Johannes Leo Africanus' Contributions To The History Of Timbuktu

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZrXB8v7vMQbWE30H_dgR03FsYYiwYComuqR2vGYqHkzG-OV1LlWZt9ah4CSa5pDws65BSRO9BXosWlJcFBAmM9IbLn_0RpjtCQqVMqOEJBxfTsvWquN65hoJkCIEeOft9tPwcwfY1yU/s1600/Title+page+of+Johannes+Leo+Africanus%3B+John+Pory+(trans.+%26+comp.)+(1600).+A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZrXB8v7vMQbWE30H_dgR03FsYYiwYComuqR2vGYqHkzG-OV1LlWZt9ah4CSa5pDws65BSRO9BXosWlJcFBAmM9IbLn_0RpjtCQqVMqOEJBxfTsvWquN65hoJkCIEeOft9tPwcwfY1yU/s400/Title+page+of+Johannes+Leo+Africanus%3B+John+Pory+(trans.+%26+comp.)+(1600).+A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa.jpg" width="247" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Title page of <em>A Geographical Historie of Africa</em> by</strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Johannes Leo Africanus (1600)</strong></div> <br /> Johannes Leo Africanus (c. 1494 - 1554) was a Moorish diplomat, traveler, historian, as well as author best known for his mass <em>Description of Africa</em> (Descrittione dell’Africa) which described North African geography, including the famed metropolis of Timbuktu (Timbuctoo) inwards Mali, West Africa.<br /> <br /> In almost 1494, Leo Africanus was born inwards Granada, a city at the human foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains inwards Spain. This was a major city on the Castilian (Iberian) peninsula. It had been conquered yesteryear the Moors of Africa for nearly 800 years. After Leo Africanus' birth, his identify unit of measurement moved from Kingdom of Spain to Fez, Kingdom of Morocco inwards North Africa. In Morocco, he studied at the University of Al Karaouines as well as started the intellectual journeying that would Pb him on diplomatic missions across Africa as well as Europe. This included the Maghreb (Also <em>Maghrib</em>, Berber: <em>Tamazgha</em>, Arabic: بلدان المغرب ,) as well as the Timbuktu percentage (c. 1510), as well as hence business office of the Songhai (Songhay) Empire. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaBBT6CsuCv4zWWjVk_wNR76O6TElhgZZb_DYvno7BhHK-CHAaEzLe1LL537LBdwB4ocILx6cG0TDRS_VTqY5ZURvfAV35KOgFuXpiUwcmkc2OBY_dQX39-1LNXd3V-q3JWD1xHNQKlyQ/s1600/leo+africanus+timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaBBT6CsuCv4zWWjVk_wNR76O6TElhgZZb_DYvno7BhHK-CHAaEzLe1LL537LBdwB4ocILx6cG0TDRS_VTqY5ZURvfAV35KOgFuXpiUwcmkc2OBY_dQX39-1LNXd3V-q3JWD1xHNQKlyQ/s320/leo+africanus+timbuktu.jpg" /></a></div> <br /> Fifteen kilometers northward of the Niger River, Timbuktu is a historic metropolis whose rattling advert conjures a feel of mystery. Known equally the City of Wisdom, the legacy of the muslim virile mortal monarch Mansa Musa as well as the recorded history of the Songhai as well as Republic of Mali Empires are business office of Timbuktu's rich historical heritage. <br /> <br /> <b>The Kingdom of Mali</b><br /> <br /> By the 11th Century, Mali's rulers had been converted to Islam in the West African percentage of Timbuktu, a metropolis inwards the Tombouctou Region of Mali. Three centuries later, commentators banker's complaint from Arab travelers that the religion of Islam practiced in this percentage of Africa is somewhat Africanized from that proficient yesteryear their Arabian brethren. Mansa Musa was known inwards his time as the richest virile mortal monarch inwards Africa because of the wealth he acquired in his Empire's wide network of commercial trade. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswTgu3Z1CJdhfTrA-uQnVXtfa-Oz99gnD6bvmiCLscuRH-PMVHSF05NKmJNvAUEGbRbqCgyuGU_kXoDaf5Nz3pAOLamFxyT29gDHSC_vdu7OKjb0P6cRcra7jgiZpCTl35uU7sxAHKxM/s1600/Untitled+woodcut+map+of+Africa+from+Leo+Africanus,+Historiale+description+de+l%27Afrique,+tierce+partie+dv+monde.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswTgu3Z1CJdhfTrA-uQnVXtfa-Oz99gnD6bvmiCLscuRH-PMVHSF05NKmJNvAUEGbRbqCgyuGU_kXoDaf5Nz3pAOLamFxyT29gDHSC_vdu7OKjb0P6cRcra7jgiZpCTl35uU7sxAHKxM/s400/Untitled+woodcut+map+of+Africa+from+Leo+Africanus,+Historiale+description+de+l%27Afrique,+tierce+partie+dv+monde.jpg" width="255" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Untitled woodcut map of Africa from Leo Africanus, </strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <em><strong>Historiale description de l'Afrique, tierce partie dv monde</strong></em></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79vmWMEFV3uZa3Uvs-HZhnb_i4fRL708Kn9MyGV02dnculq6PElMujTGr-NLjJU3qu2076IlkoDZGfbQJP62i1maMDgBBPZc6Htxu7aBou3v9o0oxa3AwechIsnOAjN4srgJlKtVaLWw/s1600/Mansa+Musa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79vmWMEFV3uZa3Uvs-HZhnb_i4fRL708Kn9MyGV02dnculq6PElMujTGr-NLjJU3qu2076IlkoDZGfbQJP62i1maMDgBBPZc6Htxu7aBou3v9o0oxa3AwechIsnOAjN4srgJlKtVaLWw/s320/Mansa+Musa.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Section of an illustrated map that includes depiction of </strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Mansa Musa asset a golden nugget, </strong><strong>(cir. 1375 Catalan Atlas)</strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> The earliest amount trouble concern human relationship of Timbuktu came from Africanus inwards the 16th Century. He described the city's splendent courtroom life, its scholars, noted equally "bountifully maintained at the king's cost." Timbuktu had a reputation for its learned universities, pomp majestic palace ceremonies, architectural glories, as well as busy markets that included international traders. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1Qma4jmbg3AVjRwq-ieN6X0ILmHGL8qysBW5VeZkQ816kpFpJoFRKlPQZbeY4qnAjgV1CM-vqQfe_XSiUbBwzU8T0R4_qNm6W57EkJY-HPsfnGBdb3PwwBfrbSE3UaOsa8aQfUM03RI/s1600/Timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1Qma4jmbg3AVjRwq-ieN6X0ILmHGL8qysBW5VeZkQ816kpFpJoFRKlPQZbeY4qnAjgV1CM-vqQfe_XSiUbBwzU8T0R4_qNm6W57EkJY-HPsfnGBdb3PwwBfrbSE3UaOsa8aQfUM03RI/s320/Timbuktu.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> Once a fundamental middle of Islamic educational activity inwards Africa, Timbuktu’s architectural glories, including many mosques, have been reclaimed inwards business office yesteryear the desert. By 1828, French adventurer René Caillié's pilgrimage to Timbuktu flora the metropolis ravished yesteryear the raids of neighboring tribes. Populated yesteryear the Fulani, Mande, Songhai, as well as Tuareg, the people as well as the historical romance of scholarship as well as merchandise within Timbuktu remains.<br /> <br /> <div align="center"> <object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/iYMkTxNQGGU&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/iYMkTxNQGGU&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object></div> <div align="center"> <strong>Video of lost libraries of Timbuktu - City of Scholars (BBC)</strong><br /> <br /></div> </div>

Johannes Leo Africanus' Contributions To The History Of Timbuktu

Title page of A Geographical Historie of Africa by Johannes Leo Africanus (1600) Johannes Leo Africanus (c. 1494 - 1554) was a Moorish diplomat, traveler, historian, as well as author best …

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African Kingdoms: Medieval Warfare Betwixt Ghana Together With Mali Empires

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguoIvOnn059eUZd2ng1HuhXuM0WOWo1kJuaX0mWb3ReJXAVVAHg3Ay20RfVu4aUQOTkeqV2iHfA210ncYMw2d6MuEszOZGI7UGRDtDhoemRyXvQ9X631QmCqT9SnAKoWWgmPbNG9pH6G8/s1600/Image+Mansa+Musa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguoIvOnn059eUZd2ng1HuhXuM0WOWo1kJuaX0mWb3ReJXAVVAHg3Ay20RfVu4aUQOTkeqV2iHfA210ncYMw2d6MuEszOZGI7UGRDtDhoemRyXvQ9X631QmCqT9SnAKoWWgmPbNG9pH6G8/s400/Image+Mansa+Musa.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In 1230 C.E., the western Africa Republic of Ghana Empire roughshod nether the warfare leadership of Sundiata Keita, leading to the rising of the Republic of Mali Empire inwards West Africa.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> According to the Epic of Sundiata, the national epic poesy form of the Republic of Mali Empire (also referenced every bit Mandinka, Manding Empire, Manden Kurufa, Mandingo people, Mande language), the Republic of Mali federation of nation-states included nearly all of the reason betwixt the Sahara Desert to the coastal borders of the modern solar daytime nations of Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, in addition to Senegal. The <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=dogon-from-nile-valley-of-east-africa" target="_blank">Mali Empire</a> would command most of due west Africa for 2 centuries.<br /> <br /> <b>Sundiata Keita's Medieval Warfare inwards West Africa</b><br /> <br /> Sundiata Keita, too known every bit Sogolon Djata or Mansa Sundiata, was from the Keita clan in addition to born inwards the hamlet of Niani close the modern solar daytime borders of Republic of Mali in addition to north-east Guinea. The loosely federated Mandinka kingdoms were ruled past times the medieval Republic of Ghana Empire (cir. 790 C.E., too known every bit the Wagadou Empire) nether King Soumaoro Kanté during Sundiata’s youth. The modern province of Republic of Ghana shares no territory alongside the medieval Republic of Ghana Empire, though around of its inhabitants claim ancestral lineage alongside the inhabitants of the mediæval empire.<br /> <br /> <b>Mandika Kingdom-States Battle the Republic of Ghana Empire</b><br /> <br /> Sundiata devoted his life to the overthrow of the Republic of Ghana Empire in addition to was exiled later on waging state of war against the medieval Republic of Ghana Empire past times mobilizing the loosely federated Mandinka kingdom-states. In 1230 C.E., Sundiata led a rebellion against King Soumaba Cisse from the in addition to therefore Kangaba kingdom-state inwards the south-western part of the modern solar daytime Republic of Mali nation's Koulikoro Region. Kangaba was in addition to therefore an of import gilt mining part amid the Mandinka kingdom-states.<br /> <br /> <b>The Battle of Kirina close the Koulikoro Mountains of Bamako, Mali</b><br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Tp3_9-CFV-SEOcCZeNZ0lykXOCioHZVhgYeRFWlMWaZnVlcgs-Ya7Og55OWNW-stOr8UY2HjFa8aOju3zy0Ct08mz4sf74eCBQDTUYUc61u7We8jvIxBYMz-iX2s8zJinTmjeZA7CBM/s1600/Three+Kingdom+Map+western+sudan+mali+songhai+ghana+timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Tp3_9-CFV-SEOcCZeNZ0lykXOCioHZVhgYeRFWlMWaZnVlcgs-Ya7Og55OWNW-stOr8UY2HjFa8aOju3zy0Ct08mz4sf74eCBQDTUYUc61u7We8jvIxBYMz-iX2s8zJinTmjeZA7CBM/s1600/Three+Kingdom+Map+western+sudan+mali+songhai+ghana+timbuktu.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Medieval West Africa was ruled past times 3 major empire nations, the Ghana, Republic of Mali in addition to Songhai. These kingdoms were purpose of a part historically referred to every bit the Western Sudan, which extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Central Africa. Trade routes were numerous across the Western Sudan region.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> In 1235 C.E., Republic of Ghana Empire forces were led past times the Sosso part manly mortal monarch Soumaoro Kanté, too known inwards historical accounts every bit Sumanguru Kanté. Soumaoro converged at the Koulikoro Region of modern solar daytime Bamako, Republic of Mali inwards an of import battle alongside the Mandinka forces. The historic African armed forces Battle of Kirina is cited past times historians every bit the lastly defeat of the mediæval Republic of Ghana Empire. Military legend provides that Soumaoro was non killed only disappeared into the Koulikoro mountains of Bamako.<br /> <br /> Sundiata was crowned Mansa or "King of Kings.” His 3 sons succeeded him to the throne of the Republic of Mali Empire: Mansa Khalifa Keita, Ouati Keita in addition to Wali Keita. The famous tales of Mansa Musa (b. 1307 C.E.), the boy of Sundiata's blood brother Abu-Bakr, chronicles his travels in addition to merchandise to distant lands inwards East Africa in addition to the Middle East. While purpose of the majestic kingdom household unit of measurement of the Republic of Mali Empire, Mansa Musa's granddad Abu-Bakr in addition to manly mortal nurture Faga Laya did non ascend the Republic of Mali Empire throne every bit Mansas.<br /> <br /> <b>Mansa Musa Rules Republic of Mali Empire in addition to Travels to Mecca</b><br /> <br /> According to Ibn-Khaldun's history of the Malian kings, Mansa Musa’s legendary caravan across Africa from Timbuktu to Mecca occurred inwards 1324 C.E. The historical accounts render that Mansa Musa traveled alongside a band of 60,000 people; 12,000 slaves; 500 workers; 300 pounds of gold; in addition to the nation’s firstly poets, artists, in addition to scholars.<br /> <br /> While the twelvemonth of Mansa Musa's expiry is debated amid modern historians, his reign is by in addition to large idea to convey lasted almost 25 years. The recorded dominion of Mansa Musa’s boy Mansa Maghan was from 1332 to 1336 C.E.. Mansa Suleyman, Mansa Musa’s older brother, ruled the Republic of Mali Empire from 1336 to 1360 C.E..<br /> <br /> <i>Further reading:</i><br /> <br /> “The Thirteenth in addition to Fourteenth Century Kings of Mali,” past times N. Levtzion, The Journal of African History, Vol. 4, No. 3. (1963).</div>

African Kingdoms: Medieval Warfare Betwixt Ghana Together With Mali Empires

In 1230 C.E., the western Africa Republic of Ghana Empire roughshod nether the warfare leadership of Sundiata Keita, leading to the rising of the Republic of Mali Empire inwards West Africa. Acco…

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