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| Map of Africa, c. 1812. |
A BRIEF TIMELINE OF THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF AFRICA TO THE “SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA” | |||
c. 3150 B.C. | Ancient tradition states that the start pharaoh (king) of Kemet (kmt, translation: “black land”, nka Ancient Egypt) was Pharaoh Menes, honored amongst having unified Upper together with Lower Kemet into a unmarried kingdom. The pharaoh of Dynasty I would laid about a serial of dynasties that ruled Kemet for the side yesteryear side iii millennium. In Pliny's account, Menes was credited amongst existence the inventor of writing inwards Kemet. The New Kingdom of Kemet (c. 1550-1070 B.C.) began amongst the Eighteenth Dynasty, mark the ascension of Arab Republic of Egypt every bit an international ability that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire into the southern, northern together with western regions of continental Africa together with every bit far due east every bit the percentage straightaway called India. Notable Pharaohs of this era include Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten together with his married adult woman Nefertiti, Tutankhamun together with Ramesses II. The final native ruled dynasty is said to conduct maintain been the Thirtieth Dynasty, afterwards which the kingdom savage into the hands of Farsi rulers c. 343 B.C., defeating Pharaoh Nectanebo II. Later the Ottomans, of Arab descent, came to govern this business office of the Nile Valley. | ||
c. 1200 B.C. | Kingdom of Kush was an ancient African dynasty situated on the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile together with River Atbara inwards what is straightaway the Republic of Sudan. Established afterwards the Bronze Age collapse (c. 1206 to 1150), it was centered at Napata inwards its early on phase. After manful somebody monarch Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Arab Republic of Egypt inwards the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled every bit Pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Arab Republic of Egypt for a century, until they were expelled yesteryear Psamtik I inwards 656 BC. In early on Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom, amongst its violet working capital missive of the alphabet at Meroe, was known every bit Ethiopia. The Kushite kingdom amongst its working capital missive of the alphabet at Meroe persisted until the quaternary century C.E., when it weakened together with disintegrated due to internal rebellion. The Kushite working capital missive of the alphabet was eventually captured together with destroyed yesteryear the kingdom of Axum. | ||
c. 100 C.E. |  Kingdom of Aksum (aka every bit the Axum, Aksumite Kingdom, Abyssinia together with Ethiopia), encompassed the national regions straightaway known every bit Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia together with Eritrea. Its govern included govern over the declining Kingdom of Kush together with over the Kingdom of Himyarite inwards the percentage straightaway known every bit Yemen, which together with therefore included Saba (Sheba) from c. 25 B.C., Qataban from c. 200 C.E., together with Hadramaut from c. 300 C.E. The kingdom existed from some 100 C.E. to 940 C.E. Great traders, the Aksumites minted their ain currency together with was named yesteryear Mani (216–276 C.E.) every bit ane of the 4 smashing powers of his fourth dimension along amongst Persia, Rome, together with China. Aksum became the start major empire to convert to Christianity. | ||
c. 400 C.E. | The mention Nubia is derived from the Noba people, nomads who settled inwards the Nile valley percentage inwards the quaternary century, afterwards the collapse of the Kingdom of Kush. In the ancient commentary, however, Nubia, Kush together with Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Greek: Aithiopia) are oftentimes used to depict the same people. For example, spell Kemet conquered Nubian lands during diverse times inwards history, the Nubians are too noted every bit having conquered Kemet nether its 25th Dynasty. The ancient Nubian linguistic communication inwards written cast uses a modified Coptic script that was to a greater extent than often than non used inwards religious texts dating from the eighth together with 15th centuries C.E.. It is straightaway preserved inwards at to the lowest degree a hundred pages of ancient documents, including the famous The Martyrdom of Saint Menas. There were a divulge of small-scale Nubian kingdoms throughout the Middle Ages, the final of which collapsed inwards 1504, when Nubia became divided betwixt The Arab Republic of Arab Republic of Egypt together with the Sennar sultanate resulting inwards the Arabization of much of the Nubian population. Nubia was over again brought nether Ottoman Arab Republic of Egypt inwards the 19th century, together with inside Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from 1899 to 1956. | ||
c. 400 C.E. | Kingdom of Ghana, too called the Wagadou, founded inwards western percentage of Africa. The wealth of the kingdom includes commentaries of domesticated animals adorned amongst gilded collars together with included the domestication of camels earlier the Arabs. The onetime kingdom is non located inwards the same percentage every bit the electrical flow Ghana nation. It included the western percentage of the electrical flow patch of Republic of Mali together with the southeastern department of the electrical flow patch of Islamic Republic of Mauritania together with emcompassed Mande-speaking people. Gold, ivory, together with tabular array salt were traded to Europe together with the Middle East. Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Arabic: عَبْدَالله مُحَمَّد بِن مُوسَى اَلْخْوَارِزْمِي), the Farsi mathematician, astronomer together with geographer writing from Baghdad c. 800 C.E. documented the legend of the Republic of Ghana dynasties. | ||
c. 600 C.E. | The Great Republic of Zimbabwe complex was built inwards rock inwards the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, mark the ascension of the Shona (Translation: dzimba dza mabwe or "great rock houses") culture together with evidencing the smashing Bantu expansion. The archaeological ruins known every bit "Great Zimbabwe" conduct maintain been radiocarbon dated to some 600 C.E. The Kingdom of Republic of Zimbabwe controlled the ivory together with gilded merchandise from the interior to the southeastern coast of Africa. Asian together with Standard Arabic goods could live on found inwards abundance inwards the kingdom. | ||
c. 1230 C.E. | The Mali Empire (aka Mandingo Empire or Manden Kurufaba) major tribal grouping was the Mandinka together with was founded yesteryear Sundiata Keita together with gained international fame from its ruler Mansa Musa I. The empire formed on the upper Niger River, together with reached the superlative of ability inwards the 14th century amongst the centre of its scholarship together with merchandise inwards the ancient cities of Djenné together with Timbuktu.
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c. 1402 C.E. | Ethiopian diplomatic mission was established inwards Venice. | ||
c. 1460 | The Songhai (aka Songhay) are idea to conduct maintain settled at Gao every bit early on every bit 800 C.E., but did non constitute it every bit the working capital missive of the alphabet until the 11th century, during the reign of Dia Kossoi. Sulaiman-Mar gained independence together with hegemony over Gao c. 1340, together with became the forbear of Sunni Ali, the start emperor of Songhai, reigning from c. 1464-1493. Sulaiman-Mar is often credited amongst wresting ability away from the Republic of Mali Empire at a fourth dimension of internal succession disputes. The Songhai Empire would eventually supplanted the Republic of Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire would collapse inwards 1591 inwards smashing business office due to what is described every bit the Moroccan invasion. | ||
1497 | Vasco da Gama rounds the Cape of Good Hope | ||
1505-1821 | The Funj empire inwards Sudan. | ||
1517 | Ottomans conduct maintain Cairo | ||
1626 | First French settle inwards Senegal together with Madagascar | ||
1628-29 | War betwixt Mozambique together with Portugal, amongst Mozambique becoming a Portuguese protectorate | ||
1820 | Egypt conquers Sudan. British settlers larn far inwards Cape Colony. | ||
1822 | Liberia is established yesteryear freed Africans from America. | ||
1824-31 | First Anglo-Ashanti War. | ||
1830-47 | French conquest of Algeria. | ||
1834-35 | British defeat the Xhosa. | ||
1849 | Livingstone's start journeying inwards Africa | ||
1850-78 | Nine Xhosa wars inwards South Africa. | ||
1868 | British annexes Lesotho | ||
1869 | Suez Canal opens | ||
1879 | Ango-Zulu War | ||
c. 1880 | “Scramble for Africa” begins Note: There were many smashing kingdoms together with empires that rose on the African continent, such every bit the smashing civilizations developed yesteryear the Moor together with the Berber, the Ndongo Kingdom inwards the fundamental W Africa; the absence on this time-line is a production of the require for brevity only. |
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