American History: Songhai

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpFwAKUDJ-G3clKdjS-N6SuWipuk6wcPjrpzoRTqW_7Xd0Z4LGHsTTRsnQgz0sPkSTDWcqO2GWnBuew3ti4WSVA8mwJxIvOq4dggUOBZi_SwLkPstr_HwWDGxzHmcy9UcFeA0QJoJB60g/s1600/Map-of-Africa-1812.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpFwAKUDJ-G3clKdjS-N6SuWipuk6wcPjrpzoRTqW_7Xd0Z4LGHsTTRsnQgz0sPkSTDWcqO2GWnBuew3ti4WSVA8mwJxIvOq4dggUOBZi_SwLkPstr_HwWDGxzHmcy9UcFeA0QJoJB60g/s400/Map-of-Africa-1812.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of Africa, c. 1812.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 431px;">  <colgroup><col width="69"></col>  <col width="362"></col>  </colgroup><tbody> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <br /></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="362"><div align="CENTER"> <br /></div> <div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>A    BRIEF TIMELINE </b></span></span>    </span></div> <div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>OF    THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF AFRICA </b></span></span>    </span></div> <div align="CENTER"> <span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><b>TO    THE “SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”</b></span></span></div> <div align="CENTER"> <br /></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <br /></div> <div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">c.    3150 B.C.</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Ancient    tradition states that the start pharaoh (king) of <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank"><b>Kemet</b></a> (kmt,    translation: “black land”, nka Ancient Egypt) was Pharaoh    Menes, honored amongst having unified Upper together with Lower Kemet into a    unmarried kingdom. The pharaoh of Dynasty I would laid about a serial of    dynasties that ruled Kemet for the side yesteryear side iii millennium. In    Pliny's account, Menes was credited amongst existence the inventor of    writing inwards Kemet.</span></span></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">The    New Kingdom of Kemet (c. 1550-1070 B.C.) began amongst the Eighteenth    Dynasty, mark the ascension of Arab Republic of Egypt every bit an international ability that    expanded during its greatest extension to an empire into the    southern, northern together with western regions of continental Africa together with    every bit far due east every bit the percentage straightaway called India. Notable Pharaohs of    this era include Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten together with his married adult woman    Nefertiti, Tutankhamun together with Ramesses II. The final native ruled    dynasty is said to conduct maintain been the Thirtieth Dynasty, afterwards which    the kingdom savage into the hands of Farsi rulers c. 343 B.C.,    defeating Pharaoh Nectanebo II. Later the Ottomans, of Arab descent, came to govern this business office of the Nile Valley.</span></span></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <br /></div> <div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">c.    1200 B.C.</span></span></div> </td><td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Kingdom    of Kush was an ancient African dynasty situated on the confluences    of the Blue Nile, White Nile together with River Atbara inwards what is straightaway the    Republic of Sudan. Established afterwards the Bronze Age collapse (c.    1206 to 1150), it was centered at Napata inwards its early on phase. After    manful somebody monarch Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Arab Republic of Egypt inwards the eighth    century BC, the Kushite kings ruled every bit Pharaohs of the    Twenty-fifth dynasty of Arab Republic of Egypt for a century, until they were    expelled yesteryear Psamtik I inwards 656 BC. In early on Greek geography, the    Meroitic kingdom, amongst its violet working capital missive of the alphabet at Meroe, was known every bit    Ethiopia. The Kushite kingdom amongst its working capital missive of the alphabet at Meroe persisted    until the quaternary century C.E., when it weakened together with disintegrated due    to internal rebellion. The Kushite working capital missive of the alphabet was eventually captured    together with destroyed yesteryear the kingdom of Axum. </span></span>    </div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <br /></div> <div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><br /></span></span> <br /> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">c.    100 C.E.</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8rsTsriY_0wP-5pAD9zJWn5jOV1ehEznq1sS1qbZUTvA3uGfn43BeqWt-2woAQ4bdHqKvbojiIjJVWgOeINGfIlHG0W9_5GMCtsPQOEzwdpUxLxaLWCkmdM6je8JLxUaf97bLOh9H4ok/s1600/kingdom+of+kush.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8rsTsriY_0wP-5pAD9zJWn5jOV1ehEznq1sS1qbZUTvA3uGfn43BeqWt-2woAQ4bdHqKvbojiIjJVWgOeINGfIlHG0W9_5GMCtsPQOEzwdpUxLxaLWCkmdM6je8JLxUaf97bLOh9H4ok/s200/kingdom+of+kush.jpg" width="200" /></a></div> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><span style="color: white;">Kingdom    of Aksum (aka every bit the Axum, Aksumite Kingdom, Abyssinia together with Ethiopia),    encompassed the national regions straightaway known every bit Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia together with    Eritrea. Its govern included govern over the declining Kingdom of    Kush together with over the Kingdom of Himyarite inwards the percentage straightaway known every bit    Yemen, which together with therefore included Saba (<a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank"><b>Sheba</b></a>) from c. 25 B.C., Qataban    from c. 200 C.E., together with Hadramaut from c. 300 C.E. The kingdom    existed from some 100 C.E. to 940 C.E. Great traders, the    Aksumites minted their ain currency together with was named yesteryear Mani (216–276    C.E.) every bit ane of the 4 smashing powers of his fourth dimension along amongst    Persia, Rome, together with China. Aksum became the start major empire to    convert to Christianity.</span></span></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <br /></div> <div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">c.    400 C.E.</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">The    mention Nubia is derived from the Noba people, nomads who settled inwards    the Nile valley percentage inwards the quaternary century, afterwards the collapse of    the Kingdom of Kush. In the ancient commentary, however, Nubia,    Kush together with Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Greek: Aithiopia) are oftentimes used to    depict the same people. For example, spell Kemet conquered    Nubian lands during diverse times inwards history, the Nubians are too    noted every bit having conquered Kemet nether its 25th Dynasty. </span></span>    </div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">The    ancient Nubian linguistic communication inwards written cast uses a modified Coptic    script that was to a greater extent than often than non used inwards religious texts dating from the eighth    together with 15th centuries C.E.. It is straightaway preserved inwards at to the lowest degree a hundred    pages of ancient documents, including the famous <i>The Martyrdom    of Saint Menas</i>. </span></span>    </div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">There    were a divulge of small-scale Nubian kingdoms throughout the Middle Ages,    the final of which collapsed inwards 1504, when Nubia became divided    betwixt The Arab Republic of Arab Republic of Egypt together with the Sennar sultanate    resulting inwards the Arabization of much of the Nubian population.    Nubia was over again brought nether Ottoman Arab Republic of Egypt inwards the 19th century,    together with inside Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from 1899 to 1956. </span></span>    </div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <br /></div> <div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">c.    400 C.E.</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Kingdom    of Ghana, too called the Wagadou, founded inwards western percentage of    Africa. The wealth of the kingdom includes commentaries of    domesticated animals adorned amongst gilded collars together with included the    domestication of camels earlier the Arabs. </span></span></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">The onetime kingdom is non    located inwards the same percentage every bit the electrical flow <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank"><b>Ghana nation</b></a>. It    included the western percentage of the electrical flow patch of Republic of Mali together with the    southeastern department of the electrical flow patch of Islamic Republic of Mauritania together with    emcompassed Mande-speaking people. Gold, ivory, together with tabular array salt were    traded to Europe together with the Middle East. Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad    ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Arabic: </span><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">عَبْدَالله    مُحَمَّد بِن مُوسَى اَلْخْوَارِزْمِي‎</span><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">),    the Farsi mathematician, astronomer together with geographer writing from    Baghdad c. 800 C.E. documented the legend of the Republic of Ghana dynasties.</span></span></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <br /></div> <div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">c.    600 C.E.</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">The    Great Republic of Zimbabwe complex was built inwards rock inwards the Kingdom of    Zimbabwe, mark the ascension of the Shona (Translation: dzimba dza    mabwe or "great rock houses") culture together with    evidencing the smashing Bantu expansion. The archaeological ruins    known every bit "Great Zimbabwe" conduct maintain been radiocarbon dated to    some 600 C.E. The Kingdom of Republic of Zimbabwe controlled the    ivory together with gilded merchandise from the interior to the southeastern coast    of Africa. Asian together with Standard Arabic goods could live on found inwards abundance inwards    the kingdom.  </span></span>    </div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">c.    1230 C.E.</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">The    <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank"><b>Mali Empire</b></a> (aka Mandingo Empire or Manden Kurufaba) major tribal    grouping was the Mandinka together with was founded yesteryear Sundiata Keita together with    gained international fame from its ruler Mansa Musa I. The empire    formed on the upper Niger River, together with reached the superlative of ability    inwards the 14th century amongst the centre of its scholarship together with merchandise    inwards the ancient cities of Djenné together with <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank"><b>Timbuktu</b></a>. </span></span>    </div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="1" height="150" name="graphics1" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/220px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg" width="223" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">The pages higher upwardly are from Timbuktu Manuscripts written inwards Sudani script (a Semetic script) from the Republic of Mali Empire showing established noesis of astronomy together with mathematics. Today in that place are unopen to a 1000000 of these manuscripts found inwards Timbuktu alone.</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"></span></span><br /></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">c.    1402 C.E.</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Ethiopian    diplomatic mission was established inwards Venice.</span></span></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">c.    1460 </span></span>    </div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">The    Songhai (aka Songhay) are idea to conduct maintain settled at Gao every bit early on    every bit 800 C.E., but did non constitute it every bit the working capital missive of the alphabet until the    11th century, during the reign of Dia Kossoi. Sulaiman-Mar gained    independence together with hegemony over Gao c. 1340, together with became the forbear    of Sunni Ali, the start emperor of Songhai, reigning from c.    1464-1493. Sulaiman-Mar is often credited amongst wresting ability away    from the Republic of Mali Empire at a fourth dimension of internal succession disputes. The Songhai Empire would eventually supplanted the Republic of Mali    Empire. The Songhai Empire would collapse inwards 1591 inwards smashing business office    due to what is described every bit the Moroccan invasion.</span></span></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1497</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Vasco    da Gama rounds the Cape of Good Hope</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1505-1821</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">The    Funj empire inwards Sudan.</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1517</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Ottomans    conduct maintain Cairo</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1626</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">First    French settle inwards Senegal together with Madagascar</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1628-29</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">War    betwixt Mozambique together with Portugal, amongst Mozambique becoming a    Portuguese protectorate</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1820</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Egypt    conquers Sudan. British settlers larn far inwards Cape Colony.</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1822</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Liberia    is established yesteryear freed Africans from America.</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1824-31</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">First    Anglo-Ashanti War.</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1830-47</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">French    conquest of Algeria.</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1834-35</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">British    defeat the Xhosa.</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1849</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Livingstone's    start journeying inwards Africa</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1850-78</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Nine    Xhosa wars inwards South Africa.</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1868</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">British    annexes Lesotho</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1869</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Suez    Canal opens</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">1879</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Ango-Zulu    War</span></span></div> </td>  </tr> <tr valign="TOP">   <td bgcolor="#004a4a" sdnum="1033;1033;@" width="69"><div align="CENTER"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">c.    1880</span></span></div> </td>   <td bgcolor="#198a8a" width="362"><div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;">“<span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;">Scramble    for Africa” begins</span></span></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <br /></div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><i>Note:    There were many smashing kingdoms together with empires that rose on the African continent, such every bit the smashing civilizations developed yesteryear the Moor together with the Berber, the </i></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><i><a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank"><b>Ndongo Kingdom inwards the fundamental W Africa</b></a></i></span></span><i style="background-color: transparent; color: white; font-family: Thorndale, serif; text-align: left;">; the absence on this time-line is a production of the require for    brevity only.</i></div> </div> <div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-left: 0.13in; margin-right: 0.19in;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: Thorndale, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span></div> </td>  </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> </div>

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