Johannes Leo Africanus' Contributions To The History Of Timbuktu

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZrXB8v7vMQbWE30H_dgR03FsYYiwYComuqR2vGYqHkzG-OV1LlWZt9ah4CSa5pDws65BSRO9BXosWlJcFBAmM9IbLn_0RpjtCQqVMqOEJBxfTsvWquN65hoJkCIEeOft9tPwcwfY1yU/s1600/Title+page+of+Johannes+Leo+Africanus%3B+John+Pory+(trans.+%26+comp.)+(1600).+A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZrXB8v7vMQbWE30H_dgR03FsYYiwYComuqR2vGYqHkzG-OV1LlWZt9ah4CSa5pDws65BSRO9BXosWlJcFBAmM9IbLn_0RpjtCQqVMqOEJBxfTsvWquN65hoJkCIEeOft9tPwcwfY1yU/s400/Title+page+of+Johannes+Leo+Africanus%3B+John+Pory+(trans.+%26+comp.)+(1600).+A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa.jpg" width="247" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Title page of <em>A Geographical Historie of Africa</em> by</strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Johannes Leo Africanus (1600)</strong></div> <br /> Johannes Leo Africanus (c. 1494 - 1554) was a Moorish diplomat, traveler, historian, as well as author best known for his mass <em>Description of Africa</em> (Descrittione dell’Africa) which described North African geography, including the famed metropolis of Timbuktu (Timbuctoo) inwards Mali, West Africa.<br /> <br /> In almost 1494, Leo Africanus was born inwards Granada, a city at the human foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains inwards Spain. This was a major city on the Castilian (Iberian) peninsula. It had been conquered yesteryear the Moors of Africa for nearly 800 years. After Leo Africanus' birth, his identify unit of measurement moved from Kingdom of Spain to Fez, Kingdom of Morocco inwards North Africa. In Morocco, he studied at the University of Al Karaouines as well as started the intellectual journeying that would Pb him on diplomatic missions across Africa as well as Europe. This included the Maghreb (Also <em>Maghrib</em>, Berber: <em>Tamazgha</em>, Arabic: بلدان المغرب ,) as well as the Timbuktu percentage (c. 1510), as well as hence business office of the Songhai (Songhay) Empire. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaBBT6CsuCv4zWWjVk_wNR76O6TElhgZZb_DYvno7BhHK-CHAaEzLe1LL537LBdwB4ocILx6cG0TDRS_VTqY5ZURvfAV35KOgFuXpiUwcmkc2OBY_dQX39-1LNXd3V-q3JWD1xHNQKlyQ/s1600/leo+africanus+timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaBBT6CsuCv4zWWjVk_wNR76O6TElhgZZb_DYvno7BhHK-CHAaEzLe1LL537LBdwB4ocILx6cG0TDRS_VTqY5ZURvfAV35KOgFuXpiUwcmkc2OBY_dQX39-1LNXd3V-q3JWD1xHNQKlyQ/s320/leo+africanus+timbuktu.jpg" /></a></div> <br /> Fifteen kilometers northward of the Niger River, Timbuktu is a historic metropolis whose rattling advert conjures a feel of mystery. Known equally the City of Wisdom, the legacy of the muslim virile mortal monarch Mansa Musa as well as the recorded history of the Songhai as well as Republic of Mali Empires are business office of Timbuktu's rich historical heritage. <br /> <br /> <b>The Kingdom of Mali</b><br /> <br /> By the 11th Century, Mali's rulers had been converted to Islam in the West African percentage of Timbuktu, a metropolis inwards the Tombouctou Region of Mali. Three centuries later, commentators banker's complaint from Arab travelers that the religion of Islam practiced in this percentage of Africa is somewhat Africanized from that proficient yesteryear their Arabian brethren. Mansa Musa was known inwards his time as the richest virile mortal monarch inwards Africa because of the wealth he acquired in his Empire's wide network of commercial trade. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswTgu3Z1CJdhfTrA-uQnVXtfa-Oz99gnD6bvmiCLscuRH-PMVHSF05NKmJNvAUEGbRbqCgyuGU_kXoDaf5Nz3pAOLamFxyT29gDHSC_vdu7OKjb0P6cRcra7jgiZpCTl35uU7sxAHKxM/s1600/Untitled+woodcut+map+of+Africa+from+Leo+Africanus,+Historiale+description+de+l%27Afrique,+tierce+partie+dv+monde.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswTgu3Z1CJdhfTrA-uQnVXtfa-Oz99gnD6bvmiCLscuRH-PMVHSF05NKmJNvAUEGbRbqCgyuGU_kXoDaf5Nz3pAOLamFxyT29gDHSC_vdu7OKjb0P6cRcra7jgiZpCTl35uU7sxAHKxM/s400/Untitled+woodcut+map+of+Africa+from+Leo+Africanus,+Historiale+description+de+l%27Afrique,+tierce+partie+dv+monde.jpg" width="255" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Untitled woodcut map of Africa from Leo Africanus, </strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <em><strong>Historiale description de l'Afrique, tierce partie dv monde</strong></em></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79vmWMEFV3uZa3Uvs-HZhnb_i4fRL708Kn9MyGV02dnculq6PElMujTGr-NLjJU3qu2076IlkoDZGfbQJP62i1maMDgBBPZc6Htxu7aBou3v9o0oxa3AwechIsnOAjN4srgJlKtVaLWw/s1600/Mansa+Musa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79vmWMEFV3uZa3Uvs-HZhnb_i4fRL708Kn9MyGV02dnculq6PElMujTGr-NLjJU3qu2076IlkoDZGfbQJP62i1maMDgBBPZc6Htxu7aBou3v9o0oxa3AwechIsnOAjN4srgJlKtVaLWw/s320/Mansa+Musa.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Section of an illustrated map that includes depiction of </strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Mansa Musa asset a golden nugget, </strong><strong>(cir. 1375 Catalan Atlas)</strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> The earliest amount trouble concern human relationship of Timbuktu came from Africanus inwards the 16th Century. He described the city's splendent courtroom life, its scholars, noted equally "bountifully maintained at the king's cost." Timbuktu had a reputation for its learned universities, pomp majestic palace ceremonies, architectural glories, as well as busy markets that included international traders. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1Qma4jmbg3AVjRwq-ieN6X0ILmHGL8qysBW5VeZkQ816kpFpJoFRKlPQZbeY4qnAjgV1CM-vqQfe_XSiUbBwzU8T0R4_qNm6W57EkJY-HPsfnGBdb3PwwBfrbSE3UaOsa8aQfUM03RI/s1600/Timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1Qma4jmbg3AVjRwq-ieN6X0ILmHGL8qysBW5VeZkQ816kpFpJoFRKlPQZbeY4qnAjgV1CM-vqQfe_XSiUbBwzU8T0R4_qNm6W57EkJY-HPsfnGBdb3PwwBfrbSE3UaOsa8aQfUM03RI/s320/Timbuktu.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> Once a fundamental middle of Islamic educational activity inwards Africa, Timbuktu’s architectural glories, including many mosques, have been reclaimed inwards business office yesteryear the desert. By 1828, French adventurer René Caillié's pilgrimage to Timbuktu flora the metropolis ravished yesteryear the raids of neighboring tribes. Populated yesteryear the Fulani, Mande, Songhai, as well as Tuareg, the people as well as the historical romance of scholarship as well as merchandise within Timbuktu remains.<br /> <br /> <div align="center"> <object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/iYMkTxNQGGU&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/iYMkTxNQGGU&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object></div> <div align="center"> <strong>Video of lost libraries of Timbuktu - City of Scholars (BBC)</strong><br /> <br /></div> </div>

Johannes Leo Africanus' Contributions To The History Of Timbuktu

Title page of A Geographical Historie of Africa by Johannes Leo Africanus (1600) Johannes Leo Africanus (c. 1494 - 1554) was a Moorish diplomat, traveler, historian, as well as author best …

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Abd Al Rahman Ibrahima Ibn Sori: From Guinea To The Mississippi Delta

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYUnQ9Jj921oe_JL0LFrW14b3ro0TkzOEPpRI_aSjG_ENeDUA9qS6Q-Py-96JO4wHUX01sLQhnDoGiPJeVPFNT0wZPibafy2Q3xD3_W_YP5zFtDzzQf7huMmpm7KQHygCWRjX3pV8wD9k/s1600/Drawing+of+Abdul+rahman+Ibrahim+Ibn+Sori.+The+Arabic+inscription+reads+His+name+is+Abd+al-Rahman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYUnQ9Jj921oe_JL0LFrW14b3ro0TkzOEPpRI_aSjG_ENeDUA9qS6Q-Py-96JO4wHUX01sLQhnDoGiPJeVPFNT0wZPibafy2Q3xD3_W_YP5zFtDzzQf7huMmpm7KQHygCWRjX3pV8wD9k/s1600/Drawing+of+Abdul+rahman+Ibrahim+Ibn+Sori.+The+Arabic+inscription+reads+His+name+is+Abd+al-Rahman.jpg" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b>Image: Abd al Rahman Ibrahima Ibn Sori (<i>aka</i> Abdul Rahman Ibrahim in addition to The Prince) </b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b>(Born: 1762 - Died: 1829)</b></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1762, Abd al Rahman Ibrahima Ibn Sori was born inside a majestic family, boy of King Sori, inwards the hamlet of Timbo inwards what is today known equally the Republic of Republic of Guinea inwards the share of Fouta Djallon (<i>aka</i> Futa Jalon, <i>lit.</i> "the state of the Fulbe in addition to Jalunke"). Ibrahima was born amidst the Fulbe (<i>aka</i> Fulani, Fula, Fullah, Foulah; <i>singular:</i> Poulas, Peul, Pullo) of the Timbo region. The Fulbe were primarily muslim cattle herders inwards this West African mountainous share where the Niger river rises in addition to runs eastward. In fact, Guinea's mountains are the beginning of the Niger, Republic of The Gambia in addition to Senegal rivers, amongst its highest betoken at Mount Nimba. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR6Ke7cdjfuZgAX11qSTaCXBP6a7CfQJ9sgo6hRSTxEhzY2kufQNTgvYtm-aIG1LQy2_WBTPaCZXJi6yzUo6Q3kDSc0J74TaumuarYms5oLWJgnyfj2i5v1S0YLtPRseLGEKtP2E3IdLU/s1600/Photo+of+Fouta+Djallon+Guinea+West+Africa.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR6Ke7cdjfuZgAX11qSTaCXBP6a7CfQJ9sgo6hRSTxEhzY2kufQNTgvYtm-aIG1LQy2_WBTPaCZXJi6yzUo6Q3kDSc0J74TaumuarYms5oLWJgnyfj2i5v1S0YLtPRseLGEKtP2E3IdLU/s320/Photo+of+Fouta+Djallon+Guinea+West+Africa.gif" width="320" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b>Today the cool, mountainous Futa Jallon share runs roughly </b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b>north-south through the middle of the Republic of Guinea.</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> According to the mass <i>Prince Among Slaves</i>, written yesteryear Professor Terry Alford, the non-muslim Jalunke was the bulk tribal grouping inside the <a href="http://www.smi.uib.no/sa/15/15Salvaing.pdf" target="_blank">Futa Jallon share inwards Guinea</a> where Ibrahima was born. According to Prof. Alford, conflict inside the ethnically pluralistic Fulbe-Jalunke club occurred when the Jalunke leadership announced a annunciation forbidding populace prayer. Karamoko Alfa, the leading Fulbe cleric, declared jihad against the Jalunke for what was deemed a straight affront to Islam. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ceremonial slashing opened upwards of the Fulbe farmer's drums marked the outset of this cracking West African war. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>From Futa Djallon to the Mississippi Delta</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1788, at the historic menstruum of 26, Ibrahima was a military machine leader inside the Fulbe regular army when he was reportedly ambushed, captured in addition to sold to slave traders. Ibrahima was shipped to the USA where he was eventually sold to a Natchez, Mississippi slave trader yesteryear the refer of Thomas Foster. Ibrahima's noesis of agriculture operations in addition to his leadership skills made him a cardinal figure on Foster's cotton fiber plantation. By 1794, Ibrahima married Isabella, likewise enslaved on the Foster plantation in addition to would bring 5 sons in addition to 4 daughters.  </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> As the storey goes, ane twenty-four lx minutes menstruum Ibrahima was recognized yesteryear an Irish Gaelic surgeon, doctor John Cox, who had traveled to Timbo during his transportation ventures amongst an English linguistic communication ship. Cox was aided yesteryear Ibrahima's identify unit of measurement for vi months when he was stranded in addition to barbarous sick inwards the Futa Jallon region. Cox asked Foster to sell Ibrahima to him hence that he could complimentary him for supply to his West African homeland. Mr. Foster refused. Cox petitioned vigorously on Ibrahima's behalf until his dead inwards 1816. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1826, a alphabetic quality Ibrahima wrote inwards Standard Arabic addressed to his identify unit of measurement inwards West Africa was picked upwards yesteryear Andrew Marschalk, a local newsman who sent a re-create to the federal uppercase inwards Washington D.C., to the attending of U.S. Senator Thomas Reed. Reed forwarded the correspondence to the U.S. Consulate inwards Morocco, assuming that Ibrahima was a Moor. Though Ibrahima was non a Moroccan citizen, Sultan of Kingdom of Morocco Abderrahmane was touched yesteryear his storey in addition to petitioned U.S. President John Quincy Adams to publish Ibrahima from the establishment of slavery. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>The Prince Among Slaves Returns to West Africa</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1828, Henry Clay, hence U.S. Secretary of State, interceded on behalf of "The Prince", the refer given Ibrahima yesteryear Natchez, Mississippi residents. Foster stipulated that he would grant Ibrahima's legal publish from slavery entirely if he left without his identify unit of measurement in addition to returned to Africa. Despite the Ibrahimas' populace speaking efforts to enhance plenty coin to buy liberty for their nine children earlier leaving for Africa, they raised entirely one-half of the coin Foster required for the purchase. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> At historic menstruum 66, afterward forty years inwards slavery, Ibrahima sailed to Monrovia, Republic of Liberia inwards 1828. By July 1, 1829, a caravan was reportedly en road to Liberia, carrying identify unit of measurement members from his Futa homeland. Ibrahima caught a fever in addition to died at the historic menstruum of 67, never making it to his native hamlet inwards the Futa Jallon. He died July 6, 1829. His married adult woman Isabella was reunited amongst 2 sons in addition to their families whose liberty in addition to carry was financed yesteryear the Ibrahima's funds. The remaining identify unit of measurement inwards Mississippi was inherited yesteryear Foster's heirs in addition to scattered across the South earlier farther efforts could hold upwards made on their behalf. To his legacy, Ibrahima left behind the narrative of his total story, a rare jewel inside the legacy of the early on colonial history of Africans inwards America.</div> <br /></div>

Abd Al Rahman Ibrahima Ibn Sori: From Guinea To The Mississippi Delta

Image: Abd al Rahman Ibrahima Ibn Sori (aka Abdul Rahman Ibrahim in addition to The Prince)  (Born: 1762 - Died: 1829) In 1762, Abd al Rahman Ibrahima Ibn Sori was born inside a majestic famil…

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