2pYQtPXQJ3yzXLOtJ69Q1TQQRLnRMs7O3NPBHbzcKmiclo_bs217VdJRwiiywwzqvQghnykhqAFFEDYXOwp-2tL0k8RU1tXfXABMfUFzQJRdoBfcad6w8Hy6Z7mFco/s200/harlem-cares-mentoring-movement.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Harlem CARES Mentoring Movement</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJOtEH0EHH-D9Ot_Q3vuaYOzI6q1z9uWkcupSJd7-0sPeYKzfgVVA95-NQR4yWPu9oG2UhicC47gkBo42hXGyl3JoTBR6e5ZttxH_CQXEDHROg83ZT77QS-zkt6SGpsqddV4sSxa8QsIY/s1600/atlanta+cares+mentoring+program.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJOtEH0EHH-D9Ot_Q3vuaYOzI6q1z9uWkcupSJd7-0sPeYKzfgVVA95-NQR4yWPu9oG2UhicC47gkBo42hXGyl3JoTBR6e5ZttxH_CQXEDHROg83ZT77QS-zkt6SGpsqddV4sSxa8QsIY/s320/atlanta+cares+mentoring+program.jpg" /></a><strong></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong>Atlanta CARES Mentoring Movement</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">For data on starting a local schoolhouse mentoring plan through the National CARES Mentoring Movement, discovery to a greater extent than data on its website at caresmentoring.com.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /> </div><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=luxortrades-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=1400280222&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=luxortrades-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=078797952X&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=000000&bg1=FFFFFF&f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe></div>

Susan L. Taylor: Advocate For Mentoring

Video of Susan Taylor on mentoring as a tool to combat Earth educational activity crisis Born Jan 23, 1946 inwards New York, Susan L. Tayl...

What Is Juneteenth?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR01wGrCy2ApkZV-9eJfrBq9eCJWuGNDgaEbt7GujjbKuSkjTqq2aDappJiIXMEZVtsOLWT8gU-aIPWvFQhDNYRUSkYqXQKQeZvjECahdhZXwyHvnEDnFf4ynaHzb4PuDiSRvG61u4Kyk/s1600/Juneteenth+Statute.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR01wGrCy2ApkZV-9eJfrBq9eCJWuGNDgaEbt7GujjbKuSkjTqq2aDappJiIXMEZVtsOLWT8gU-aIPWvFQhDNYRUSkYqXQKQeZvjECahdhZXwyHvnEDnFf4ynaHzb4PuDiSRvG61u4Kyk/s400/Juneteenth+Statute.jpg" width="265" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Photo of Juneteenth Statute, Galveston Island, </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Texas, USA, commemorates </b><b>the</b> <b>reading of the </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Emancipation Proclamation </b><b>at Ashton Villa, June 19, 1865</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Juneteenth is brusk for June 19th. It is celebrated equally business office of African American history, by as well as large inwards Texas as well as the South, to celebrate the terminate of slavery inwards the United States. It dates dorsum to 1865 when soldiers for the federal Union, led past times Major General Gordon Granger, made it to Ashton Villa close Gavleston, Texas alongside news that the Union won the state of war as well as human slavery was illegal. This was 2 as well as a one-half years afterwards the Emancipation Proclamation was signed past times the U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on Jan 1, 1863. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation inwards Texas was non made a reality until 1865, alongside General Granger's arrival alongside his Union regiment as well as the give upwards of General Lee. This 2 as well as a one-half years delay inwards receiving the tidings of federal emancipation has generated many stories of how it was delivered to Texas. </div> <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipF51UW5qoMGmSP_4hSVnKyL84bKgT4kOupGFeof7rFlJ4s7Eu_YRDjubvfxb9yfGXv_Q9ZbGp0c7OWwE53znzR6eOrVdQshqxkhnF-tmO3-yZOxAPUZwLXE9fXLuIaoBztk3EWfCn-j0/s1600/1juneteenth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qu="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipF51UW5qoMGmSP_4hSVnKyL84bKgT4kOupGFeof7rFlJ4s7Eu_YRDjubvfxb9yfGXv_Q9ZbGp0c7OWwE53znzR6eOrVdQshqxkhnF-tmO3-yZOxAPUZwLXE9fXLuIaoBztk3EWfCn-j0/s320/1juneteenth.jpg" /></a></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Some tell that the Union troops waited for Texas slaveholders to reap the final cotton fiber harvests. Others tell that the messenger was murdered on his agency to deliver the tidings of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. Some commentators report that President Lincoln only did non convey total authorization over the region. In either case, Africans inwards Texas were freed TWO AND H5N1 HALF YEARS afterwards the official historical appointment for independence of Africans inwards the United States.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The Juneteenth Statute above is a nine human foot tall bronze statue that was erected inwards 2005 on the grounds of Ashton Villa inwards Texas to commemorate an 1979 Texas legislative proclamation that made June 19th a nation vacation to memorialize the reading of the Emancipation Proclamation at Ashton Villa on June 19, 1865.</div> <br /></div>

What Is Juneteenth?

Photo of Juneteenth Statute, Galveston Island, Texas, USA, commemorates the reading of the Emancipation Proclamation at Ashton Vill...

Seydou Keïta As Well As The Genuis Of Photography

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b></b></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGL_T5nhVhEWr50zxgg8f_JDnuG_Y5Qt2JhJ0V_ELB6hQE66Ej4ISleoS5pB2plrqrZErPpXLudKj60SNJxZQ0tn4yX51ZdZOzkJTs7wNn8T_sdIN9UUVW2VTRxk7NiYYMHDOPokVxQyc/s1600/portrait-Keita-Seydou-50.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" ru="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGL_T5nhVhEWr50zxgg8f_JDnuG_Y5Qt2JhJ0V_ELB6hQE66Ej4ISleoS5pB2plrqrZErPpXLudKj60SNJxZQ0tn4yX51ZdZOzkJTs7wNn8T_sdIN9UUVW2VTRxk7NiYYMHDOPokVxQyc/s320/portrait-Keita-Seydou-50.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Photo of the belatedly photographer Seydou Keïta</strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> </div> <div style="text-align: left;"> Seydou Keïta was born inwards Bamako, Mali, Africa inwards 1921 (exact appointment unknown) together with died Nov 21, 2001 inwards Paris, France. Keïta was the eldest kid inwards a menage unit of measurement of 5 children. His father, Bâ Tièkòró, together with his uncle, Tièmòkò, were Malian slice of furniture makers. Upon a render from Senegal to Republic of Mali inwards 1935, his uncle Tièmòkò is reported to bring given Keïta a Kodak Brownie photographic boob tube camera with film. Mountaga Traoré together with French photographic furnish shop possessor Pierre Garnier were alongside his biggest supporter every bit he honed his photography skills. </div> <div style="white-space: nowrap;"> <br /></div> <div style="white-space: nowrap;"> </div> <div style="white-space: nowrap;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUslujVcaSIN18_9Fjq4dJaVWyqv21baoFpGcK8-CylJRCqsLJmGGOeAGlH9tYJ9-JeTvzGArw6a-EVvAH7QEKRla4O6Q3NI9pdHBUCYBysbuL2ArU-Hp8wOAi1qUork8IlzhnlQC7T9g/s1600/Seydou+Ke%C3%AFta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUslujVcaSIN18_9Fjq4dJaVWyqv21baoFpGcK8-CylJRCqsLJmGGOeAGlH9tYJ9-JeTvzGArw6a-EVvAH7QEKRla4O6Q3NI9pdHBUCYBysbuL2ArU-Hp8wOAi1qUork8IlzhnlQC7T9g/s1600/Seydou+Ke%C3%AFta.jpg" width="252" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle">Seydou Keita: Photographs, Bamako, Republic of Mali 1949-1970 (Book available at this <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/3869303018/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=3869303018&linkCode=as2&tag=crosswriting-20&linkId=HYZBMUYWXSZNZQNZ">Amazon.com</a> link)</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div style="white-space: nowrap;"> <b>Seydou Keïta Photography Studio inwards Bamako, Mali</b></div> <div style="white-space: nowrap;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify; white-space: nowrap;"> In 1948, Keïta develop his outset studio inwards the menage unit of measurement trouble solid inwards Bamako-Koura, behind the principal prison. </div> <div style="text-align: justify; white-space: nowrap;"> This self-taught lensman captured the pump of Malian lodge through his exquisite photo-<br /> graphic tape of the people betwixt 1940 together with the 1960. </div> <div style="text-align: justify; white-space: nowrap;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify; white-space: nowrap;"> "Seydou Keita was the house to larn if y'all wanted to bring a beautiful picture of yourself. That was the </div> <div style="text-align: justify; white-space: nowrap;"> studio to larn for the local bourgeoisie together with fifty-fifty for the middle course of pedagogy who wanted to grow inwards the social </div> <div style="text-align: justify; white-space: nowrap;"> level," states gallery curator N'Gone Fall inwards a BBC report. Keïta's move was nationally reknown <br /> alongside the Malians together with after became basis reknown every bit the prolific photographer's<br /> photographs began to move collected inwards Europe together with the USA past times museums together with galleries.</div> </div>

Seydou Keïta As Well As The Genuis Of Photography

Photo of the belatedly photographer Seydou Keïta Seydou Keïta was born inwards Bamako, Mali, Africa inwards 1921 (exact appointme...

Black Cowboys Inwards America

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbSzLNOBB6Cs-BjMN9H4WZvFgozDKMnMaxgZYw3AFyj_LFvcSs2DpV14qu7m-fQ2zwoPthvhmU723xrA39N4GBYGBA8v5AVx6QYtZR0pXxRkjFoeUfzfS4rddm445ZBnNAdFpb90_7ldg/s320/black-cowboy.jpg" /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Black cowboy with Equus caballus (cir. 1890), </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Western History/Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library</b></div> <br /> The dark cowboy redefined the perception of what it agency to go an American-born cowboy. For the dark cowboy, beingness a cowboy became to a greater extent than of a way of independent identify unit of measurement farm living that centered some family, outdoors cooking (lots of smoke outs too bar-b-ques on these farms), too maintaining a stable of horses with other farm raised animals. <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOGperYCradBx9GbXKl134jtiemMyo5wBh2oMYp4pPdibJiIBeLQjUmn9Xd7WfoD68Y7r-RcvSWx33g3OHsrkoigSIrbcpoOn8_bZXvUsHLruretne_thUOb1oBaDgyK0QN7XvVoUkujg/s1600/Black+Cowboy+Nat+Love.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOGperYCradBx9GbXKl134jtiemMyo5wBh2oMYp4pPdibJiIBeLQjUmn9Xd7WfoD68Y7r-RcvSWx33g3OHsrkoigSIrbcpoOn8_bZXvUsHLruretne_thUOb1oBaDgyK0QN7XvVoUkujg/s1600/Black+Cowboy+Nat+Love.jpg" width="220" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nat Love aka Deadwood Dick (b. 1854 – d. 1921), born into slavery inwards Tennessee, became a cowboy after the American Civil War.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC_YLFgsF_vN14CoU9OlfG5p-obI16Ys07rI1ngbpcVzB0IdHXw8nl1zXg2QznvplbLfDuD7dLu4drue9ysAPQQZjUYetuVgcEOwoVzErYBwZW5MYitIpy6gleViLtP2wgm39hsYtnAtc/s1600/blackcowboys.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC_YLFgsF_vN14CoU9OlfG5p-obI16Ys07rI1ngbpcVzB0IdHXw8nl1zXg2QznvplbLfDuD7dLu4drue9ysAPQQZjUYetuVgcEOwoVzErYBwZW5MYitIpy6gleViLtP2wgm39hsYtnAtc/s320/blackcowboys.bmp" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Actor Steven Williams with Madison "Nat Love" Walker </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>at a </b><b><i>Single Action Shooting Society</i> meeting</b></div> <br /> Some years dorsum inwards Chicago, I was privileged to spotter a traveling dark rodeo demo too was invited to a cookout afterwards. Below are some of the pictures I took.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6b9kYf_0dKYAlHe5XGdP_QoBVNlG1ltzPyIfyIdMVcr61HKeh5jXR1ePJ6lRoZIgpt3zsqlG6Vgio7KL81luNYxB7kUU4aMeaiwgRrhAyunv7VS3BTqtiAlWDdr-3dnW7MP0HcRwkGwc/s1600/manishboyz+logo2_0004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6b9kYf_0dKYAlHe5XGdP_QoBVNlG1ltzPyIfyIdMVcr61HKeh5jXR1ePJ6lRoZIgpt3zsqlG6Vgio7KL81luNYxB7kUU4aMeaiwgRrhAyunv7VS3BTqtiAlWDdr-3dnW7MP0HcRwkGwc/s320/manishboyz+logo2_0004.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Black cowboys surgical procedure at a rodeo on </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>the South Side of Chicago circa. 1990</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Photo: V.M. Cross)</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> One activeness peculiarly revered past times dark cowboys is highly skilled Equus caballus sportsmanship that is the historical trademark of cowboy culture.</div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXtdny6AW4GEVR2xlFEkPnKhlWweMHKF8pI-R2Id2zQao95-ODHSg7uVLn-WGrJIz-lnCpYebV5yHjrNVFtlx4srjWZrpfBBKMrlTkvqXlCYfUeayzNuPhbvnXsUOUxAR6s_oLs-Lgtas/s1600/manishboyz+logo2_0003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXtdny6AW4GEVR2xlFEkPnKhlWweMHKF8pI-R2Id2zQao95-ODHSg7uVLn-WGrJIz-lnCpYebV5yHjrNVFtlx4srjWZrpfBBKMrlTkvqXlCYfUeayzNuPhbvnXsUOUxAR6s_oLs-Lgtas/s320/manishboyz+logo2_0003.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Black cowboys perform a Equus caballus demo at </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Chicago rodeo presentation, cir. 1990.</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Photo: past times V. M. Cross)</span></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIkRRhz51ayTVyrSZpMYm8_Lr_zP8zu2_KATSMnSfZXUriTX-MWWIp3Hsj5nAly72BGZ0FlRhDUC7KdnSOSjtGkVAm7QdwsWrgY47plvahVmFvOJAZWClDRR370NF6r7i2kTJ73bivpIE/s1600/manishboyz+logo2_0009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIkRRhz51ayTVyrSZpMYm8_Lr_zP8zu2_KATSMnSfZXUriTX-MWWIp3Hsj5nAly72BGZ0FlRhDUC7KdnSOSjtGkVAm7QdwsWrgY47plvahVmFvOJAZWClDRR370NF6r7i2kTJ73bivpIE/s320/manishboyz+logo2_0009.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Black cowboy at a cookout at his homestead inwards </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>southern Cook County, Illinois</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Photo: V. M. Cross)</span></div> <br /> There are a break of books inwards impress with the historical accounts of the legacy of the dark cowboy too his family. One proficient mass is <i><a href="http://amzn.to/1JY9L5B" target="_blank">Black Cowboys of the Old West</a>: True, Sensational, And Little-Known Stories From History</i> past times Tricia Martineau Wagner. The Black American West Museum is also a peachy resource for viewing master copy documents too things related to the history of blacks inwards the western United States. The museum is located inwards Denver, Colorado. Established inwards 1971 past times Paul W. Stewart, it is a storehouse of photos, letters, prints, too other historical records and items left behind by blacks from the early on American west. This includes records of cowboys, ranchers, homesteaders, miners, too much more.<br /> <br /></div>

Black Cowboys Inwards America

Black cowboy with Equus caballus (cir. 1890), Western History/Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library The dark cowboy redefined ...

George Washington Carver: Scientist Too Inventor

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZqmOIVDrox8rG56t8LANErGHmz_GQnOLj9qhFADlHQUnjm76dTq15Q9ctvWO_X9X3CRbi9pSO_-1oUNhf47EPuWGw814t98C6Xv0LBZQnLbrOLFsPJ0iD89cKF2J0pPgGv8-h8Reu9Lk/s1600/Picture+of+George+Washington+Carver+taken+by+Frances+Benjamin+Johnston+in+1906.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZqmOIVDrox8rG56t8LANErGHmz_GQnOLj9qhFADlHQUnjm76dTq15Q9ctvWO_X9X3CRbi9pSO_-1oUNhf47EPuWGw814t98C6Xv0LBZQnLbrOLFsPJ0iD89cKF2J0pPgGv8-h8Reu9Lk/s200/Picture+of+George+Washington+Carver+taken+by+Frances+Benjamin+Johnston+in+1906.jpg" width="164" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Picture of George Washington Carver (1864-1943)</span></strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">taken yesteryear Frances Benjamin Johnston inwards 1906</span></strong></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <blockquote> <div style="text-align: left;"> <em>“I dear to intend of nature equally an unlimited broadcasting station, through which God speaks to us every hour, if nosotros volition only melody in.”</em>   George Washington Carver</div> </blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The peanut butter packaged as well as sold yesteryear such American brands equally Skippy was invented yesteryear MD George Washington Carver. In U.S. society, Carver is the begin mortal of tape to stimulate crude out of the peanut. This is the same peanut crude that tin live constitute on many grocery shop shelves today. While many people know virtually these innovations, they produce non know that Carver developed these inventions, also equally hundreds of other derivative products from the peanut, pecan, as well as sweetness potato.</div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> MD Carver works included the evolution of agricultural derived adhesives, gasoline fuel, shaving cream, shampoos, mitt lotions, insecticide, glue, bleach, sugar, synthetic rubber, as well as other innovations from natural agricultural resources. He devoted his life to agreement nature as well as the option uses of a elementary plant. He is reported to demand maintain extracted medicines from weeds as well as through the separation of fats, oils, gums, resins as well as sugars, he constitute over 300 novel uses for the peanut alone.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong></strong> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixlXeSCczVIj-O6gHn1gyvHRJ4VbSXcl3XUyXWuwb_-wT38XzvDcDHnNPVTI2vh-a8iP0puLeD8833sZxBwdU8xfTQ1rLTEOyAR8KlKJGL2t-1A_P5eJYgaAuZHOn6qF3fh8Z3qUsCxDg/s1600/George-washington-carver-nmon-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixlXeSCczVIj-O6gHn1gyvHRJ4VbSXcl3XUyXWuwb_-wT38XzvDcDHnNPVTI2vh-a8iP0puLeD8833sZxBwdU8xfTQ1rLTEOyAR8KlKJGL2t-1A_P5eJYgaAuZHOn6qF3fh8Z3qUsCxDg/s320/George-washington-carver-nmon-1.jpg" /></a></div> <blockquote> <em>Photo of the George Washington Carver National Monument, a unit of measurement of the National Park Service located virtually ii miles due west of Diamond, Missouri. Depicting MD Carver equally a immature boy, this statute was founded on July 14, 1943 yesteryear Franklin Delano Roosevelt who dedicated $30,000 to the monument. It was the begin national monument dedicated to an African-American as well as begin to a non-President.</em></blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1864 (exact nativity appointment unknown), George Washington Carver was born into the establishment of slavery close Diamond Grove, Missouri. He was kidnapped from his woman nurture yesteryear slavers equally a baby. As a slave, his early on weak status inwards trunk made him of no utilization inwards the field. Carver worked inwards a domestic capacity as well as gardening became a piece of employment of his work. On the plantation he was known equally the 'Plant Doctor." Despite the challenge of his birth, Carver applied as well as was admitted to Highland College inwards Highland, Kansas from his application submission that did non refer or asking his race. When he arrived at Highland College its president, learning therefore of his pare color, withdrew the college's acceptance.</div> <div> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Kn97iayuiG9DCJSnwQghPHC8JUBxDUU7LpZ6-7e75EDb24A2raugXrJUYACTp9lUO8Yo1fOFjOw_ugROPUOyqvKJe7FqPTn-VluBPN11lwhPUeNL_HYJnuDr_Yq-umuLb4uHqrn4YJg/s1600/george-washington-carver-pix.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Kn97iayuiG9DCJSnwQghPHC8JUBxDUU7LpZ6-7e75EDb24A2raugXrJUYACTp9lUO8Yo1fOFjOw_ugROPUOyqvKJe7FqPTn-VluBPN11lwhPUeNL_HYJnuDr_Yq-umuLb4uHqrn4YJg/s320/george-washington-carver-pix.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>George Washington Carver inwards his laboratory.</strong></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> At that indicate inwards his life, instead of college, Carver went into business. He opened a laundry as well as afterward worked equally a gear upwardly inwards Winterset, Iowa. Saving his money, Carver was the begin mortal of African descent to live admitted to Simpson College inwards Iowa. He eventually transferred to Iowa Agricultural College (Iowa State College). There he earned a Bachelors as well as Masters of Science degrees inwards agricultural as well as bacterial botany. Carver became the begin dark instructor at Iowa State College.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPfcPzZL7hQ2VEAxKJRvjKwe3vKYvx8adyBK8KzvJmSJuSkr0epsLZYL5tOXMpnIZLE5G_A8kI8ruZZPRz4ZjU0xo63fdSDKsdZEUgOgbtfAZ80Nw491G6IRlyQQ9XimkVDOuCc_uejaI/s1600/Photo+of+George+Washington+Carver+(front+row,+center)+poses+with+fellow+staff+members+at+the+Tuskegee+Institute+(now+known+as+Tuskegee+University)+located+in+the+U.S.+state+of+Alabama..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPfcPzZL7hQ2VEAxKJRvjKwe3vKYvx8adyBK8KzvJmSJuSkr0epsLZYL5tOXMpnIZLE5G_A8kI8ruZZPRz4ZjU0xo63fdSDKsdZEUgOgbtfAZ80Nw491G6IRlyQQ9XimkVDOuCc_uejaI/s320/Photo+of+George+Washington+Carver+(front+row,+center)+poses+with+fellow+staff+members+at+the+Tuskegee+Institute+(now+known+as+Tuskegee+University)+located+in+the+U.S.+state+of+Alabama..jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">George Washington Carver (center, front end row) poses amongst beau </span></strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>Tuskegee Institute </strong><strong>staff members inwards 1902 (now known equally Tuskegee University)</strong> </span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Upon the invite of Booker T. Washington, MD Carver relocated to Alabama's Tuskegee Normal as well as Industrial Institute (Tuskegee Institute, right away known equally Tuskegee University). At Tuskegee, Carver spearheaded the university's Agricultural Department, a dynamic agricultural inquiry subdivision that he served for to a greater extent than than l years. There was much farming innovation developed out of Tuskegee during the course of didactics of Carver's leadership. This included translating scientific theory into cracking practical assistance to local farmers, including old slaves, who sought self-sufficiency through farming. Carver assisted many southern farmers, dark as well as white, in producing additional products from their staple crops inwards an attempt to growth solid unit of measurement farm income.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTEuEfbNZJ05ixF1cJ4BJ5YpEocVyBlJk-EiFaQiO2Qd4EcjB5du4S8ZIRATflJBDz9U6zOIoZfQDpthd96cyPPJn8B4Q8rKpI-i8-GJw4GxBPKeO4z151-aOTitdkbFGz0VBv84Z_zUU/s1600/Illustration+of+George+Washington+Carver+by+Charles+Alston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTEuEfbNZJ05ixF1cJ4BJ5YpEocVyBlJk-EiFaQiO2Qd4EcjB5du4S8ZIRATflJBDz9U6zOIoZfQDpthd96cyPPJn8B4Q8rKpI-i8-GJw4GxBPKeO4z151-aOTitdkbFGz0VBv84Z_zUU/s320/Illustration+of+George+Washington+Carver+by+Charles+Alston.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Illustration of George Washington Carver yesteryear Charles Alston (1943)</strong></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Carver's piece of employment was a course of didactics inwards sustainable development. His legacy is the master green. This included providing American farmers preparation inwards soil fertilization as well as crop rotation innovations. He introduced southern farmers to novel soil enriching plants such equally the peanut, pecan, as well as the sweetness potatoe. This diversified the agricultural tradition of farmers inwards the U.S. southern states whose agricultural economic scheme was based predominantly on cotton wool production. Carver's piece of employment inwards agricultural recycling is meaning inwards that he introduced southern farmers to practical innovative uses for farm waste. Tuskegee Institute inquiry during this fourth dimension included scientific works inwards chemistry, nutrition, flora pathology, as well as genetics.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwzwmWpJLRGvlvnqoxXiIxzMSqoEsHyuLzR0hEG4Y6qW32M2Muek_HziqXjDpmCalCEq_dzGIXCQwnVscQZYjy2VW7HuX6mpzwsd7TpFzCha98XvI35dnEIfKqMqV_9xt_u0UHLkCUkv8/s1600/Painting+of+George+Washington+Carver,+by+Betsy+Graves+Reyneau,+Oil+on+canvas+(1942).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwzwmWpJLRGvlvnqoxXiIxzMSqoEsHyuLzR0hEG4Y6qW32M2Muek_HziqXjDpmCalCEq_dzGIXCQwnVscQZYjy2VW7HuX6mpzwsd7TpFzCha98XvI35dnEIfKqMqV_9xt_u0UHLkCUkv8/s320/Painting+of+George+Washington+Carver,+by+Betsy+Graves+Reyneau,+Oil+on+canvas+(1942).jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Painting of George Washington Carver, </strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>by Betsy Graves Reyneau, crude on sail (1942)</strong></div> <blockquote> <em>“Reading virtually nature is fine, but if a mortal walks inwards the woods as well as listens carefully, he tin larn to a greater extent than than what is inwards books, for they utter amongst the vocalisation of God.”</em>   George Washington Carver</blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> “All mankind are the beneficiaries of his discoveries inwards the plain of agricultural chemistry," stated the belatedly U.S. President Franklin T. Roosevelt. "The things which he achieved inwards the aspect upwardly of early on handicaps volition for all fourth dimension afford an inspiring example to youth everywhere." </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTUAjMlj2ClUPnlQMjqAFWYdB0bmcyi4w4Bypf5Do8MhW0qm_dn3QpZtB1i2c6IvlyLGudJk6RAmXsWmMKC_TdWn5i1-GGeOc4g-TdH-YfHwCRFTAovwd8wyDsaU7eKfBOCgTpUkdMfp4/s1600/George+Washington+Carver+Stamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTUAjMlj2ClUPnlQMjqAFWYdB0bmcyi4w4Bypf5Do8MhW0qm_dn3QpZtB1i2c6IvlyLGudJk6RAmXsWmMKC_TdWn5i1-GGeOc4g-TdH-YfHwCRFTAovwd8wyDsaU7eKfBOCgTpUkdMfp4/s320/George+Washington+Carver+Stamp.jpg" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <strong>George Washington Carver postage stamp issued on Jan 5, 1948 </strong><br /> <strong>by the U.S.A. Postal Service</strong></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> George Washington Carver received iii formal U.S. patents from his peanut inventions. His works, however, includes 118 applications for inventions derived from sweetness potatoes, cowpeas, soybeans, as well as pecans. His sweetness white patato inventions included 73 dyes, 17 woods fillers, xiv candies, five library pastes, five breakfast foods, four starches, four flours, 3 molasses’s, vinegar as well as spiced vinegar, dry out java as well as instant coffee, candy, after-dinner mints, orangish drops, as well as lemon drops.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The National Peanut Board reports MD Carver's works to include nutrient products that ranged from "peanut lemon punch, chili sauce, caramel, peanut sausage, mayonnaise as well as coffee. Cosmetics included aspect upwardly powder, shampoo, shaving cream as well as mitt lotion. Insecticides, glue, charcoal, rubber, nitroglycerine, plastics as well as axle grease are simply a few of the many valuable peanut products discovered yesteryear MD Carver.”</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp_hDp0q-_zftKZ1ZSRRKwtDpqxDZ2eKFK0Dr3jrWntO9LrOrYvICHN36h7raq-5ImgAmbutNGyMGv43EeEkK3LiuZHEQrnpNYDW7nMXFqoUCuN_tTxpVfNioqK1cdbjY-3lsybEGfjfo/s1600/Worker+on+the+SS+George+Washington+Carver+in+the+Richmond+Yards.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp_hDp0q-_zftKZ1ZSRRKwtDpqxDZ2eKFK0Dr3jrWntO9LrOrYvICHN36h7raq-5ImgAmbutNGyMGv43EeEkK3LiuZHEQrnpNYDW7nMXFqoUCuN_tTxpVfNioqK1cdbjY-3lsybEGfjfo/s320/Worker+on+the+SS+George+Washington+Carver+in+the+Richmond+Yards.jpg" /></a></div> <blockquote> <em>An African American worker at the Richmond Shipyards, Richmond, California, USA (April 1943) rushing the</em> SS George Washington Carver<em> send to completion. Black skilled workers played an of import piece of employment inwards the structure of the </em>SS George Washington Carver<em>, the minute Liberty Ship named for a mortal of African descent, inwards the Richmond Shipyard No. 1 of the Kaiser Company (California).</em> </blockquote> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRRPi4XcvCCn-0Iikol2pmoyb8rEqpD3vqljb1XLO_7vhNIqYABThtcIFSNqe4nYBGuzO8lNv__vNdaZHOge0Xu5nST4np9LfOVNF8YwEeemnvBnwMCzxmf4A8z1XQ9OrjY1MM-XksMew/s1600/Statute+of+George+Washington+Carver.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRRPi4XcvCCn-0Iikol2pmoyb8rEqpD3vqljb1XLO_7vhNIqYABThtcIFSNqe4nYBGuzO8lNv__vNdaZHOge0Xu5nST4np9LfOVNF8YwEeemnvBnwMCzxmf4A8z1XQ9OrjY1MM-XksMew/s320/Statute+of+George+Washington+Carver.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Statute of George Washington Carver</strong></div> </div>

George Washington Carver: Scientist Too Inventor

Picture of George Washington Carver (1864-1943) taken yesteryear Frances Benjamin Johnston inwards 1906 “I dear to intend of natu...

Johannes Leo Africanus' Contributions To The History Of Timbuktu

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZrXB8v7vMQbWE30H_dgR03FsYYiwYComuqR2vGYqHkzG-OV1LlWZt9ah4CSa5pDws65BSRO9BXosWlJcFBAmM9IbLn_0RpjtCQqVMqOEJBxfTsvWquN65hoJkCIEeOft9tPwcwfY1yU/s1600/Title+page+of+Johannes+Leo+Africanus%3B+John+Pory+(trans.+%26+comp.)+(1600).+A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZrXB8v7vMQbWE30H_dgR03FsYYiwYComuqR2vGYqHkzG-OV1LlWZt9ah4CSa5pDws65BSRO9BXosWlJcFBAmM9IbLn_0RpjtCQqVMqOEJBxfTsvWquN65hoJkCIEeOft9tPwcwfY1yU/s400/Title+page+of+Johannes+Leo+Africanus%3B+John+Pory+(trans.+%26+comp.)+(1600).+A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa.jpg" width="247" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Title page of <em>A Geographical Historie of Africa</em> by</strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Johannes Leo Africanus (1600)</strong></div> <br /> Johannes Leo Africanus (c. 1494 - 1554) was a Moorish diplomat, traveler, historian, as well as author best known for his mass <em>Description of Africa</em> (Descrittione dell’Africa) which described North African geography, including the famed metropolis of Timbuktu (Timbuctoo) inwards Mali, West Africa.<br /> <br /> In almost 1494, Leo Africanus was born inwards Granada, a city at the human foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains inwards Spain. This was a major city on the Castilian (Iberian) peninsula. It had been conquered yesteryear the Moors of Africa for nearly 800 years. After Leo Africanus' birth, his identify unit of measurement moved from Kingdom of Spain to Fez, Kingdom of Morocco inwards North Africa. In Morocco, he studied at the University of Al Karaouines as well as started the intellectual journeying that would Pb him on diplomatic missions across Africa as well as Europe. This included the Maghreb (Also <em>Maghrib</em>, Berber: <em>Tamazgha</em>, Arabic: بلدان المغرب ,) as well as the Timbuktu percentage (c. 1510), as well as hence business office of the Songhai (Songhay) Empire. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaBBT6CsuCv4zWWjVk_wNR76O6TElhgZZb_DYvno7BhHK-CHAaEzLe1LL537LBdwB4ocILx6cG0TDRS_VTqY5ZURvfAV35KOgFuXpiUwcmkc2OBY_dQX39-1LNXd3V-q3JWD1xHNQKlyQ/s1600/leo+africanus+timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaBBT6CsuCv4zWWjVk_wNR76O6TElhgZZb_DYvno7BhHK-CHAaEzLe1LL537LBdwB4ocILx6cG0TDRS_VTqY5ZURvfAV35KOgFuXpiUwcmkc2OBY_dQX39-1LNXd3V-q3JWD1xHNQKlyQ/s320/leo+africanus+timbuktu.jpg" /></a></div> <br /> Fifteen kilometers northward of the Niger River, Timbuktu is a historic metropolis whose rattling advert conjures a feel of mystery. Known equally the City of Wisdom, the legacy of the muslim virile mortal monarch Mansa Musa as well as the recorded history of the Songhai as well as Republic of Mali Empires are business office of Timbuktu's rich historical heritage. <br /> <br /> <b>The Kingdom of Mali</b><br /> <br /> By the 11th Century, Mali's rulers had been converted to Islam in the West African percentage of Timbuktu, a metropolis inwards the Tombouctou Region of Mali. Three centuries later, commentators banker's complaint from Arab travelers that the religion of Islam practiced in this percentage of Africa is somewhat Africanized from that proficient yesteryear their Arabian brethren. Mansa Musa was known inwards his time as the richest virile mortal monarch inwards Africa because of the wealth he acquired in his Empire's wide network of commercial trade. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswTgu3Z1CJdhfTrA-uQnVXtfa-Oz99gnD6bvmiCLscuRH-PMVHSF05NKmJNvAUEGbRbqCgyuGU_kXoDaf5Nz3pAOLamFxyT29gDHSC_vdu7OKjb0P6cRcra7jgiZpCTl35uU7sxAHKxM/s1600/Untitled+woodcut+map+of+Africa+from+Leo+Africanus,+Historiale+description+de+l%27Afrique,+tierce+partie+dv+monde.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswTgu3Z1CJdhfTrA-uQnVXtfa-Oz99gnD6bvmiCLscuRH-PMVHSF05NKmJNvAUEGbRbqCgyuGU_kXoDaf5Nz3pAOLamFxyT29gDHSC_vdu7OKjb0P6cRcra7jgiZpCTl35uU7sxAHKxM/s400/Untitled+woodcut+map+of+Africa+from+Leo+Africanus,+Historiale+description+de+l%27Afrique,+tierce+partie+dv+monde.jpg" width="255" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Untitled woodcut map of Africa from Leo Africanus, </strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <em><strong>Historiale description de l'Afrique, tierce partie dv monde</strong></em></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79vmWMEFV3uZa3Uvs-HZhnb_i4fRL708Kn9MyGV02dnculq6PElMujTGr-NLjJU3qu2076IlkoDZGfbQJP62i1maMDgBBPZc6Htxu7aBou3v9o0oxa3AwechIsnOAjN4srgJlKtVaLWw/s1600/Mansa+Musa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79vmWMEFV3uZa3Uvs-HZhnb_i4fRL708Kn9MyGV02dnculq6PElMujTGr-NLjJU3qu2076IlkoDZGfbQJP62i1maMDgBBPZc6Htxu7aBou3v9o0oxa3AwechIsnOAjN4srgJlKtVaLWw/s320/Mansa+Musa.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Section of an illustrated map that includes depiction of </strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Mansa Musa asset a golden nugget, </strong><strong>(cir. 1375 Catalan Atlas)</strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> The earliest amount trouble concern human relationship of Timbuktu came from Africanus inwards the 16th Century. He described the city's splendent courtroom life, its scholars, noted equally "bountifully maintained at the king's cost." Timbuktu had a reputation for its learned universities, pomp majestic palace ceremonies, architectural glories, as well as busy markets that included international traders. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1Qma4jmbg3AVjRwq-ieN6X0ILmHGL8qysBW5VeZkQ816kpFpJoFRKlPQZbeY4qnAjgV1CM-vqQfe_XSiUbBwzU8T0R4_qNm6W57EkJY-HPsfnGBdb3PwwBfrbSE3UaOsa8aQfUM03RI/s1600/Timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1Qma4jmbg3AVjRwq-ieN6X0ILmHGL8qysBW5VeZkQ816kpFpJoFRKlPQZbeY4qnAjgV1CM-vqQfe_XSiUbBwzU8T0R4_qNm6W57EkJY-HPsfnGBdb3PwwBfrbSE3UaOsa8aQfUM03RI/s320/Timbuktu.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> Once a fundamental middle of Islamic educational activity inwards Africa, Timbuktu’s architectural glories, including many mosques, have been reclaimed inwards business office yesteryear the desert. By 1828, French adventurer René Caillié's pilgrimage to Timbuktu flora the metropolis ravished yesteryear the raids of neighboring tribes. Populated yesteryear the Fulani, Mande, Songhai, as well as Tuareg, the people as well as the historical romance of scholarship as well as merchandise within Timbuktu remains.<br /> <br /> <div align="center"> <object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/iYMkTxNQGGU&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/iYMkTxNQGGU&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object></div> <div align="center"> <strong>Video of lost libraries of Timbuktu - City of Scholars (BBC)</strong><br /> <br /></div> </div>

Johannes Leo Africanus' Contributions To The History Of Timbuktu

Title page of A Geographical Historie of Africa by Johannes Leo Africanus (1600) Johannes Leo Africanus (c. 1494 - 1554) was a...

Charles Hamilton Houston: Making Of The African-American Civil Rights Lawsuit Attorney

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9dutfNME41B3efvH_ucTf-2Y4ZcVULg1ZJHx1SZUZA0rhcxUJ3DA8zmM7H25Ynl6-lbgFCwAONLovvZH7q2uKUvMnGW_DsUpgliWFjT2AglRDX5np7uIqvhw60SAeuiXiyHNu134cMk8/s1600/Photo+of+Charles+Hamilton+Houston+African+American+Lawyer+for+Black+Civil+Rights+See+Also+Thurgood+Marshall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9dutfNME41B3efvH_ucTf-2Y4ZcVULg1ZJHx1SZUZA0rhcxUJ3DA8zmM7H25Ynl6-lbgFCwAONLovvZH7q2uKUvMnGW_DsUpgliWFjT2AglRDX5np7uIqvhw60SAeuiXiyHNu134cMk8/s1600/Photo+of+Charles+Hamilton+Houston+African+American+Lawyer+for+Black+Civil+Rights+See+Also+Thurgood+Marshall.jpg" width="241" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Charles Hamilton Houston (b. September 3, 1895 - d. Apr 22, 1950)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>As legal scholar, educator, as well as lawyer, Charles Hamilton Houston dedicated his life to fighting racism with the dominion of police pull every bit an musical instrument for jurist as well as social change. African American trial attorneys became early on champions of the U.S. Constitution's Equal Protection Clause that articulates this of import protection enjoyed past times all U.S. citizens. Quite telling, Houston was U.S. Supreme Court Justice <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=us-supreme-court-justice-thurgood" target="_blank">Thurgood Marshall</a>'s police pull professor at Howard University School of Law. Houston mentored Marshall inwards developing the federal trial police pull strategy that enforced U.S. Constitutional rights on behalf of African Americans nationally discriminated inwards interstate commerce.  </i> </div> <br /> <b>Early Life of Charles Hamilton Houston</b><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Charles Houston owed much of his early on success to his remarkably dedicated parents. He was born on September 3, 1895. His woman raise was Mary Hamilton Houston a stylist (seamstress as well as hairdresser) to Washington D.C. politicians. His manlike someone raise was William Le Pre Houston, a full general exercise attorney for to a greater extent than than iv decades inwards D.C. who also taught law exercise management tat Howard University's police pull school.</div> <div> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcs0cl7aHBWU_O6AQp2Du-171K67c_fMGXv7dYbZShwku7AzDADmulCc2UBGpRckdBip0Wa_LkZzOiJvC15-7iV5woIlC9KUlzv-SqeMfqJAJqdOqCfh7IqWcMUhQHBxvE7Sb_52K_VEY/s1600/charles+hamilton+houston-family.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcs0cl7aHBWU_O6AQp2Du-171K67c_fMGXv7dYbZShwku7AzDADmulCc2UBGpRckdBip0Wa_LkZzOiJvC15-7iV5woIlC9KUlzv-SqeMfqJAJqdOqCfh7IqWcMUhQHBxvE7Sb_52K_VEY/s320/charles+hamilton+houston-family.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Charles Hamilton Houston (center) with his woman raise as well as father</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Houston graduated from high schoolhouse at fifteen years old. In 1915, he was ane of 6 valedictorians graduating from Amherst College inwards Massachusetts. He was also the solely dark pupil inwards his class. By 1917, Houston started teaching "Negro Literature" as well as English linguistic communication at Howard University inwards D.C., the same twelvemonth the U.S. authorities entered World War I. Houston enlisted inwards the state of war inwards 1919 every bit a minute lieutenant inwards acre artillery where he served inwards France.</div> <div> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFVGHK70vgjIhKFJbEJH3oqxzw1YQKbqNQd2Q9yoaUpZEq_I-Tl1FFWBOKY1Wk6FhOffaVQhUhzhq3e-H1H1gWxqWDmSciAedYGLn4is67YM5l6Kim7SEz4oIVz0HWtqxdnkgpMy-ODc/s1600/charles+hamilton+houstonlieutenant-lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFVGHK70vgjIhKFJbEJH3oqxzw1YQKbqNQd2Q9yoaUpZEq_I-Tl1FFWBOKY1Wk6FhOffaVQhUhzhq3e-H1H1gWxqWDmSciAedYGLn4is67YM5l6Kim7SEz4oIVz0HWtqxdnkgpMy-ODc/s320/charles+hamilton+houstonlieutenant-lg.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of the immature Lieutenant Charles Hamilton Houston</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Houston understood racism as well as its affect on African Americans. As an U.S. officeholder inwards France, Houston endured the double struggle of the dark U.S. soldiers inwards Europe. Black soldiers fought on ii fronts against both Nazi aggression as well as white racist aggression that was a corking part of armed services life.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Houston Returns from War as well as Studies Law</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> After an honorable discharge from the military, Houston returned to D.C. He applied to Harvard Law School as well as was accepted. He graduated inwards 1922 with a Bachelor of Laws. By 1923, he had earned a doctorate, distinguished himself every bit a scholar at Harvard where he became the get-go dark editor of the Harvard Law Review. </div> <br /> <div> </div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8RPAOmRAgYBEWE-2JoGZllCDzRGTlGtIKoBVCf7RlUR7B0Nb8zVNqB4yH34dMAGo5B4Rinc1PrtQPXY0_Jt2pt8PURR6fa91memIlFlS35HBRfDgPcwQzNDvPXm2vqSLrG6nZQBpMP5U/s1600/charles+hamilton+houston%27s+father+william-houston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8RPAOmRAgYBEWE-2JoGZllCDzRGTlGtIKoBVCf7RlUR7B0Nb8zVNqB4yH34dMAGo5B4Rinc1PrtQPXY0_Jt2pt8PURR6fa91memIlFlS35HBRfDgPcwQzNDvPXm2vqSLrG6nZQBpMP5U/s320/charles+hamilton+houston's+father+william-houston.jpg" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Attorney William Le Pre Houston, </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">father of Charles Hamilton Houston, inwards his police pull office</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1924, afterward his render from studying at the University of Madrid, Houston joined his father's D.C. police pull firm. In add-on to starting a civil rights police pull practice, inwards 1924 Houston began teaching at Howard University School of Law, therefore a part-time nighttime school. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Houston Mentors Other Lawyers</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Hamilton believed that a lawyer was "either a social engineer or a parasite on society" as well as saw his role as a legal educator every bit part of his social responsibility. By 1929, Howard University had developed into a full-time police pull schoolhouse nether his encouragement as well as was the preparation ground for about a quarter of the nation's dark police pull students. </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFKwcK6MkS8sDV_0XbUjRDoxv73ybajDL8nl3RD5XfwQF3mGGoRm6WQnVnuBYA51hfW7ZUYIYk0sLAFfHuVhqBPebbl5dGRf2iMk6b3xPzwyebu5ZN1HGYxC2cXEflUJeFedPj2YmASwY/s1600/Photo+of+a+young+Thurgood+Marshall+standing+before+the+seated+Charles+Hamilton+Houston.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFKwcK6MkS8sDV_0XbUjRDoxv73ybajDL8nl3RD5XfwQF3mGGoRm6WQnVnuBYA51hfW7ZUYIYk0sLAFfHuVhqBPebbl5dGRf2iMk6b3xPzwyebu5ZN1HGYxC2cXEflUJeFedPj2YmASwY/s1600/Photo+of+a+young+Thurgood+Marshall+standing+before+the+seated+Charles+Hamilton+Houston.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo of a immature Thurgood Marshall (standing left) with a seated as well as writing Charles Hamilton Houston (far right) at Howard University (Maryland State Archives)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Houston's pupils at Howard University included Thurgood Marshall, the nation's get-go African American U.S. Supreme Court Justice. Marshall was also part of the legal team in the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court landmark representative of <i><a href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=347&invol=483">Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka</a></i>, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) -- which comprised many of his beau Howard Law School alums. Other quondam students of Houston was A. Leon Higginbotham, William Hastie, James Nabrit, Robert Carter, George E.C. Hayes, Jack Greenberg, Oliver Hill, as well as Spottswood Robinson. In <i>Brown</i>, the U.S. Supreme Court made the historic ruling that racial segregation inwards primary as well as secondary world schoolhouse was unconstitutional.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Houston's Legal Attack on the "Separate But Equal" Doctrine</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> As a constitutional scholar, Houston knew that the "separate but equal" doctrine accepted past times the U.S. Supreme Court inwards the landmark representative of <i><a href="http://brownat50.org/brownCases/BrownCasesFrameset.html">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i>, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) was reverse to the dominion of law. In 1934, Houston became special counsel with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP). He surrounded himself with a pick out grouping of immature lawyers, many of his aforementioned quondam Howard Law School students. Houston presently became "senior counsel" to the immature legal strategists that would cease legalized racial segregation inwards the United States. </div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> As the NAACP's special counsel, Houston traveled throughout the U.S. South with a photographic television receiver camera as well as a typewriter. He as well as his squad of lawyers recorded atmospheric condition at world facilities for blacks as well as whites, reasoning that segregationist states were non fifty-fifty coming together the <i>Plessy</i> "separate but equal" standard.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Developing Important Early Civil Rights Case Law</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">  By 1935, Charles Hamilton Houston as well as Thurgood Marshall prevailed inwards <i><a href="http://www.brownat50.org/brownCases/PreBrownCases/PearsonvMurrayMd1936.htm">Murray v. Pearson</a></i>, 182 A. 590, 169 Md. 478, 103 A.L.R. 706  (1936), a Maryland Court of Appeals determination where the dark plaintiff challenged his denied entry into the therefore segregated University of Maryland police pull school. Legal counsel for the academy argued that their client's met the split upward but equal requirement when it granted qualified black applicants scholarships to enroll inwards police pull schools out-of-state. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The Maryland ground courts rejected this argument, asset that Maryland’s out-of-state alternative was non an equal chance for police pull students who wanted to exercise police pull inwards Maryland every bit Maryland lawyers. In 1936, the police pull schoolhouse was ordered to acknowledge qualified dark students. Thurgood Marshall was alongside the previously qualified students denied entry into the Maryland police pull school, making the legal victory an peculiarly sugariness ane for the Houston legal team.</div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1939, some other of Houston's of import civil rights cases was ruled upon inwards <i><a href="http://brownat50.org/brownCases/BrownCasesFrameset.html">State of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada</a></i>, 305 U.S. 337 (1938).  In <i>Gaines</i>, the reasoning inwards the <i>Pearson</i> ground representative was adopted past times the U.S. Supreme Court as well as applied nationwide. In essence, the Court held that Missouri police pull schoolhouse faculty's unique curriculum made "separate but equal" unattainable inwards legal education. </div> <br /> <b>Houston on the Role of Lawyers every bit Social Engineers</b><br /> <blockquote> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjp4bm-3_KCCv1rVtPz_oBRo7hNf17ilPAvE3AyVUfEdi48vyyt5NIab6lVed9SHBNd340vLRonY4Qs3dDSLSpKl-fYJGMYrXkrCX5wPcD6_hj8orfyM8PHUv3kMphhj25AYQ9O65unxA/s1600/charles+hamilton+houston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjp4bm-3_KCCv1rVtPz_oBRo7hNf17ilPAvE3AyVUfEdi48vyyt5NIab6lVed9SHBNd340vLRonY4Qs3dDSLSpKl-fYJGMYrXkrCX5wPcD6_hj8orfyM8PHUv3kMphhj25AYQ9O65unxA/s320/charles+hamilton+houston.jpg" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image of attorney Charles Hamilton Houston</td></tr> </tbody></table> </blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b></b>  According to Houston, "[the] Negro lawyer must last trained every bit a social engineer as well as grouping interpreter. Due to the Negro's social as well as political status . . . the Negro lawyer must last prepared to anticipate, conduct as well as translate his grouping advancement. . . . [Moreover, he must human activeness as] concern advisor . . . for the protection of the scattered resources possessed or controlled past times the group. . . . He must furnish to a greater extent than ways as well as agency for asset inside the grouping the income forthwith flowing through it," wrote Charles Hamilton Houston inwards his "Personal Observations on the Summary of Studies inwards Legal Education every bit Applied to the Howard University School of Law," (May 28, 1929).</div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1940, sick wellness led Houston to retire from the NAACP every bit special counsel. On Apr 22, 1950, Houston died, iv years afterward the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 ruling inwards <i>Brown v. Board of Education</i>. In 1950, the NAACP posthumously awarded him the Spingarn Medal. In 1958, Howard University School of Law's top dog edifice was dedicated every bit Charles Hamilton Houston Hall. </div> <br /> <div>  Charles Hamilton Houston's words continues to guide Howard University School of Law's mission:</div> <blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> "'A lawyer's either a social engineer or he's a parasite on society'. . . . H5N1 social engineer was a highly skilled, perceptive, sensitive lawyer who understood the Constitution of the US as well as knew how to explore its uses inwards the solving of 'problems of . . . local communities' as well as inwards 'bettering atmospheric condition of the underprivileged citizens.'"</div> </blockquote> <blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">McNeil, <i>Groundwork</i> at 84 (1983), quoting Charles Hamilton Houston (McNeil cites Thurgood Marshall every bit quoted inwards Geraldine Segal, In Any Fight Some Fall at 34 (Mercury Press 1975)).</span></div> </blockquote> Thurgood Marshall is reported every bit having remarked that "[w]e owe it all to Charlie."</div>

Charles Hamilton Houston: Making Of The African-American Civil Rights Lawsuit Attorney

Photo: Charles Hamilton Houston (b. September 3, 1895 - d. Apr 22, 1950) As legal scholar, educator, as well as lawyer, Charles Hamilt...