American History

Queen Hatshepsut Of Egypt: The Queen That Would Larn A Pharaoh

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikFZanomeHTU3Ez_BzP2tTN-EyLLjbyPDfIFgxvVKrq4pwirynX3G81500aCmpYk7aoIZCAg8jqEe-fm6PenkUJmbpTEvwZAneFsrVQrLDArkrr8-U7_JhfoWQfPlKyaKT6DHn_IN8YGI/s1600/Statue+of+Hatshepsut.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikFZanomeHTU3Ez_BzP2tTN-EyLLjbyPDfIFgxvVKrq4pwirynX3G81500aCmpYk7aoIZCAg8jqEe-fm6PenkUJmbpTEvwZAneFsrVQrLDArkrr8-U7_JhfoWQfPlKyaKT6DHn_IN8YGI/s1600/Statue+of+Hatshepsut.jpg" width="435" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ancient Egyptian statue (painted limestone) remain showing bust of Queen Hatshepsut that was originally attached to a larger rock work representing the queen every bit the god Osiris.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <i><span style="font-size: x-large;">"I accept restored that which was inward ruins.</span> <span style="font-size: x-large;">I accept raised upwards that which was destroyed."</span> </i></blockquote> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <span style="font-size: large;">- Queen Hatshepsut</span></blockquote> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> There was a adult woman who ruled over Arab Republic of Egypt from 1479 to 1458 B.C. -- the 18th dynasty, the New Kingdom. During that fourth dimension the discussion "Egypt" did non exist. The best English linguistic communication translation of the advert the Nile Valley natives called themselves inward ancient Arab Republic of Egypt is <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Kemet</a>. For 21 years, every bit queen regent to her immature stepson Thutmose III and surrounded yesteryear the great kingdoms of Nubia, Kush, as well as Punt, Queen Hatshepsut (meaning "foremost of noble ladies") ruled this valley. </div> <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho44spV119XuvGvPbCLc0gtpV8yKgV0kJIQzKxAZ30Vjpqk50MduWhyphenhyphenHxHB2heEPlnuoU6jz8pzeplEisJE9LTAaiodX4c_eJbSdtHW1NlcL9EVSYgpd67VflPwFvpZktTJqc-Y2EkyYk/s1600/valley+of+the+kings+royal+cemetery+hatshepsut.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho44spV119XuvGvPbCLc0gtpV8yKgV0kJIQzKxAZ30Vjpqk50MduWhyphenhyphenHxHB2heEPlnuoU6jz8pzeplEisJE9LTAaiodX4c_eJbSdtHW1NlcL9EVSYgpd67VflPwFvpZktTJqc-Y2EkyYk/s400/valley+of+the+kings+royal+cemetery+hatshepsut.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo: Valley of the Kings, imperial cemetery at Luxor that embraces <a href="http://www.memphis.edu/egypt/westbank3.php" target="_blank">Hatshepsut's mortuary temple</a>.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> It was non until 2007 that Hatshepsut's lost mummy was non discovered. In 1903, archeologist Howard Carter found a sarcophagus that belonged to Hatshepsut inward KV20 Valley of the Kings. The sarcophagus, a cubicle funeral receptacle for a corpse, was empty. Zahi Hawass, caput of the Egyptian Mummy Project as well as secretarial assistant full general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities honed inward on mummy KV60a, discovered to a greater extent than than a century before as well as and hence deemed a pocket-size tomb. It had no golden or other jewels but was tested as well as determined to survive the belatedly queen regent.<br /> <br /> This was a far call from the treasures found inward the tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun. There was no golden or other jewels adorning Hatshepsut's mummy, exclusively the remains of the ancient Egyptian imperial family. It was before long discovered that in that place was a concerted endeavor to eradicate the historical tape of her reign. Thumose III, her co-regent as well as successor, systemically removed evidence of her rule during the fourth dimension he was likewise immature to rule. Temples, obelisks as well as monuments underwent a systematic chisel job.</div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Born inward the 15th century BC, Hatshepsut was the missy of Thutmose I as well as Aahmes,         both of imperial lineage. She would wed Thutmose II, the boy of her manlike individual parent yesteryear another. The marriage of Hatshepsut every bit wife-sister to Thutmose II was business office of the traditions used to fortify imperial lineages. Thutmose II fathered one child, Isis, not amongst Hatshepsut -- to whom he never bore children.  Isis bore the manlike individual kid Thutmose III. After Thutmose II's expiry inward 1479 BC, Thutmose III was too immature to assume command every bit the manlike individual royal. Hatshepsut was allowed to dominion every bit the immature pharaoh's queen regent. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Queen Hatshepsut effectively ruled the Egyptian kingdom for nearly 21 years. In public, she portrayed herself every bit a man, the traditional gender of a pharaoh. She wore manlike individual article of apparel as well as a pharaonic beard. Suggestions of her femininity are portrayed, however, in the surviving sculptures that depict her with feminine breasts. Hatshepsut's dynastic rule was a clear interruption from the traditional usage of the queen regent, such every bit seen inward other Nile Valley royal dynasties similar that of <em>Nigiste Negaste</em> (Empress Regent) <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=queen-tiye" target="_blank">Zewditu Menelik of Ethiopia</a>.</div> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYEqGI1GH__o6_QbfPvMLfjQ1IGUI5RgDlgDgFqDnWm7ktc1zN0HhUfHLaOEoLUWWvsVItMmMYkV7LGvp8jEVN1ad5yVoaArWAnC6nSj65umDzw7SPNapULzDkca0oc_mW66PxXR0gDms/s1600/obelisk-queen-hapshetsut-500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYEqGI1GH__o6_QbfPvMLfjQ1IGUI5RgDlgDgFqDnWm7ktc1zN0HhUfHLaOEoLUWWvsVItMmMYkV7LGvp8jEVN1ad5yVoaArWAnC6nSj65umDzw7SPNapULzDkca0oc_mW66PxXR0gDms/s640/obelisk-queen-hapshetsut-500.jpg" width="424" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: exclusively remaining obelisk of Karnak, erected yesteryear Pharaoh Hatshepsut</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Queen Hatshepsut was a grand renovator of shrines as well as temples, from Nubia to Sinai. Four non bad granite obelisks were erected at Karnak, at the temple of the non bad god Amun. During her reign hundreds of monumental populace industrial plant were commissioned, including focused populace efforts on Thebes, her capital, which is known today every bit Luxor as well as Karnak.<br /> <br /> One of the Karnak obelisks commissioned yesteryear Hatshepsut read: "Now my pump turns this agency as well as that, every bit I call back what the people volition say. Those who encounter my monuments inward years to come, as well as who shall utter of what I accept done."  One of the 4 non bad obelisks erected yesteryear Pharaoh Hatshepsut soundless stands. <br /> <br /> Queen Hatshepsut established international trading partners with kingdoms every bit unopen as Nubia as well as Punt, as good every bit those across the non bad seas. Her dominion was a fourth dimension of economical increase for her people. <br /> <br /> Today, the tomb of Hatshepsut is said to survive inward 1 of the 2 of the Egyptian Museum's Royal Mummy Rooms. If visiting, however, banking concern tally to attain upwards one's ask heed condition because the place as well as populace presentment of sure enough antiquities alter as well as are express during social as well as political upheaval inward a region. <br /> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <object height="315" width="420"><param name="movie" value="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/W3X81yg0yhc?version=3&hl=en_US"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/W3X81yg0yhc?version=3&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="420" height="315" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> Above video: on-site lecture at Temple of Queen Hatshepsut</div> </div> </div> </div>

Queen Hatshepsut Of Egypt: The Queen That Would Larn A Pharaoh

Ancient Egyptian statue (painted limestone) remain showing bust of Queen Hatshepsut that was originally attached to a larger rock...

William Hall: Africans Inwards Nova Scotia, Canada

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUVXxW8FcJ9Pp0b8w9_ti75BqtVY1T1L5a13rL6sxrOHK7lepi6IJbzfhXI-hIfBKsDlgrGjoXkxGqWpzccXjM56mLlzkt1F2o3g7Z8wdulOk5Y2SQuc0JZsudBVIyLzsO_VL-fMZGj3c/s1600/Photo+William+Hall+VC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUVXxW8FcJ9Pp0b8w9_ti75BqtVY1T1L5a13rL6sxrOHK7lepi6IJbzfhXI-hIfBKsDlgrGjoXkxGqWpzccXjM56mLlzkt1F2o3g7Z8wdulOk5Y2SQuc0JZsudBVIyLzsO_VL-fMZGj3c/s400/Photo+William+Hall+VC.jpg" width="257" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: William Hall</td></tr> </tbody></table> The early on Africans who settled inward Nova Scotia were primarily fleeing from colonial America. William Hall's parents, Jacob too Lucy Hall, escaped slavery from either Maryland or Virginia -- depending on the commentator -- during the War of 1812. The Hall identify unit of measurement arrived inward Nova Scotia every bit purpose of the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=black-cultural-centre-for-nova-scotia" target="_blank">Black Refugee movement</a> whereby Africans were brought to Canada past times the British Royal Navy inward telephone substitution for their assistance inward resisting the rebelling British colony that would later on larn known every bit the U.S.A. of America.<br /> <blockquote class="tr_bq"> <i>During the War of 1812, the British frigate Leonard intercepted a slave send natural springtime from Africa to the U.S.A. too forced it to deposit its “ivory cargo” at Halifax. Among the freed captives hitherto marked to endure auctioned every bit slaves inward the southern states was William Hall’s manly somebody raise Jacob. Hall’s mother, Lucinda, who was a slave on a plantation only about Washington, escaped her bondage when the British sacked too ready burn to the American capital. She boarded i of the British warships that had conducted the raid too pose into Halifax afterwards. - </i>Excerpt from "Canada And The Victoria Cross: Of Rebellion And Rescue," by Arthur Bishop, March 1, 2004, <i><a href="http://legionmagazine.com/en/index.php/2004/03/canada-and-the-victoria-cross-of-rebellion-and-rescue-2/" target="_blank">Legion Magazine</a>. </i></blockquote> Born Apr 15, 1827 at Horton, Nova Scotia, <a href="http://museum.gov.ns.ca/infos/William-Hall-INfo.pdf" target="_blank">William Hall</a> (born William Edward) worked inward Nova Scotian shipyards earlier going to body of body of water alongside trading vessels at the historic menstruation of 17 years. From 1847 to 1849, Hall served inward the American merchant navy aboard the <i>USS Ohio</i>. On Jan 4, 1847, the <i>Ohio</i> sailed for the Gulf of United Mexican States arriving at Veracruz on March 22, 1847 to aid inward the siege of the metropolis inward the Mexican-American War. Veracruz shortly surrendered.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQP128hIyJwuz5L7UdId4SWin4_h36mApwCKTxkU1E0B8eOvZtU1miEoGLlP6zQSl5H7ipdsth3R8g6JYHrv0dYHGBH7Ds_KFqf6NuHIpqNABMaA5f5ngONES-LFLH-nl8Djyv7kTY7mc/s1600/Image+of+Bombardment+of+Sebastopol+Rodney.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQP128hIyJwuz5L7UdId4SWin4_h36mApwCKTxkU1E0B8eOvZtU1miEoGLlP6zQSl5H7ipdsth3R8g6JYHrv0dYHGBH7Ds_KFqf6NuHIpqNABMaA5f5ngONES-LFLH-nl8Djyv7kTY7mc/s400/Image+of+Bombardment+of+Sebastopol+Rodney.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10.909090995788574px; line-height: 15.82386302947998px; text-align: left;">Bombardment of Sebastopol past times HMS Rodney, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10.909090995788574px; line-height: 15.82386302947998px; text-align: left; text-decoration: initial;" title="William Hall: Africans inward Nova Scotia, Canada">Crimean War</a><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10.909090995788574px; line-height: 15.82386302947998px; text-align: left;"> (1854)</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Hall enlisted inward Royal Navy on Feb 2, 1852, too served on the flagship <i>Victory</i>. He entered the Crimean War inward 1954, serving on the <i>Rodney. </i>He every bit good served on the <i>Shannon</i> every bit Captain of the Foretop<i>. </i>In 1857, he won the Victoria Cross for bravery spell fighting inward the Siege of Lucknow inward what is known past times the British every bit the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was the showtime somebody of African descent too the showtime Canadian to win the Victoria Cross, the highest accolade for bravery inward the British Royal Navy.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3p3U3kSG6IIY3ZVlUe0uZarNnt37pTlD4X7GqyZy3Hgww5T7pD2Jhilg6PUTMz2IQVC6QBTEvECCS3Ubc5qOPruqlLlIZPtgj1mDvawhXKI4j6q4Majb9DiH_k8a5Lpb1n2ZgT3QDbHg/s1600/2010+William+Hall+Stamp+Africans+in+Canada.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3p3U3kSG6IIY3ZVlUe0uZarNnt37pTlD4X7GqyZy3Hgww5T7pD2Jhilg6PUTMz2IQVC6QBTEvECCS3Ubc5qOPruqlLlIZPtgj1mDvawhXKI4j6q4Majb9DiH_k8a5Lpb1n2ZgT3QDbHg/s1600/2010+William+Hall+Stamp+Africans+in+Canada.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image: 2010 Canadian postal postage stamp trial of William Hall.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Hall retired from the colonial wars to Horton Bluff, Nova Scotia. He died on August 25, 1904 too was buried at Lockhartville at the Hantsport Baptist Church Cemetery.<br /> <br /> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <object height="315" width="460"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/44bDMiZiyTk?hl=en_US&version=3"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/44bDMiZiyTk?hl=en_US&version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="460" height="315" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div> </div>

William Hall: Africans Inwards Nova Scotia, Canada

Photo: William Hall The early on Africans who settled inward Nova Scotia were primarily fleeing from colonial America. William Hall...

Bessie Coleman: Aviation Barnstormer

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM9exmxi_RUvnIfSkM5NT3wgiKILCaFckrOAgAeyJj4t4bkwFLPfkl9Gj1RNrr1B41seSaLhGy8qS0aVStLx59BM-E7YKKVD1_qDJyKWcrm5HHgQya-_Ylwua-o3FP4z9PE4GHUDX_WI4/s1600/photo+of+bessie+coleman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM9exmxi_RUvnIfSkM5NT3wgiKILCaFckrOAgAeyJj4t4bkwFLPfkl9Gj1RNrr1B41seSaLhGy8qS0aVStLx59BM-E7YKKVD1_qDJyKWcrm5HHgQya-_Ylwua-o3FP4z9PE4GHUDX_WI4/s320/photo+of+bessie+coleman.jpg" width="227" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Bessie Coleman was the origin American of whatever race or sex to earn an international pilot's license too she was the origin soul of African descent to obtain a license.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> The immature Coleman dreamed of a racehorse monastic enjoin too non i of mules. It is inwards her generation that the Wright Brothers would construct the flying machine too American airplane pilot fighters would Pb Europe through The Great War (World War I).<br /> <br /> <b>The Young Bessie Coleman</b><br /> <br /> Bessie Coleman was born inwards rural Atlanta, Texas on Jan 26, 1892 to a draw solid unit of measurement laboring every bit sharecroppers. Coleman completed high schoolhouse afterwards an intensive self-study afterwards she could no longer afford studies at the Colored Agricultural too Normal University inwards Langston, Oklahoma inwards 1910.<br /> <br /> Coleman sought to larn inwards flying schoolhouse simply her application was denied because of her race too gender. She decided to motion from Oklahoma north, amongst 2 of the 13 siblings that had relocated to Chicago. Through written report too difficult work, Coleman opened a beauty store inwards Chicago where she would employ her draw solid unit of measurement members immigrating from Texas to Chicago.<br /> <br /> <b>First Licensed Woman Pilot to Bessie Coleman's Last Flight inwards Florida</b><br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvUjTrEcKfMm6UTnvNCkY56hFtq0De3-oXZk1mdSCjsH-nSv62Wgdr0T94yDF1-KoiLdvsJltjzPzpMwZFtzUhSEJi4R7bxy5TpFowUQt5bT7qs0DOpGgqtazeSnnewzIU0REysqHTnQ4/s1600/Bessie+Coleman+and+her+plane+1922.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvUjTrEcKfMm6UTnvNCkY56hFtq0De3-oXZk1mdSCjsH-nSv62Wgdr0T94yDF1-KoiLdvsJltjzPzpMwZFtzUhSEJi4R7bxy5TpFowUQt5bT7qs0DOpGgqtazeSnnewzIU0REysqHTnQ4/s1600/Bessie+Coleman+and+her+plane+1922.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Bessie Coleman too her plane inwards 1922</td></tr> </tbody></table> Bessie Coleman began studying the French linguistic communication inwards Chicago too before long bought a ticket from Chicago to French Republic inwards 1919. In France, she studied at the <i>Ecole d'Aviation des Freres Caudon</i> at Le Crotoy. After completing the program, she successfully tested to earn her International Flying License. She became the origin adult woman of African descent to earn a pilot's license. Bessie Coleman obtained her pilot's license on June 15, 1921, afterwards The Great War. Amelia Earhart received her airplane pilot license from the National Aeronautic Association, the U.S. chapter of the <i>Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</i>, on May 15, 1923.<br /> <br /> Bessie Coleman died similar she lived, inwards the air. On Apr 30, 1926 inwards Jacksonville, Florida, Coleman sat inwards the cockpit of a novel plane, non the Curtis Jenny. Coleman's plane mechanic took upward the novel plane for a exam flight. When the plane malfunctioned, Coleman vicious from cockpit's opening. The plane crashed several hundred feet inwards the practise session. Her planned elaborate air present inwards Florida would never occur. Coleman's torso was taken past times prepare from Orlando to Chicago to 10 thou mourners who would pay their concluding respects to the flying legend. Bessie Coleman is buried at the Lincoln Cemetery inwards Blue Island, Cook County, Illinois, USA.<br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkCGzSs9P2m6cC1Nfz_LdrqGOwQ1_9rsmgdhdS2dfUm4zByiXW7OQlAf-ryhCa0585xBPRmwAphucbbNa4wnXsEkqu5UmSvSBr55PFWmlw0l6GFmG-XD5Xx1tMI9oTq2WZNBw6UEHV6_Q/s1600/Image+of+Bessie+Coleman+African+American+pilot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkCGzSs9P2m6cC1Nfz_LdrqGOwQ1_9rsmgdhdS2dfUm4zByiXW7OQlAf-ryhCa0585xBPRmwAphucbbNa4wnXsEkqu5UmSvSBr55PFWmlw0l6GFmG-XD5Xx1tMI9oTq2WZNBw6UEHV6_Q/s1600/Image+of+Bessie+Coleman+African+American+pilot.jpg" width="306" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: African American aviator. Bessie Coleman.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> After Bessie Coleman, African flyers such every bit the Five Blackbirds, the Flying Hobos (James Banning too Thomas Allen), the Tuskegee Airmen, Cornelius Coffey, John Robinson, Willa Brown too Harold Hurd would accept to the skies. In 1929, William J. Powell established the Bessie Coleman Aero Club. Since 1931, the Challenger Pilots' Association of Chicago has flown over Chicago's Lincoln Cemetery inwards laurels of Bessie Coleman. Beginning inwards 1977, women pilots inwards the Chicago surface area lead keep organized too associated every bit the Bessie Coleman Aviators Club.<br /> <br /> <i>Further Reading: Hardesty, Von. "Black Wings: Courageous Stories of African American inwards Aviation too Space History," (HarperCollins Publishers, 2007).</i></div>

Bessie Coleman: Aviation Barnstormer

Photo: Bessie Coleman was the origin American of whatever race or sex to earn an international pilot's license too she was the origin...

The African Renaissance Monument Inwards Dakar, Senegal

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq9fv2CZtkMV8okWHmAUSH4lsfx4wgr7KBDNTIXIrwlEfhs5g5YdibF4W5MJcJs73hGTZO74r_XH4UV4aNnfNbCZIMNO5O229e52WtNb4KdbYbbqeSKtVvh9L-ohxRcN2ooYwt0LMgtHk/s1600/Black+Sculpture+Senegal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq9fv2CZtkMV8okWHmAUSH4lsfx4wgr7KBDNTIXIrwlEfhs5g5YdibF4W5MJcJs73hGTZO74r_XH4UV4aNnfNbCZIMNO5O229e52WtNb4KdbYbbqeSKtVvh9L-ohxRcN2ooYwt0LMgtHk/s1600/Black+Sculpture+Senegal.jpg" width="287" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The African Renaissance Monument, Senegal, Africa. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div> <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-size: small;">The African Renaissance Monument, also referred equally Monument to the African Renaissance too </span><br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><em>Monument De La Renaissance Africaine</em>, is a bronze statue perched on a loma inwards Dakar, Senegal. The representation of a man, adult woman too shaver emerging from a volcano was inaugurated at a ceremony on Apr 3, 2010, featuring hundreds of drummers too dancers. The African Renaissance Monument stands erect against the West African skyline inwards Senegal at 164 feet high, taller than the Statue of Liberty inwards the U.S.A.</span><br /> <b><span style="font-size: small;"></span></b> </div> <div> <b><span style="font-size: small;">Marking l Years of an Independent Senegal</span></b></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />  </div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;">The unveiling marked Senegal's l years of independence. Senegalese President Aboulaye Wade has said he hopes Blue Planet monument volition attract tourists to the West African country, too defended Blue Planet monument inwards writing, stating “[t]his African who emerges from the volcano, facing the West ... symbolizes that Africa which freed itself from several centuries of imprisonment inwards the abyssal depths of ignorance, intolerance too racism, to recollect its identify on this land, which belongs to all races, inwards light, air too freedom.”</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;">“It's impossible to fille Senegal's novel 160-foot (49 meters) African renaissance monument,” wrote NPR reporter Ofeibea Quist-Arcton. “Perched high on a hill, the mighty Soviet-style bronze statue of a man, adult woman too shaver overlooks the Atlantic Ocean too dominates the horizon of the capital, Dakar.”</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div> <div> <b><span style="font-size: small;">Public Monument Creates Controversy</span></b></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;">President Wade authorized Blue Planet plant projection inwards the upper-case missive of the alphabet of Dakar, described yesteryear only about equally an African Eiffel Tower too others equally a operate that should never receive got been commissioned. Its $27 1 chiliad one thousand dollar (£17m) toll too agency stirred complaints from many inwards the predominantly Muslim country.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;">Ndeye Fatou Toure, a fellow member of the Senegalese Parliament, said the statue was an “economic monster too a fiscal scandal inwards the context of the electrical flow crisis,” noting that one-half of Senegal's population lives below the poverty line. Additionally, the alternative of garb for the African identify unit of measurement was seen equally an affront to the Muslim sensibility of world discretion.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;">Ebrima Sillah, a Senegalese journalist, stated that many Senegalese fine artists took criminal offense that Wade commissioned a crew of l North Koreans to arrive at Blue Planet sculpture. President Wade made a world tilt that he chose the North Korean crew because they were known equally experts inwards constructing large world monuments.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div> <div> <b><span style="font-size: small;">African Statue Draws Pan-African Delegates</span></b><br />  </div> <div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8uISg3E4F4TX723vudiVy3dWwAXHIvdbcbYebGSE0qdZTNV1zmIvG7c4iOBY2vI0K514HtFSTZ9C5ofpzm7UKVF3DPQDs7WgZEXm9-A6OeXy5zXWmParM55bLGTZvREVyQ8Ni_5qF4zM/s1600/Monument+to+african+renaissance+senegal+africa+sculpture+statue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8uISg3E4F4TX723vudiVy3dWwAXHIvdbcbYebGSE0qdZTNV1zmIvG7c4iOBY2vI0K514HtFSTZ9C5ofpzm7UKVF3DPQDs7WgZEXm9-A6OeXy5zXWmParM55bLGTZvREVyQ8Ni_5qF4zM/s1600/Monument+to+african+renaissance+senegal+africa+sculpture+statue.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aerial Photo: Monument to the African Renaissance </td></tr> </tbody></table> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;">Nineteen African heads of province attended the unveiling ceremony inwards Dakar. Notable world dignitaries included Bingu wa Mutharika, the Malawian too African Union president, equally good equally the African presidents of Benin, Cape Verde, Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Islamic Republic of Mauritania too Zimbabwe. Additionally, a delegation of 100 African-Americans attended the ceremony, including Reverend Jesse Jackson too Senegalese-American vocalist Akon.</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;">“It brings to life our mutual destiny,” said President Wade at the unveiling ceremony, according to a Reuters report. “Africa has arrived inwards the 21st century standing tall too to a greater extent than ready than e'er to receive got its destiny into its hands.”</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: small;">After xl years equally president of Senegal, the 83 twelvemonth old Wade announced that he volition seek re-election inwards 2012. With closed links to Washington D.C., the peanut too fish exporting quondam French colony has been cited for decades equally an illustration of African democracy. In September 2009, Senegal was awarded a $540 1 chiliad one thousand grant yesteryear the U.S.A. federal authorities to encourage its continued goodness governance.</span></div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <i>References:</i></div> <div> <ul> <li>"Senegal unveils 'African Renaissance' statue," yesteryear Mark John too Richard Valdmanis, Reuters (4/3/10)</li> <li>"For Many inwards Senegal, Statue Is a Monumental Failure," yesteryear Ofeibea Quist-Arcton, NPR (1/5/2010)</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>

The African Renaissance Monument Inwards Dakar, Senegal

The African Renaissance Monument, Senegal, Africa. The African Renaissance Monument, also referred equally Monument to the ...

42 Laws Of Maat Nether Kemet Law

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE-2dZix2_5WLRMZL982vTzF7kCLHBiopINcUuWqsbquPlb3Hw3H_UmYH0smCVBE19waTvCrJTCywoMiUftS8r58wmpLqvjxYJFuS9juLpHWwLd4ZNvLJfMQiRHnYMjZi4dvwV67fVm7A/s1600/Image+of+Maat+with+Shu+Feather+-+Public+Domain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE-2dZix2_5WLRMZL982vTzF7kCLHBiopINcUuWqsbquPlb3Hw3H_UmYH0smCVBE19waTvCrJTCywoMiUftS8r58wmpLqvjxYJFuS9juLpHWwLd4ZNvLJfMQiRHnYMjZi4dvwV67fVm7A/s400/Image+of+Maat+with+Shu+Feather+-+Public+Domain.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">Maat was the dominion of police clit too moral jurist amid the ancient Kemet people, too the divine cosmological company inside their mythology, astronomy, too astrophysical studies.</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> Kemet is the advert the native African people of the province forthwith known every bit Arab Republic of Egypt called themselves inward their surviving writings. Many scholars refer to the people every bit "kmt" or Kemet. The surviving artifacts of the Kemet viziers too scribes bear witness that Kemet dominion of police clit was “Maat,” contained at to the lowest degree inward business office inward observing the 42 Laws of Maat.<br /> <br /> <b>The Goddess Maat every bit the Cosmological Origin of Kemet Rule of Law</b><br /> <br /> Heliopolis-era creation stories from the Kemet people study that inward the foremost Atum emerged from the Isfet (chaos) of Nu (primordial waters). Atum created the god Shu (personification of air/cool dryness) too goddess Tefnut (personification of moisture) from Nu. Shu is depicted inward the Kemet iconography every bit an ostrich feather.<br /> <br /> Under <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=dogon-from-nile-valley-of-east-africa" target="_blank">Kemet cosmology</a>, Maat is designed to avert chaos (Isfet) too maintain truth (Maat). The symbol for truth, justice, balance, too company is the Goddess Maat. The iconography for Maat inward the hieroglyphs pull the unmarried ostrich plumage (Shu), worn atop Goddess Maat’s head.<br /> <br /> During the reign of Pharaoh Menes, some 2925 B.C.E., afterward the unification of upper too lower Kemet, archaeological finds bear witness direction of the 42 Laws of Maat amid the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=dogon-from-nile-valley-of-east-africa" target="_blank">Kemet people</a> every bit deduced from Kemet coffin texts or funerary papyri dating from this period.<br /> <br /> <b>The Duat, the Hall of Two Truths, too the Weighing the Ka (Heart)</b><br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPSBayGQHVJQmdZkfg3Vv5EECh4vvPd0zRm0g6eYXql9J8czJeKfvXyat3TNp0wO-ZIe4ymnvNuzLBx4tlP6UIZuUnOeZwqTnmCRw-OKC8ENpg1O_KLtAlRpk_a6zJOF84WH2q4UmlwtY/s1600/Section+of+Plate+3+from+the+Papyrus+of+Ani.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPSBayGQHVJQmdZkfg3Vv5EECh4vvPd0zRm0g6eYXql9J8czJeKfvXyat3TNp0wO-ZIe4ymnvNuzLBx4tlP6UIZuUnOeZwqTnmCRw-OKC8ENpg1O_KLtAlRpk_a6zJOF84WH2q4UmlwtY/s1600/Section+of+Plate+3+from+the+Papyrus+of+Ani.jpg" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Plate iii of the Papyrus of Ani. <span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">42 Laws of Maat, or 42 Negative Confessions, or 42 Admonition to Goddess Maat</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> The duat (underworld every bit the house for judgment) is where the pop Kemet funerary scene of the Hall of Two Truths is depicted inward the diverse versions of the “Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Papyrus of Ani,” edited yesteryear E.A. Wallis Budge. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 closer interpretation of the championship from the Kemet linguistic communication is said to hold upwards “Book of Coming Forth yesteryear Day.” The Budge translation was a funerary text written for the "coming forth" of Kemet scribe Ani.<br /> <br /> In Chapter 30B of The Papyrus of Ani entitled “Chapter for Not Letting Ani’s Heart Create Opposition Against Him, inward the Gods’ Domain,” nosotros run across the deceased scribe standing earlier his ain heart/soul (ka) on the scale of Maat. On the reverse scale is the Goddess Maat’s plumage of truth (Shu). The caput of the Goddess Maat is depicted atop the scales of justice. Thoth, also known yesteryear other names such every bit Tehuti, stands holding a tablet too a writing tool to tape the results from the scales. The ibis-headed Thoth is the patron saint of Maat scribes too priests.<br /> <br /> <b>Petitioner Announces the 42 Divine Principles of the Maat</b><br /> <br /> In Chapter 125 of The Papyrus of Ani, nosotros notice the petitioner led yesteryear Anubis into duat too pronouncing his/her 42 affirmative declarations, listed below from Budge’s world domain translation of the 42 Divine Principles of Maat:<br /> <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li>I receive got non committed sin.</li> <li>I receive got non committed robbery alongside violence.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen.</li> <li>I receive got non slain men or women.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen food.</li> <li>I receive got non swindled offerings.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen from God/Goddess.</li> <li>I receive got non told lies.</li> <li>I receive got non carried away food.</li> <li>I receive got non cursed.</li> <li>I receive got non shut my ears to truth.</li> <li>I receive got non committed adultery.</li> <li>I receive got non made anyone cry.</li> <li>I receive got non felt sorrow without reason.</li> <li>I receive got non assaulted anyone.</li> <li>I am non deceitful.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen anyone’s land.</li> <li>I receive got non been an eavesdropper.</li> <li>I receive got non falsely defendant anyone.</li> <li>I receive got non been angry without reason.</li> <li>I receive got non seduced anyone’s wife.</li> <li>I receive got non polluted myself.</li> <li>I receive got non terrorized anyone.</li> <li>I receive got non disobeyed the Law.</li> <li>I receive got non been solely angry.</li> <li>I receive got non cursed God/Goddess.</li> <li>I receive got non behaved alongside violence.</li> <li>I receive got non caused disruption of peace.</li> <li>I receive got non acted hastily or without thought.</li> <li>I receive got non overstepped my boundaries of concern.</li> <li>I receive got non exaggerated my words when speaking.</li> <li>I receive got non worked evil.</li> <li>I receive got non used evil thoughts, words or deeds.</li> <li>I receive got non polluted the water.</li> <li>I receive got non spoken angrily or arrogantly.</li> <li>I receive got non cursed anyone inward thought, discussion or deeds.</li> <li>I receive got non placed myself on a pedestal.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen what belongs to God/Goddess.</li> <li>I receive got non stolen from or disrespected the deceased.</li> <li>I receive got non taken nutrient from a child.</li> <li>I receive got non acted alongside insolence.</li> <li>I receive got non destroyed belongings belonging to God/Goddess.</li> </ol> After the petitioner’s testimony containing the 42 affirmative declarations, the weighing of the ka for truth, too the reading of the scales, it is said that the doer of Maat is administered Maat. If the petitioner is deemed yesteryear the Goddess Maat to hold upwards inward substantial compliance alongside the 42 Laws of Maat the petitioner passes from duat to the Field of Reeds (Arus) where Osiris sits every bit the finally gatekeeper.<br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: right;"> <i>- yesteryear Vanessa Cross, J.D., LL.M.</i></div> <i>References:</i><br /> <br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>"Maat the Moral Ideal inward Ancient Egypt," yesteryear Maulana Karenga (Sankore Publisher, 2006).</li> <li>"The Book of the Dead," edited yesteryear E.A. Wallis Budge (Gramercy Publisher, 1995).</li> <li>“Maxims of Good Discourse” writings of the notable Kemet vizier too scribe Ptah-Hotep (accounting of some procedural laws nether Maat).</li> </ul> </div>

42 Laws Of Maat Nether Kemet Law

Maat was the dominion of police clit too moral jurist amid the ancient Kemet people, too the divine cosmological company inside their myt...

African Kingdoms: Medieval Warfare Betwixt Ghana Together With Mali Empires

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguoIvOnn059eUZd2ng1HuhXuM0WOWo1kJuaX0mWb3ReJXAVVAHg3Ay20RfVu4aUQOTkeqV2iHfA210ncYMw2d6MuEszOZGI7UGRDtDhoemRyXvQ9X631QmCqT9SnAKoWWgmPbNG9pH6G8/s1600/Image+Mansa+Musa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguoIvOnn059eUZd2ng1HuhXuM0WOWo1kJuaX0mWb3ReJXAVVAHg3Ay20RfVu4aUQOTkeqV2iHfA210ncYMw2d6MuEszOZGI7UGRDtDhoemRyXvQ9X631QmCqT9SnAKoWWgmPbNG9pH6G8/s400/Image+Mansa+Musa.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In 1230 C.E., the western Africa Republic of Ghana Empire roughshod nether the warfare leadership of Sundiata Keita, leading to the rising of the Republic of Mali Empire inwards West Africa.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> According to the Epic of Sundiata, the national epic poesy form of the Republic of Mali Empire (also referenced every bit Mandinka, Manding Empire, Manden Kurufa, Mandingo people, Mande language), the Republic of Mali federation of nation-states included nearly all of the reason betwixt the Sahara Desert to the coastal borders of the modern solar daytime nations of Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, in addition to Senegal. The <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=dogon-from-nile-valley-of-east-africa" target="_blank">Mali Empire</a> would command most of due west Africa for 2 centuries.<br /> <br /> <b>Sundiata Keita's Medieval Warfare inwards West Africa</b><br /> <br /> Sundiata Keita, too known every bit Sogolon Djata or Mansa Sundiata, was from the Keita clan in addition to born inwards the hamlet of Niani close the modern solar daytime borders of Republic of Mali in addition to north-east Guinea. The loosely federated Mandinka kingdoms were ruled past times the medieval Republic of Ghana Empire (cir. 790 C.E., too known every bit the Wagadou Empire) nether King Soumaoro Kanté during Sundiata’s youth. The modern province of Republic of Ghana shares no territory alongside the medieval Republic of Ghana Empire, though around of its inhabitants claim ancestral lineage alongside the inhabitants of the mediæval empire.<br /> <br /> <b>Mandika Kingdom-States Battle the Republic of Ghana Empire</b><br /> <br /> Sundiata devoted his life to the overthrow of the Republic of Ghana Empire in addition to was exiled later on waging state of war against the medieval Republic of Ghana Empire past times mobilizing the loosely federated Mandinka kingdom-states. In 1230 C.E., Sundiata led a rebellion against King Soumaba Cisse from the in addition to therefore Kangaba kingdom-state inwards the south-western part of the modern solar daytime Republic of Mali nation's Koulikoro Region. Kangaba was in addition to therefore an of import gilt mining part amid the Mandinka kingdom-states.<br /> <br /> <b>The Battle of Kirina close the Koulikoro Mountains of Bamako, Mali</b><br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Tp3_9-CFV-SEOcCZeNZ0lykXOCioHZVhgYeRFWlMWaZnVlcgs-Ya7Og55OWNW-stOr8UY2HjFa8aOju3zy0Ct08mz4sf74eCBQDTUYUc61u7We8jvIxBYMz-iX2s8zJinTmjeZA7CBM/s1600/Three+Kingdom+Map+western+sudan+mali+songhai+ghana+timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Tp3_9-CFV-SEOcCZeNZ0lykXOCioHZVhgYeRFWlMWaZnVlcgs-Ya7Og55OWNW-stOr8UY2HjFa8aOju3zy0Ct08mz4sf74eCBQDTUYUc61u7We8jvIxBYMz-iX2s8zJinTmjeZA7CBM/s1600/Three+Kingdom+Map+western+sudan+mali+songhai+ghana+timbuktu.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Medieval West Africa was ruled past times 3 major empire nations, the Ghana, Republic of Mali in addition to Songhai. These kingdoms were purpose of a part historically referred to every bit the Western Sudan, which extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Central Africa. Trade routes were numerous across the Western Sudan region.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> In 1235 C.E., Republic of Ghana Empire forces were led past times the Sosso part manly mortal monarch Soumaoro Kanté, too known inwards historical accounts every bit Sumanguru Kanté. Soumaoro converged at the Koulikoro Region of modern solar daytime Bamako, Republic of Mali inwards an of import battle alongside the Mandinka forces. The historic African armed forces Battle of Kirina is cited past times historians every bit the lastly defeat of the mediæval Republic of Ghana Empire. Military legend provides that Soumaoro was non killed only disappeared into the Koulikoro mountains of Bamako.<br /> <br /> Sundiata was crowned Mansa or "King of Kings.” His 3 sons succeeded him to the throne of the Republic of Mali Empire: Mansa Khalifa Keita, Ouati Keita in addition to Wali Keita. The famous tales of Mansa Musa (b. 1307 C.E.), the boy of Sundiata's blood brother Abu-Bakr, chronicles his travels in addition to merchandise to distant lands inwards East Africa in addition to the Middle East. While purpose of the majestic kingdom household unit of measurement of the Republic of Mali Empire, Mansa Musa's granddad Abu-Bakr in addition to manly mortal nurture Faga Laya did non ascend the Republic of Mali Empire throne every bit Mansas.<br /> <br /> <b>Mansa Musa Rules Republic of Mali Empire in addition to Travels to Mecca</b><br /> <br /> According to Ibn-Khaldun's history of the Malian kings, Mansa Musa’s legendary caravan across Africa from Timbuktu to Mecca occurred inwards 1324 C.E. The historical accounts render that Mansa Musa traveled alongside a band of 60,000 people; 12,000 slaves; 500 workers; 300 pounds of gold; in addition to the nation’s firstly poets, artists, in addition to scholars.<br /> <br /> While the twelvemonth of Mansa Musa's expiry is debated amid modern historians, his reign is by in addition to large idea to convey lasted almost 25 years. The recorded dominion of Mansa Musa’s boy Mansa Maghan was from 1332 to 1336 C.E.. Mansa Suleyman, Mansa Musa’s older brother, ruled the Republic of Mali Empire from 1336 to 1360 C.E..<br /> <br /> <i>Further reading:</i><br /> <br /> “The Thirteenth in addition to Fourteenth Century Kings of Mali,” past times N. Levtzion, The Journal of African History, Vol. 4, No. 3. (1963).</div>

African Kingdoms: Medieval Warfare Betwixt Ghana Together With Mali Empires

In 1230 C.E., the western Africa Republic of Ghana Empire roughshod nether the warfare leadership of Sundiata Keita, leading to the risin...

Science In Addition To Technology: African Inventors Inward The Americas

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <i>We acquire rattling piddling well-nigh inventors of African descent. The inventors highlighted here do non stand upward for an exhaustive list. It includes roughly of the early on inventors inwards the Americas, whether  independent, corporate or authorities inventors. Notably, the displace to brand the nutrient production procedure  more efficient after the abolition of slavery inwards the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=olmec-society-of-mexico-americans-and" target="_blank">Americas</a> was non lost on many of these innovators.  </i><br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD1z4fpzs6ksS5TFrtL2rGB4juvVeNI0EiVXgQk_7ky1ZByXnITponAINhfXliUOeL-pWtuzKob0ThMbKNoFPkuUiBvH5EKfqjCcglovYBbSU2sD-KgoBCQPQw7GOiVqVepTLfjY7VyFo/s1600/Thomas+Jennings+was+the+first+African+American+to+receive+a+patent,+on+March+3,+1821+His+patent+was+for+a+dry-cleaning+process+called+dry+scouring.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD1z4fpzs6ksS5TFrtL2rGB4juvVeNI0EiVXgQk_7ky1ZByXnITponAINhfXliUOeL-pWtuzKob0ThMbKNoFPkuUiBvH5EKfqjCcglovYBbSU2sD-KgoBCQPQw7GOiVqVepTLfjY7VyFo/s1600/Thomas+Jennings+was+the+first+African+American+to+receive+a+patent,+on+March+3,+1821+His+patent+was+for+a+dry-cleaning+process+called+dry+scouring.jpg" width="172" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Thomas L. Jennings<br /> (1791–1856)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <strong>Thomas L. Jennings </strong>was the showtime African to have a patent inwards the United States of America of America of America. On March 3, 1821 he secured US Patent 3306x for discovering a procedure called dry-scouring. Jennings lived inwards New York equally a costless man. He owned as well as operated tailoring as well as wearable cleaners business. Dry-scouring is a procedure he developed for cleaning wearable through a dry out procedure instead of a moisture process. Yes,  the successful dry-cleaners tin give notice give cheers Mr. Jennings for his early on innovation published to the the world inwards 1821. Jennings used the profits secured from his patent to costless members of his theatre unit of measurement who were all the same nether slavery systems in roughly of the U.S. Jennings also used his wealth equally a line of piece of job concern human and inventor to financially back upward the abolition displace that was growing inwards many areas throughout the U.S. during his time. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoScxl8qtLqrh34zQa95tnf9eGHq8aKlEtlK46UPUh5r5zKEP-vnlmTNebdTyOb8TX_TX3WjsrOmAtFCWggcyH_UXao3mZfaJwdsHbzQv0uKZ9IGJ-QWt04vj7OHPoOHP2fTy7nM6Nv6M/s1600/Photo+of+Jan+Ernst+Matzeliger.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoScxl8qtLqrh34zQa95tnf9eGHq8aKlEtlK46UPUh5r5zKEP-vnlmTNebdTyOb8TX_TX3WjsrOmAtFCWggcyH_UXao3mZfaJwdsHbzQv0uKZ9IGJ-QWt04vj7OHPoOHP2fTy7nM6Nv6M/s1600/Photo+of+Jan+Ernst+Matzeliger.gif" width="145" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo of inventor January Ernst Matzeliger<br /> (b. 9/15/1852 – d. 8/24/1889)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <strong>Jan Ernst Matzeliger</strong> was born inwards Paramaribo, <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=olmec-society-of-mexico-americans-and" target="_blank">Suriname</a> (then Dutch Guyana). Matzeliger's woman nurture was an Afrian born woman  into the <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=olmec-society-of-mexico-americans-and" target="_blank">Dutch slave society</a> of Dutch Guyana. His manly somebody nurture was a wealthy Dutch engineer.  Matzeliger came to the United States of America of America as well as settled into the New England part where he developed the shoe-lasting machine innovation that assembled the upper shoe to the sole, receiving U.S. Patent No. 459,899 on September 22, 1891 -- an innovation that greatly increased efficiency inwards the shoe production process. Additional U.S. patents received past times Matzeliger include the following: 274,207, 3/20/1883, Automatic method for lasting shoe; 421,954, 2/25/1890, Nailing machine; 423,937, 3/25/1890, Tack separating as well as distributing mechanism; 415,726, 11/26/1899, Mechanism for distributing tacks, nails, etc.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqGiEuFgzLOy1GfwdVU8TmX9PULQehKEKLIqC3g-BxQtw53BAnfLsB5ZRrutPMjvr499Xz_2WjRIkmoPoegW7p6rKirWe2hDqWSjaODwWNa0CGWIx_rZj2GDyTnDRy2ywowQhF7CSe9JM/s1600/Norbert+Rillieux.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqGiEuFgzLOy1GfwdVU8TmX9PULQehKEKLIqC3g-BxQtw53BAnfLsB5ZRrutPMjvr499Xz_2WjRIkmoPoegW7p6rKirWe2hDqWSjaODwWNa0CGWIx_rZj2GDyTnDRy2ywowQhF7CSe9JM/s1600/Norbert+Rillieux.jpg" width="135" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Norbert Rillieux <br /> (b. 3/17/1806 - d. 10/8/1894)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <strong>Norbert Rillieux</strong> was born into privilege inwards New Orleans, Louisiana, the boy of a wealthy Creole woman nurture as well as a white manly somebody nurture who was an engineer. Rillieux as well as his blood brother were educated inwards France. By 1830, Rillieux was instruction applied mechanics at the École Centrale inwards Paris. When Rillieux returned to Louisiana, in that location was a growing demand to supersede the unsafe "Jamaica Train" saccharide manufacturing process. Rillieux developed a steam-driven procedure for making the sugariness grainy substance. His U.S. patents include the following:<br /> <br /> * 3,237, 8/26/1843, Improvement inwards saccharide works</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> * 4,879, 12/10/1846, Sugar processing evaporator</div> <br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <strong>Shelby J. Davidson</strong> was born inwards Lexington, Kentucky inwards 1868 as well as graduated from Howard University as well as would read constabulary as well as croak admitted into the DC bar as well as Kentucky bar. Davidson became a authorities inventor as well as worked amongst the United States of America of America Treasury Department where he invented adding machine automations that increased the postal division's efficiency. Davidson received U.S. Patent No. 884,721 on Apr 14, 1908 for what is described equally a paper-rewind machinery for adding machines. In 1912, Davidson resigned amongst the authorities amidst disputes arising from Davidson's rights to the adding machine. He adept constabulary as well as entered into the existent estate market.<br /> <br /> <strong>Alexander P. Ashbourne</strong> received patent no. 170,460 for designing a unique biscuit cutter on Nov 30, 1875. Ashbourne's cookie cutter innovated on the diversity of shapes available for biscuits, cakes or cookies. The innovation involved a plate, roller as well as springs organisation whereby the cutters presses downwards on the dough or batter into optional shapes. Ashbourne also obtained U.S. patents for diverse agricultural related patents described below: </div> <ul style="text-align: left;"> * 163,962 (1875), Process for preparing kokosnoot for domestic use; 194,287 (1877), Process of treating coconut; 230,518 (1880), Refining kokosnoot oil</ul> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZrlnoS0UktnXGGn6d26XNvIr8dDG8QEbjyNzcyxuK92rJIMYbVBawP6qSLx_t28xlqIIrDsjr-JD0R9IAEljctA6J_H3rfDjp-owY9Dvhyphenhyphen-gfkcn1BRCwqGgwy3Z-D7ZKXcGQgXLlMbs/s1600/Granville-Woods.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZrlnoS0UktnXGGn6d26XNvIr8dDG8QEbjyNzcyxuK92rJIMYbVBawP6qSLx_t28xlqIIrDsjr-JD0R9IAEljctA6J_H3rfDjp-owY9Dvhyphenhyphen-gfkcn1BRCwqGgwy3Z-D7ZKXcGQgXLlMbs/s320/Granville-Woods.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.33px; text-align: center;">Drawing of Inventor Granville T. Woods<br /> (b. 4/23/1856 - d. 1/30/1910)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b></b><br /> <b>Granville T. Woods</b> focused his innovation inwards the surface area of railway electronic communication systems. On June 3, 1884, Woods received his showtime patent. This was for an improved steam-boiler furnace, U.S. Patent No. 299,894. Subsequently, Alexander Graham Bell's companionship would buy the rights to his telegraphony patent, a device that allowed a telegraph station to shipping vox as well as telegraph messages over a unmarried wire. The human relationship amongst the Bell companionship enabled Woods to croak a full-time inventor. Woods would croak along to have a patent for an automatic air brake, which is used to irksome as well as halt trains. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>John Standard</b> obtained U.S. Patent No. 455,891. Born July 1891, John Standard was born inwards New Jersey. He improved on the master icebox past times putting mutual depression temperature air-ducts or holds inwards special areas to assist the air circulate within the icebox inwards monastic tell to maintain foods fresher. His innovation also provided a special house to maintain the drinking H2O as well as other drinks split from the food. This avoided liquids picking upward the flavors as well as smells of other foods. </div> <br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_0gR8Q0DBAGmF0U5dWY3ZighIpRvKQ5r0NBefy28Mao0ZMueDh8LPHV6WZNttR5IuGlvxU2-fzojmEiL8petCGce62BH1m0y7DtEWMsS52ZzgKEiucpbxLNHQJ9k4cP4dzWTlfZ2de7g/s1600/Photo+Lewis+T.+Latimer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_0gR8Q0DBAGmF0U5dWY3ZighIpRvKQ5r0NBefy28Mao0ZMueDh8LPHV6WZNttR5IuGlvxU2-fzojmEiL8petCGce62BH1m0y7DtEWMsS52ZzgKEiucpbxLNHQJ9k4cP4dzWTlfZ2de7g/s320/Photo+Lewis+T.+Latimer.jpg" width="144" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo of inventor Lewis H. Latimer<br /> (b. 9/4/1848 - d. 12/11/1928)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> As a teenager, <b>Lewis H. Latimer</b> received an chance to operate for the Boston patent line of piece of job solid Crosby, Halstead & Gould. He worked his agency upward to principal patent drawing draftsman where he began drafting for Alexander Graham Bell's patent application for the telephone. In 1874, Latimer secured his showtime patent for an "improvement inwards water-closet for railroad-cars". He moved from Boston surface area to Connecticut where he joined the United States of America of America Electric Lighting Company, working on electrical lighting innovations spell he worked on his owned light designs. He would afterward bring together Thomas Edison's company, which would croak General Electric, as well as croak a fellow member of the legal department.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> On Feb 17, 1891, <b>Albert C. Richardson</b> received Patent 446,470 for his  innovations inwards the nutrient production, peculiarly improved churning processes. The American churn was traditionally a wooden appliance for making butter from cream skimmed from constabulary milk. It was shaped similar a barrel amongst a long wooden stick coming through a hole inwards the oculus top. Richardson's improvements included installing drinking glass panels on both sides of the churn to come across the butter. This helped preps hit upward one's hear whether it was ready. He also included a plate within the churn for the butter to live placed for easier removal. Richardson's U.S. patents include the following:</div> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li style="text-align: justify;">255,022, 3/14/1882, Hame fastener</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">446,470, 2/17/1891, Churn</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">529,311, 11/13/1894, Casket-lowering device</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">620,362, 2/28/1899, Insect destroyer</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">638,811, 12/12/1899, Bottle</li> </ul> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuCW_iQXRrHFrZl2aYj_mzBdkiE8mSEfUs2MmaaBbssxQwL2Uo0mBzRPRZYPlNycGuJVUmzD03RJcLqQBYVUG26O03Bko8xp1YdfhrvN8u7zLu8tTg0PEERkm_6Xo-Crn1qGQxVDBRHss/s1600/Judy+W.+Reed+African+American+Inventor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuCW_iQXRrHFrZl2aYj_mzBdkiE8mSEfUs2MmaaBbssxQwL2Uo0mBzRPRZYPlNycGuJVUmzD03RJcLqQBYVUG26O03Bko8xp1YdfhrvN8u7zLu8tTg0PEERkm_6Xo-Crn1qGQxVDBRHss/s400/Judy+W.+Reed+African+American+Inventor.jpg" width="185" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Judy W. Reed 1884 patent for dough kneading </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Judy W. Reed</b> received U.S. Patent No. 305,474, received September 23, 1884, for a hand-operated dough kneader as well as roller that allowed for improved mixing that was to a greater extent than evenly distributed when processed through the rollers amongst corrugated slates. Little is written well-nigh Reed's life, but she has garnered the championship of existence the showtime African-American adult woman to have a U.S. patent.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Joseph Lee</b> received U.S. Patent No. 524,042 for a kneading machine innovation on August 7, 1894. Lee's fourth dimension saving innovation mixed as well as kneaded the dough as well as also replaced the demand to manus curlicue dough.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Robert P. Scott</b> invented the corn silker as well as obtained U.S. Patent No. 524,223 on August 7, 1894. Corn silk is the silk-like thread fibers on the within of the light-green husks removed from corn-on-the-cob. Removing corn silk proved both fourth dimension consuming as well as difficult. The R.P. Scott Corn Silker helped to brand this procedure faster as well as to a greater extent than efficient. </div> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOCObiKk7RnSzRtR3RCnZEIjrFfrxK1lAVOnYF1Cgqw_iyaRL7024D_Mrv8Mhrm6vaQ0ZKgdNUegbqH36VqTVY5jrWQbyhMPh9Ypo70h5IbCcuUPzR5lzO1pjO4xh45xYIkzwnUEhVxqk/s1600/garrett-morgan-inventor-black-history.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOCObiKk7RnSzRtR3RCnZEIjrFfrxK1lAVOnYF1Cgqw_iyaRL7024D_Mrv8Mhrm6vaQ0ZKgdNUegbqH36VqTVY5jrWQbyhMPh9Ypo70h5IbCcuUPzR5lzO1pjO4xh45xYIkzwnUEhVxqk/s1600/garrett-morgan-inventor-black-history.jpg" width="153" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Inventor Garrett A. Morgan, Sr.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <strong>Garrett A. Morgan, Sr.</strong> filed his patent application inwards 1922 and obtained U.S. Patent No. 1,475,024 on Nov. xx 1923 for an electrical traffic dot to live used at street intersections equally a tool to control for the menstruum of safe traffic from automobiles, bicycles as well as pedestrians. In 1912, Morgan also obtained U.S. Patent No. 109,936 for a breathing device to live used to halt the menstruum of injurious gases to persons, afterward called the gas mask. <br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>John T. White</b> obtained U.S. Patent No. 572,849 on Dec 8, 1896 for the showtime commercial lemon squeezer.White's innovation made it easier to mash all of the juice out of a lemon. It also separated the seeds as well as pulp from the juice, as well as prevented squirting. </div> <br /> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHiaMpej65WchUNqHcy5zjEkuI9KbRK0bHAuEg6BiPMB04M-zHUxamXtM0bIVrKhQ8OjKeEQN1M_XlIg3piQ7-dU69bE7QFI4-HQ1v07vqC9yGTO_OpkWiieoizskE3LvZhgurxZvz8xw/s1600/photo+of+dustpan+invention.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHiaMpej65WchUNqHcy5zjEkuI9KbRK0bHAuEg6BiPMB04M-zHUxamXtM0bIVrKhQ8OjKeEQN1M_XlIg3piQ7-dU69bE7QFI4-HQ1v07vqC9yGTO_OpkWiieoizskE3LvZhgurxZvz8xw/s400/photo+of+dustpan+invention.gif" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">African-American inventor: Lloyd Ray dustpan </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Lloyd P. Ray </b>received U.S. Patent No. 587,607 on August 3, 1897 for a novel as well as useful improvement inwards dust pans. Ray's device included a metallic collection plate that trash could live swept into, attached to a curt wooden handle. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Alfred L. Cralle</b> received U.S. Patent No. 576,395 on Feb 2, 1897 for an H2O ice cream mold as well as H2O ice cream scooper (disher). This made serving H2O ice cream inwards perfect circular portions to agree on cones. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <div>  </div> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Elbert R. Robinson</b> received U.S. Patent Nos. 505,370, September 19, 1893, electrical railway trolley as well as 594,286, Nov 23, 1897, casting composite or other machine wheels.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>FURTHER RESOURCES: </b>Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank: <a href="https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/5941/Black_Inventors.pdf;jsessionid=F7B8BA473F03A96E48AE3590AF1519A8?sequence=3" target="_blank">African American Patent Holders Database</a></div> </div>

Science In Addition To Technology: African Inventors Inward The Americas

We acquire rattling piddling well-nigh inventors of African descent. The inventors highlighted here do non stand upward for an exhaustive l...