Black Cowboys Inwards America

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbSzLNOBB6Cs-BjMN9H4WZvFgozDKMnMaxgZYw3AFyj_LFvcSs2DpV14qu7m-fQ2zwoPthvhmU723xrA39N4GBYGBA8v5AVx6QYtZR0pXxRkjFoeUfzfS4rddm445ZBnNAdFpb90_7ldg/s320/black-cowboy.jpg" /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Black cowboy with Equus caballus (cir. 1890), </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Western History/Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library</b></div> <br /> The dark cowboy redefined the perception of what it agency to go an American-born cowboy. For the dark cowboy, beingness a cowboy became to a greater extent than of a way of independent identify unit of measurement farm living that centered some family, outdoors cooking (lots of smoke outs too bar-b-ques on these farms), too maintaining a stable of horses with other farm raised animals. <br /> <br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOGperYCradBx9GbXKl134jtiemMyo5wBh2oMYp4pPdibJiIBeLQjUmn9Xd7WfoD68Y7r-RcvSWx33g3OHsrkoigSIrbcpoOn8_bZXvUsHLruretne_thUOb1oBaDgyK0QN7XvVoUkujg/s1600/Black+Cowboy+Nat+Love.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOGperYCradBx9GbXKl134jtiemMyo5wBh2oMYp4pPdibJiIBeLQjUmn9Xd7WfoD68Y7r-RcvSWx33g3OHsrkoigSIrbcpoOn8_bZXvUsHLruretne_thUOb1oBaDgyK0QN7XvVoUkujg/s1600/Black+Cowboy+Nat+Love.jpg" width="220" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nat Love aka Deadwood Dick (b. 1854 – d. 1921), born into slavery inwards Tennessee, became a cowboy after the American Civil War.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC_YLFgsF_vN14CoU9OlfG5p-obI16Ys07rI1ngbpcVzB0IdHXw8nl1zXg2QznvplbLfDuD7dLu4drue9ysAPQQZjUYetuVgcEOwoVzErYBwZW5MYitIpy6gleViLtP2wgm39hsYtnAtc/s1600/blackcowboys.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC_YLFgsF_vN14CoU9OlfG5p-obI16Ys07rI1ngbpcVzB0IdHXw8nl1zXg2QznvplbLfDuD7dLu4drue9ysAPQQZjUYetuVgcEOwoVzErYBwZW5MYitIpy6gleViLtP2wgm39hsYtnAtc/s320/blackcowboys.bmp" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Actor Steven Williams with Madison "Nat Love" Walker </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>at a </b><b><i>Single Action Shooting Society</i> meeting</b></div> <br /> Some years dorsum inwards Chicago, I was privileged to spotter a traveling dark rodeo demo too was invited to a cookout afterwards. Below are some of the pictures I took.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6b9kYf_0dKYAlHe5XGdP_QoBVNlG1ltzPyIfyIdMVcr61HKeh5jXR1ePJ6lRoZIgpt3zsqlG6Vgio7KL81luNYxB7kUU4aMeaiwgRrhAyunv7VS3BTqtiAlWDdr-3dnW7MP0HcRwkGwc/s1600/manishboyz+logo2_0004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6b9kYf_0dKYAlHe5XGdP_QoBVNlG1ltzPyIfyIdMVcr61HKeh5jXR1ePJ6lRoZIgpt3zsqlG6Vgio7KL81luNYxB7kUU4aMeaiwgRrhAyunv7VS3BTqtiAlWDdr-3dnW7MP0HcRwkGwc/s320/manishboyz+logo2_0004.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Black cowboys surgical procedure at a rodeo on </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>the South Side of Chicago circa. 1990</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Photo: V.M. Cross)</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> One activeness peculiarly revered past times dark cowboys is highly skilled Equus caballus sportsmanship that is the historical trademark of cowboy culture.</div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXtdny6AW4GEVR2xlFEkPnKhlWweMHKF8pI-R2Id2zQao95-ODHSg7uVLn-WGrJIz-lnCpYebV5yHjrNVFtlx4srjWZrpfBBKMrlTkvqXlCYfUeayzNuPhbvnXsUOUxAR6s_oLs-Lgtas/s1600/manishboyz+logo2_0003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXtdny6AW4GEVR2xlFEkPnKhlWweMHKF8pI-R2Id2zQao95-ODHSg7uVLn-WGrJIz-lnCpYebV5yHjrNVFtlx4srjWZrpfBBKMrlTkvqXlCYfUeayzNuPhbvnXsUOUxAR6s_oLs-Lgtas/s320/manishboyz+logo2_0003.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Black cowboys perform a Equus caballus demo at </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Chicago rodeo presentation, cir. 1990.</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Photo: past times V. M. Cross)</span></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIkRRhz51ayTVyrSZpMYm8_Lr_zP8zu2_KATSMnSfZXUriTX-MWWIp3Hsj5nAly72BGZ0FlRhDUC7KdnSOSjtGkVAm7QdwsWrgY47plvahVmFvOJAZWClDRR370NF6r7i2kTJ73bivpIE/s1600/manishboyz+logo2_0009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIkRRhz51ayTVyrSZpMYm8_Lr_zP8zu2_KATSMnSfZXUriTX-MWWIp3Hsj5nAly72BGZ0FlRhDUC7KdnSOSjtGkVAm7QdwsWrgY47plvahVmFvOJAZWClDRR370NF6r7i2kTJ73bivpIE/s320/manishboyz+logo2_0009.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Black cowboy at a cookout at his homestead inwards </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>southern Cook County, Illinois</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">(Photo: V. M. Cross)</span></div> <br /> There are a break of books inwards impress with the historical accounts of the legacy of the dark cowboy too his family. One proficient mass is <i><a href="http://amzn.to/1JY9L5B" target="_blank">Black Cowboys of the Old West</a>: True, Sensational, And Little-Known Stories From History</i> past times Tricia Martineau Wagner. The Black American West Museum is also a peachy resource for viewing master copy documents too things related to the history of blacks inwards the western United States. The museum is located inwards Denver, Colorado. Established inwards 1971 past times Paul W. Stewart, it is a storehouse of photos, letters, prints, too other historical records and items left behind by blacks from the early on American west. This includes records of cowboys, ranchers, homesteaders, miners, too much more.<br /> <br /></div>

Black Cowboys Inwards America

Black cowboy with Equus caballus (cir. 1890), Western History/Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library The dark cowboy redefined ...

Read more »

George Washington Carver: Scientist Too Inventor

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZqmOIVDrox8rG56t8LANErGHmz_GQnOLj9qhFADlHQUnjm76dTq15Q9ctvWO_X9X3CRbi9pSO_-1oUNhf47EPuWGw814t98C6Xv0LBZQnLbrOLFsPJ0iD89cKF2J0pPgGv8-h8Reu9Lk/s1600/Picture+of+George+Washington+Carver+taken+by+Frances+Benjamin+Johnston+in+1906.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZqmOIVDrox8rG56t8LANErGHmz_GQnOLj9qhFADlHQUnjm76dTq15Q9ctvWO_X9X3CRbi9pSO_-1oUNhf47EPuWGw814t98C6Xv0LBZQnLbrOLFsPJ0iD89cKF2J0pPgGv8-h8Reu9Lk/s200/Picture+of+George+Washington+Carver+taken+by+Frances+Benjamin+Johnston+in+1906.jpg" width="164" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Picture of George Washington Carver (1864-1943)</span></strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">taken yesteryear Frances Benjamin Johnston inwards 1906</span></strong></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <blockquote> <div style="text-align: left;"> <em>“I dear to intend of nature equally an unlimited broadcasting station, through which God speaks to us every hour, if nosotros volition only melody in.”</em> George Washington Carver</div> </blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The peanut butter packaged as well as sold yesteryear such American brands equally Skippy was invented yesteryear MD George Washington Carver. In U.S. society, Carver is the begin mortal of tape to stimulate crude out of the peanut. This is the same peanut crude that tin live constitute on many grocery shop shelves today. While many people know virtually these innovations, they produce non know that Carver developed these inventions, also equally hundreds of other derivative products from the peanut, pecan, as well as sweetness potato.</div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> MD Carver works included the evolution of agricultural derived adhesives, gasoline fuel, shaving cream, shampoos, mitt lotions, insecticide, glue, bleach, sugar, synthetic rubber, as well as other innovations from natural agricultural resources. He devoted his life to agreement nature as well as the option uses of a elementary plant. He is reported to demand maintain extracted medicines from weeds as well as through the separation of fats, oils, gums, resins as well as sugars, he constitute over 300 novel uses for the peanut alone.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong></strong> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixlXeSCczVIj-O6gHn1gyvHRJ4VbSXcl3XUyXWuwb_-wT38XzvDcDHnNPVTI2vh-a8iP0puLeD8833sZxBwdU8xfTQ1rLTEOyAR8KlKJGL2t-1A_P5eJYgaAuZHOn6qF3fh8Z3qUsCxDg/s1600/George-washington-carver-nmon-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixlXeSCczVIj-O6gHn1gyvHRJ4VbSXcl3XUyXWuwb_-wT38XzvDcDHnNPVTI2vh-a8iP0puLeD8833sZxBwdU8xfTQ1rLTEOyAR8KlKJGL2t-1A_P5eJYgaAuZHOn6qF3fh8Z3qUsCxDg/s320/George-washington-carver-nmon-1.jpg" /></a></div> <blockquote> <em>Photo of the George Washington Carver National Monument, a unit of measurement of the National Park Service located virtually ii miles due west of Diamond, Missouri. Depicting MD Carver equally a immature boy, this statute was founded on July 14, 1943 yesteryear Franklin Delano Roosevelt who dedicated $30,000 to the monument. It was the begin national monument dedicated to an African-American as well as begin to a non-President.</em></blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1864 (exact nativity appointment unknown), George Washington Carver was born into the establishment of slavery close Diamond Grove, Missouri. He was kidnapped from his woman nurture yesteryear slavers equally a baby. As a slave, his early on weak status inwards trunk made him of no utilization inwards the field. Carver worked inwards a domestic capacity as well as gardening became a piece of employment of his work. On the plantation he was known equally the 'Plant Doctor." Despite the challenge of his birth, Carver applied as well as was admitted to Highland College inwards Highland, Kansas from his application submission that did non refer or asking his race. When he arrived at Highland College its president, learning therefore of his pare color, withdrew the college's acceptance.</div> <div> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Kn97iayuiG9DCJSnwQghPHC8JUBxDUU7LpZ6-7e75EDb24A2raugXrJUYACTp9lUO8Yo1fOFjOw_ugROPUOyqvKJe7FqPTn-VluBPN11lwhPUeNL_HYJnuDr_Yq-umuLb4uHqrn4YJg/s1600/george-washington-carver-pix.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Kn97iayuiG9DCJSnwQghPHC8JUBxDUU7LpZ6-7e75EDb24A2raugXrJUYACTp9lUO8Yo1fOFjOw_ugROPUOyqvKJe7FqPTn-VluBPN11lwhPUeNL_HYJnuDr_Yq-umuLb4uHqrn4YJg/s320/george-washington-carver-pix.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>George Washington Carver inwards his laboratory.</strong></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> At that indicate inwards his life, instead of college, Carver went into business. He opened a laundry as well as afterward worked equally a gear upwardly inwards Winterset, Iowa. Saving his money, Carver was the begin mortal of African descent to live admitted to Simpson College inwards Iowa. He eventually transferred to Iowa Agricultural College (Iowa State College). There he earned a Bachelors as well as Masters of Science degrees inwards agricultural as well as bacterial botany. Carver became the begin dark instructor at Iowa State College.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPfcPzZL7hQ2VEAxKJRvjKwe3vKYvx8adyBK8KzvJmSJuSkr0epsLZYL5tOXMpnIZLE5G_A8kI8ruZZPRz4ZjU0xo63fdSDKsdZEUgOgbtfAZ80Nw491G6IRlyQQ9XimkVDOuCc_uejaI/s1600/Photo+of+George+Washington+Carver+(front+row,+center)+poses+with+fellow+staff+members+at+the+Tuskegee+Institute+(now+known+as+Tuskegee+University)+located+in+the+U.S.+state+of+Alabama..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPfcPzZL7hQ2VEAxKJRvjKwe3vKYvx8adyBK8KzvJmSJuSkr0epsLZYL5tOXMpnIZLE5G_A8kI8ruZZPRz4ZjU0xo63fdSDKsdZEUgOgbtfAZ80Nw491G6IRlyQQ9XimkVDOuCc_uejaI/s320/Photo+of+George+Washington+Carver+(front+row,+center)+poses+with+fellow+staff+members+at+the+Tuskegee+Institute+(now+known+as+Tuskegee+University)+located+in+the+U.S.+state+of+Alabama..jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">George Washington Carver (center, front end row) poses amongst beau </span></strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>Tuskegee Institute </strong><strong>staff members inwards 1902 (now known equally Tuskegee University)</strong> </span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Upon the invite of Booker T. Washington, MD Carver relocated to Alabama's Tuskegee Normal as well as Industrial Institute (Tuskegee Institute, right away known equally Tuskegee University). At Tuskegee, Carver spearheaded the university's Agricultural Department, a dynamic agricultural inquiry subdivision that he served for to a greater extent than than l years. There was much farming innovation developed out of Tuskegee during the course of didactics of Carver's leadership. This included translating scientific theory into cracking practical assistance to local farmers, including old slaves, who sought self-sufficiency through farming. Carver assisted many southern farmers, dark as well as white, in producing additional products from their staple crops inwards an attempt to growth solid unit of measurement farm income.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTEuEfbNZJ05ixF1cJ4BJ5YpEocVyBlJk-EiFaQiO2Qd4EcjB5du4S8ZIRATflJBDz9U6zOIoZfQDpthd96cyPPJn8B4Q8rKpI-i8-GJw4GxBPKeO4z151-aOTitdkbFGz0VBv84Z_zUU/s1600/Illustration+of+George+Washington+Carver+by+Charles+Alston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTEuEfbNZJ05ixF1cJ4BJ5YpEocVyBlJk-EiFaQiO2Qd4EcjB5du4S8ZIRATflJBDz9U6zOIoZfQDpthd96cyPPJn8B4Q8rKpI-i8-GJw4GxBPKeO4z151-aOTitdkbFGz0VBv84Z_zUU/s320/Illustration+of+George+Washington+Carver+by+Charles+Alston.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Illustration of George Washington Carver yesteryear Charles Alston (1943)</strong></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Carver's piece of employment was a course of didactics inwards sustainable development. His legacy is the master green. This included providing American farmers preparation inwards soil fertilization as well as crop rotation innovations. He introduced southern farmers to novel soil enriching plants such equally the peanut, pecan, as well as the sweetness potatoe. This diversified the agricultural tradition of farmers inwards the U.S. southern states whose agricultural economic scheme was based predominantly on cotton wool production. Carver's piece of employment inwards agricultural recycling is meaning inwards that he introduced southern farmers to practical innovative uses for farm waste. Tuskegee Institute inquiry during this fourth dimension included scientific works inwards chemistry, nutrition, flora pathology, as well as genetics.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwzwmWpJLRGvlvnqoxXiIxzMSqoEsHyuLzR0hEG4Y6qW32M2Muek_HziqXjDpmCalCEq_dzGIXCQwnVscQZYjy2VW7HuX6mpzwsd7TpFzCha98XvI35dnEIfKqMqV_9xt_u0UHLkCUkv8/s1600/Painting+of+George+Washington+Carver,+by+Betsy+Graves+Reyneau,+Oil+on+canvas+(1942).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwzwmWpJLRGvlvnqoxXiIxzMSqoEsHyuLzR0hEG4Y6qW32M2Muek_HziqXjDpmCalCEq_dzGIXCQwnVscQZYjy2VW7HuX6mpzwsd7TpFzCha98XvI35dnEIfKqMqV_9xt_u0UHLkCUkv8/s320/Painting+of+George+Washington+Carver,+by+Betsy+Graves+Reyneau,+Oil+on+canvas+(1942).jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Painting of George Washington Carver, </strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>by Betsy Graves Reyneau, crude on sail (1942)</strong></div> <blockquote> <em>“Reading virtually nature is fine, but if a mortal walks inwards the woods as well as listens carefully, he tin larn to a greater extent than than what is inwards books, for they utter amongst the vocalisation of God.”</em>  George Washington Carver</blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> “All mankind are the beneficiaries of his discoveries inwards the plain of agricultural chemistry," stated the belatedly U.S. President Franklin T. Roosevelt. "The things which he achieved inwards the aspect upwardly of early on handicaps volition for all fourth dimension afford an inspiring example to youth everywhere." </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTUAjMlj2ClUPnlQMjqAFWYdB0bmcyi4w4Bypf5Do8MhW0qm_dn3QpZtB1i2c6IvlyLGudJk6RAmXsWmMKC_TdWn5i1-GGeOc4g-TdH-YfHwCRFTAovwd8wyDsaU7eKfBOCgTpUkdMfp4/s1600/George+Washington+Carver+Stamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTUAjMlj2ClUPnlQMjqAFWYdB0bmcyi4w4Bypf5Do8MhW0qm_dn3QpZtB1i2c6IvlyLGudJk6RAmXsWmMKC_TdWn5i1-GGeOc4g-TdH-YfHwCRFTAovwd8wyDsaU7eKfBOCgTpUkdMfp4/s320/George+Washington+Carver+Stamp.jpg" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <strong>George Washington Carver postage stamp issued on Jan 5, 1948 </strong><br /> <strong>by the U.S.A. Postal Service</strong></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> George Washington Carver received iii formal U.S. patents from his peanut inventions. His works, however, includes 118 applications for inventions derived from sweetness potatoes, cowpeas, soybeans, as well as pecans. His sweetness white patato inventions included 73 dyes, 17 woods fillers, xiv candies, five library pastes, five breakfast foods, four starches, four flours, 3 molasses’s, vinegar as well as spiced vinegar, dry out java as well as instant coffee, candy, after-dinner mints, orangish drops, as well as lemon drops.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The National Peanut Board reports MD Carver's works to include nutrient products that ranged from "peanut lemon punch, chili sauce, caramel, peanut sausage, mayonnaise as well as coffee. Cosmetics included aspect upwardly powder, shampoo, shaving cream as well as mitt lotion. Insecticides, glue, charcoal, rubber, nitroglycerine, plastics as well as axle grease are simply a few of the many valuable peanut products discovered yesteryear MD Carver.”</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp_hDp0q-_zftKZ1ZSRRKwtDpqxDZ2eKFK0Dr3jrWntO9LrOrYvICHN36h7raq-5ImgAmbutNGyMGv43EeEkK3LiuZHEQrnpNYDW7nMXFqoUCuN_tTxpVfNioqK1cdbjY-3lsybEGfjfo/s1600/Worker+on+the+SS+George+Washington+Carver+in+the+Richmond+Yards.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp_hDp0q-_zftKZ1ZSRRKwtDpqxDZ2eKFK0Dr3jrWntO9LrOrYvICHN36h7raq-5ImgAmbutNGyMGv43EeEkK3LiuZHEQrnpNYDW7nMXFqoUCuN_tTxpVfNioqK1cdbjY-3lsybEGfjfo/s320/Worker+on+the+SS+George+Washington+Carver+in+the+Richmond+Yards.jpg" /></a></div> <blockquote> <em>An African American worker at the Richmond Shipyards, Richmond, California, USA (April 1943) rushing the</em> SS George Washington Carver<em> send to completion. Black skilled workers played an of import piece of employment inwards the structure of the </em>SS George Washington Carver<em>, the minute Liberty Ship named for a mortal of African descent, inwards the Richmond Shipyard No. 1 of the Kaiser Company (California).</em> </blockquote> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRRPi4XcvCCn-0Iikol2pmoyb8rEqpD3vqljb1XLO_7vhNIqYABThtcIFSNqe4nYBGuzO8lNv__vNdaZHOge0Xu5nST4np9LfOVNF8YwEeemnvBnwMCzxmf4A8z1XQ9OrjY1MM-XksMew/s1600/Statute+of+George+Washington+Carver.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" rw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRRPi4XcvCCn-0Iikol2pmoyb8rEqpD3vqljb1XLO_7vhNIqYABThtcIFSNqe4nYBGuzO8lNv__vNdaZHOge0Xu5nST4np9LfOVNF8YwEeemnvBnwMCzxmf4A8z1XQ9OrjY1MM-XksMew/s320/Statute+of+George+Washington+Carver.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Statute of George Washington Carver</strong></div> </div>

George Washington Carver: Scientist Too Inventor

Picture of George Washington Carver (1864-1943) taken yesteryear Frances Benjamin Johnston inwards 1906 “I dear to intend of natu...

Read more »

Johannes Leo Africanus' Contributions To The History Of Timbuktu

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZrXB8v7vMQbWE30H_dgR03FsYYiwYComuqR2vGYqHkzG-OV1LlWZt9ah4CSa5pDws65BSRO9BXosWlJcFBAmM9IbLn_0RpjtCQqVMqOEJBxfTsvWquN65hoJkCIEeOft9tPwcwfY1yU/s1600/Title+page+of+Johannes+Leo+Africanus%3B+John+Pory+(trans.+%26+comp.)+(1600).+A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZrXB8v7vMQbWE30H_dgR03FsYYiwYComuqR2vGYqHkzG-OV1LlWZt9ah4CSa5pDws65BSRO9BXosWlJcFBAmM9IbLn_0RpjtCQqVMqOEJBxfTsvWquN65hoJkCIEeOft9tPwcwfY1yU/s400/Title+page+of+Johannes+Leo+Africanus%3B+John+Pory+(trans.+%26+comp.)+(1600).+A+Geographical+Historie+of+Africa.jpg" width="247" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Title page of <em>A Geographical Historie of Africa</em> by</strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Johannes Leo Africanus (1600)</strong></div> <br /> Johannes Leo Africanus (c. 1494 - 1554) was a Moorish diplomat, traveler, historian, as well as author best known for his mass <em>Description of Africa</em> (Descrittione dell’Africa) which described North African geography, including the famed metropolis of Timbuktu (Timbuctoo) inwards Mali, West Africa.<br /> <br /> In almost 1494, Leo Africanus was born inwards Granada, a city at the human foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains inwards Spain. This was a major city on the Castilian (Iberian) peninsula. It had been conquered yesteryear the Moors of Africa for nearly 800 years. After Leo Africanus' birth, his identify unit of measurement moved from Kingdom of Spain to Fez, Kingdom of Morocco inwards North Africa. In Morocco, he studied at the University of Al Karaouines as well as started the intellectual journeying that would Pb him on diplomatic missions across Africa as well as Europe. This included the Maghreb (Also <em>Maghrib</em>, Berber: <em>Tamazgha</em>, Arabic: بلدان المغرب ,) as well as the Timbuktu percentage (c. 1510), as well as hence business office of the Songhai (Songhay) Empire. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaBBT6CsuCv4zWWjVk_wNR76O6TElhgZZb_DYvno7BhHK-CHAaEzLe1LL537LBdwB4ocILx6cG0TDRS_VTqY5ZURvfAV35KOgFuXpiUwcmkc2OBY_dQX39-1LNXd3V-q3JWD1xHNQKlyQ/s1600/leo+africanus+timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaBBT6CsuCv4zWWjVk_wNR76O6TElhgZZb_DYvno7BhHK-CHAaEzLe1LL537LBdwB4ocILx6cG0TDRS_VTqY5ZURvfAV35KOgFuXpiUwcmkc2OBY_dQX39-1LNXd3V-q3JWD1xHNQKlyQ/s320/leo+africanus+timbuktu.jpg" /></a></div> <br /> Fifteen kilometers northward of the Niger River, Timbuktu is a historic metropolis whose rattling advert conjures a feel of mystery. Known equally the City of Wisdom, the legacy of the muslim virile mortal monarch Mansa Musa as well as the recorded history of the Songhai as well as Republic of Mali Empires are business office of Timbuktu's rich historical heritage. <br /> <br /> <b>The Kingdom of Mali</b><br /> <br /> By the 11th Century, Mali's rulers had been converted to Islam in the West African percentage of Timbuktu, a metropolis inwards the Tombouctou Region of Mali. Three centuries later, commentators banker's complaint from Arab travelers that the religion of Islam practiced in this percentage of Africa is somewhat Africanized from that proficient yesteryear their Arabian brethren. Mansa Musa was known inwards his time as the richest virile mortal monarch inwards Africa because of the wealth he acquired in his Empire's wide network of commercial trade. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswTgu3Z1CJdhfTrA-uQnVXtfa-Oz99gnD6bvmiCLscuRH-PMVHSF05NKmJNvAUEGbRbqCgyuGU_kXoDaf5Nz3pAOLamFxyT29gDHSC_vdu7OKjb0P6cRcra7jgiZpCTl35uU7sxAHKxM/s1600/Untitled+woodcut+map+of+Africa+from+Leo+Africanus,+Historiale+description+de+l%27Afrique,+tierce+partie+dv+monde.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswTgu3Z1CJdhfTrA-uQnVXtfa-Oz99gnD6bvmiCLscuRH-PMVHSF05NKmJNvAUEGbRbqCgyuGU_kXoDaf5Nz3pAOLamFxyT29gDHSC_vdu7OKjb0P6cRcra7jgiZpCTl35uU7sxAHKxM/s400/Untitled+woodcut+map+of+Africa+from+Leo+Africanus,+Historiale+description+de+l%27Afrique,+tierce+partie+dv+monde.jpg" width="255" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Untitled woodcut map of Africa from Leo Africanus, </strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <em><strong>Historiale description de l'Afrique, tierce partie dv monde</strong></em></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79vmWMEFV3uZa3Uvs-HZhnb_i4fRL708Kn9MyGV02dnculq6PElMujTGr-NLjJU3qu2076IlkoDZGfbQJP62i1maMDgBBPZc6Htxu7aBou3v9o0oxa3AwechIsnOAjN4srgJlKtVaLWw/s1600/Mansa+Musa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj79vmWMEFV3uZa3Uvs-HZhnb_i4fRL708Kn9MyGV02dnculq6PElMujTGr-NLjJU3qu2076IlkoDZGfbQJP62i1maMDgBBPZc6Htxu7aBou3v9o0oxa3AwechIsnOAjN4srgJlKtVaLWw/s320/Mansa+Musa.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Section of an illustrated map that includes depiction of </strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong>Mansa Musa asset a golden nugget, </strong><strong>(cir. 1375 Catalan Atlas)</strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> The earliest amount trouble concern human relationship of Timbuktu came from Africanus inwards the 16th Century. He described the city's splendent courtroom life, its scholars, noted equally "bountifully maintained at the king's cost." Timbuktu had a reputation for its learned universities, pomp majestic palace ceremonies, architectural glories, as well as busy markets that included international traders. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1Qma4jmbg3AVjRwq-ieN6X0ILmHGL8qysBW5VeZkQ816kpFpJoFRKlPQZbeY4qnAjgV1CM-vqQfe_XSiUbBwzU8T0R4_qNm6W57EkJY-HPsfnGBdb3PwwBfrbSE3UaOsa8aQfUM03RI/s1600/Timbuktu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" hw="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1Qma4jmbg3AVjRwq-ieN6X0ILmHGL8qysBW5VeZkQ816kpFpJoFRKlPQZbeY4qnAjgV1CM-vqQfe_XSiUbBwzU8T0R4_qNm6W57EkJY-HPsfnGBdb3PwwBfrbSE3UaOsa8aQfUM03RI/s320/Timbuktu.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> Once a fundamental middle of Islamic educational activity inwards Africa, Timbuktu’s architectural glories, including many mosques, have been reclaimed inwards business office yesteryear the desert. By 1828, French adventurer René Caillié's pilgrimage to Timbuktu flora the metropolis ravished yesteryear the raids of neighboring tribes. Populated yesteryear the Fulani, Mande, Songhai, as well as Tuareg, the people as well as the historical romance of scholarship as well as merchandise within Timbuktu remains.<br /> <br /> <div align="center"> <object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/iYMkTxNQGGU&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/iYMkTxNQGGU&hl=en_US&fs=1?color1=0x5d1719&color2=0xcd311b" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object></div> <div align="center"> <strong>Video of lost libraries of Timbuktu - City of Scholars (BBC)</strong><br /> <br /></div> </div>

Johannes Leo Africanus' Contributions To The History Of Timbuktu

Title page of A Geographical Historie of Africa by Johannes Leo Africanus (1600) Johannes Leo Africanus (c. 1494 - 1554) was a...

Read more »

Charles Hamilton Houston: Making Of The African-American Civil Rights Lawsuit Attorney

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9dutfNME41B3efvH_ucTf-2Y4ZcVULg1ZJHx1SZUZA0rhcxUJ3DA8zmM7H25Ynl6-lbgFCwAONLovvZH7q2uKUvMnGW_DsUpgliWFjT2AglRDX5np7uIqvhw60SAeuiXiyHNu134cMk8/s1600/Photo+of+Charles+Hamilton+Houston+African+American+Lawyer+for+Black+Civil+Rights+See+Also+Thurgood+Marshall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9dutfNME41B3efvH_ucTf-2Y4ZcVULg1ZJHx1SZUZA0rhcxUJ3DA8zmM7H25Ynl6-lbgFCwAONLovvZH7q2uKUvMnGW_DsUpgliWFjT2AglRDX5np7uIqvhw60SAeuiXiyHNu134cMk8/s1600/Photo+of+Charles+Hamilton+Houston+African+American+Lawyer+for+Black+Civil+Rights+See+Also+Thurgood+Marshall.jpg" width="241" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo: Charles Hamilton Houston (b. September 3, 1895 - d. Apr 22, 1950)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <i>As legal scholar, educator, as well as lawyer, Charles Hamilton Houston dedicated his life to fighting racism with the dominion of police pull every bit an musical instrument for jurist as well as social change. African American trial attorneys became early on champions of the U.S. Constitution's Equal Protection Clause that articulates this of import protection enjoyed past times all U.S. citizens. Quite telling, Houston was U.S. Supreme Court Justice <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=us-supreme-court-justice-thurgood" target="_blank">Thurgood Marshall</a>'s police pull professor at Howard University School of Law. Houston mentored Marshall inwards developing the federal trial police pull strategy that enforced U.S. Constitutional rights on behalf of African Americans nationally discriminated inwards interstate commerce.  </i> </div> <br /> <b>Early Life of Charles Hamilton Houston</b><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Charles Houston owed much of his early on success to his remarkably dedicated parents. He was born on September 3, 1895. His woman raise was Mary Hamilton Houston a stylist (seamstress as well as hairdresser) to Washington D.C. politicians. His manlike someone raise was William Le Pre Houston, a full general exercise attorney for to a greater extent than than iv decades inwards D.C. who also taught law exercise management tat Howard University's police pull school.</div> <div> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcs0cl7aHBWU_O6AQp2Du-171K67c_fMGXv7dYbZShwku7AzDADmulCc2UBGpRckdBip0Wa_LkZzOiJvC15-7iV5woIlC9KUlzv-SqeMfqJAJqdOqCfh7IqWcMUhQHBxvE7Sb_52K_VEY/s1600/charles+hamilton+houston-family.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcs0cl7aHBWU_O6AQp2Du-171K67c_fMGXv7dYbZShwku7AzDADmulCc2UBGpRckdBip0Wa_LkZzOiJvC15-7iV5woIlC9KUlzv-SqeMfqJAJqdOqCfh7IqWcMUhQHBxvE7Sb_52K_VEY/s320/charles+hamilton+houston-family.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Charles Hamilton Houston (center) with his woman raise as well as father</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Houston graduated from high schoolhouse at fifteen years old. In 1915, he was ane of 6 valedictorians graduating from Amherst College inwards Massachusetts. He was also the solely dark pupil inwards his class. By 1917, Houston started teaching "Negro Literature" as well as English linguistic communication at Howard University inwards D.C., the same twelvemonth the U.S. authorities entered World War I. Houston enlisted inwards the state of war inwards 1919 every bit a minute lieutenant inwards acre artillery where he served inwards France.</div> <div> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFVGHK70vgjIhKFJbEJH3oqxzw1YQKbqNQd2Q9yoaUpZEq_I-Tl1FFWBOKY1Wk6FhOffaVQhUhzhq3e-H1H1gWxqWDmSciAedYGLn4is67YM5l6Kim7SEz4oIVz0HWtqxdnkgpMy-ODc/s1600/charles+hamilton+houstonlieutenant-lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFVGHK70vgjIhKFJbEJH3oqxzw1YQKbqNQd2Q9yoaUpZEq_I-Tl1FFWBOKY1Wk6FhOffaVQhUhzhq3e-H1H1gWxqWDmSciAedYGLn4is67YM5l6Kim7SEz4oIVz0HWtqxdnkgpMy-ODc/s320/charles+hamilton+houstonlieutenant-lg.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of the immature Lieutenant Charles Hamilton Houston</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Houston understood racism as well as its affect on African Americans. As an U.S. officeholder inwards France, Houston endured the double struggle of the dark U.S. soldiers inwards Europe. Black soldiers fought on ii fronts against both Nazi aggression as well as white racist aggression that was a corking part of armed services life.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Houston Returns from War as well as Studies Law</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> After an honorable discharge from the military, Houston returned to D.C. He applied to Harvard Law School as well as was accepted. He graduated inwards 1922 with a Bachelor of Laws. By 1923, he had earned a doctorate, distinguished himself every bit a scholar at Harvard where he became the get-go dark editor of the Harvard Law Review. </div> <br /> <div> </div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8RPAOmRAgYBEWE-2JoGZllCDzRGTlGtIKoBVCf7RlUR7B0Nb8zVNqB4yH34dMAGo5B4Rinc1PrtQPXY0_Jt2pt8PURR6fa91memIlFlS35HBRfDgPcwQzNDvPXm2vqSLrG6nZQBpMP5U/s1600/charles+hamilton+houston%27s+father+william-houston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8RPAOmRAgYBEWE-2JoGZllCDzRGTlGtIKoBVCf7RlUR7B0Nb8zVNqB4yH34dMAGo5B4Rinc1PrtQPXY0_Jt2pt8PURR6fa91memIlFlS35HBRfDgPcwQzNDvPXm2vqSLrG6nZQBpMP5U/s320/charles+hamilton+houston's+father+william-houston.jpg" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Attorney William Le Pre Houston, </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">father of Charles Hamilton Houston, inwards his police pull office</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1924, afterward his render from studying at the University of Madrid, Houston joined his father's D.C. police pull firm. In add-on to starting a civil rights police pull practice, inwards 1924 Houston began teaching at Howard University School of Law, therefore a part-time nighttime school. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Houston Mentors Other Lawyers</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Hamilton believed that a lawyer was "either a social engineer or a parasite on society" as well as saw his role as a legal educator every bit part of his social responsibility. By 1929, Howard University had developed into a full-time police pull schoolhouse nether his encouragement as well as was the preparation ground for about a quarter of the nation's dark police pull students. </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFKwcK6MkS8sDV_0XbUjRDoxv73ybajDL8nl3RD5XfwQF3mGGoRm6WQnVnuBYA51hfW7ZUYIYk0sLAFfHuVhqBPebbl5dGRf2iMk6b3xPzwyebu5ZN1HGYxC2cXEflUJeFedPj2YmASwY/s1600/Photo+of+a+young+Thurgood+Marshall+standing+before+the+seated+Charles+Hamilton+Houston.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFKwcK6MkS8sDV_0XbUjRDoxv73ybajDL8nl3RD5XfwQF3mGGoRm6WQnVnuBYA51hfW7ZUYIYk0sLAFfHuVhqBPebbl5dGRf2iMk6b3xPzwyebu5ZN1HGYxC2cXEflUJeFedPj2YmASwY/s1600/Photo+of+a+young+Thurgood+Marshall+standing+before+the+seated+Charles+Hamilton+Houston.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo of a immature Thurgood Marshall (standing left) with a seated as well as writing Charles Hamilton Houston (far right) at Howard University (Maryland State Archives)</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Houston's pupils at Howard University included Thurgood Marshall, the nation's get-go African American U.S. Supreme Court Justice. Marshall was also part of the legal team in the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court landmark representative of <i><a href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=347&invol=483">Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka</a></i>, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) -- which comprised many of his beau Howard Law School alums. Other quondam students of Houston was A. Leon Higginbotham, William Hastie, James Nabrit, Robert Carter, George E.C. Hayes, Jack Greenberg, Oliver Hill, as well as Spottswood Robinson. In <i>Brown</i>, the U.S. Supreme Court made the historic ruling that racial segregation inwards primary as well as secondary world schoolhouse was unconstitutional.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Houston's Legal Attack on the "Separate But Equal" Doctrine</b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> As a constitutional scholar, Houston knew that the "separate but equal" doctrine accepted past times the U.S. Supreme Court inwards the landmark representative of <i><a href="http://brownat50.org/brownCases/BrownCasesFrameset.html">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i>, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) was reverse to the dominion of law. In 1934, Houston became special counsel with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP). He surrounded himself with a pick out grouping of immature lawyers, many of his aforementioned quondam Howard Law School students. Houston presently became "senior counsel" to the immature legal strategists that would cease legalized racial segregation inwards the United States. </div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> As the NAACP's special counsel, Houston traveled throughout the U.S. South with a photographic television receiver camera as well as a typewriter. He as well as his squad of lawyers recorded atmospheric condition at world facilities for blacks as well as whites, reasoning that segregationist states were non fifty-fifty coming together the <i>Plessy</i> "separate but equal" standard.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Developing Important Early Civil Rights Case Law</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">  By 1935, Charles Hamilton Houston as well as Thurgood Marshall prevailed inwards <i><a href="http://www.brownat50.org/brownCases/PreBrownCases/PearsonvMurrayMd1936.htm">Murray v. Pearson</a></i>, 182 A. 590, 169 Md. 478, 103 A.L.R. 706  (1936), a Maryland Court of Appeals determination where the dark plaintiff challenged his denied entry into the therefore segregated University of Maryland police pull school. Legal counsel for the academy argued that their client's met the split upward but equal requirement when it granted qualified black applicants scholarships to enroll inwards police pull schools out-of-state. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The Maryland ground courts rejected this argument, asset that Maryland’s out-of-state alternative was non an equal chance for police pull students who wanted to exercise police pull inwards Maryland every bit Maryland lawyers. In 1936, the police pull schoolhouse was ordered to acknowledge qualified dark students. Thurgood Marshall was alongside the previously qualified students denied entry into the Maryland police pull school, making the legal victory an peculiarly sugariness ane for the Houston legal team.</div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1939, some other of Houston's of import civil rights cases was ruled upon inwards <i><a href="http://brownat50.org/brownCases/BrownCasesFrameset.html">State of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada</a></i>, 305 U.S. 337 (1938).  In <i>Gaines</i>, the reasoning inwards the <i>Pearson</i> ground representative was adopted past times the U.S. Supreme Court as well as applied nationwide. In essence, the Court held that Missouri police pull schoolhouse faculty's unique curriculum made "separate but equal" unattainable inwards legal education. </div> <br /> <b>Houston on the Role of Lawyers every bit Social Engineers</b><br /> <blockquote> <br /> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjp4bm-3_KCCv1rVtPz_oBRo7hNf17ilPAvE3AyVUfEdi48vyyt5NIab6lVed9SHBNd340vLRonY4Qs3dDSLSpKl-fYJGMYrXkrCX5wPcD6_hj8orfyM8PHUv3kMphhj25AYQ9O65unxA/s1600/charles+hamilton+houston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" bx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjp4bm-3_KCCv1rVtPz_oBRo7hNf17ilPAvE3AyVUfEdi48vyyt5NIab6lVed9SHBNd340vLRonY4Qs3dDSLSpKl-fYJGMYrXkrCX5wPcD6_hj8orfyM8PHUv3kMphhj25AYQ9O65unxA/s320/charles+hamilton+houston.jpg" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image of attorney Charles Hamilton Houston</td></tr> </tbody></table> </blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b></b>  According to Houston, "[the] Negro lawyer must last trained every bit a social engineer as well as grouping interpreter. Due to the Negro's social as well as political status . . . the Negro lawyer must last prepared to anticipate, conduct as well as translate his grouping advancement. . . . [Moreover, he must human activeness as] concern advisor . . . for the protection of the scattered resources possessed or controlled past times the group. . . . He must furnish to a greater extent than ways as well as agency for asset inside the grouping the income forthwith flowing through it," wrote Charles Hamilton Houston inwards his "Personal Observations on the Summary of Studies inwards Legal Education every bit Applied to the Howard University School of Law," (May 28, 1929).</div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1940, sick wellness led Houston to retire from the NAACP every bit special counsel. On Apr 22, 1950, Houston died, iv years afterward the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 ruling inwards <i>Brown v. Board of Education</i>. In 1950, the NAACP posthumously awarded him the Spingarn Medal. In 1958, Howard University School of Law's top dog edifice was dedicated every bit Charles Hamilton Houston Hall. </div> <br /> <div>  Charles Hamilton Houston's words continues to guide Howard University School of Law's mission:</div> <blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> "'A lawyer's either a social engineer or he's a parasite on society'. . . . H5N1 social engineer was a highly skilled, perceptive, sensitive lawyer who understood the Constitution of the US as well as knew how to explore its uses inwards the solving of 'problems of . . . local communities' as well as inwards 'bettering atmospheric condition of the underprivileged citizens.'"</div> </blockquote> <blockquote> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">McNeil, <i>Groundwork</i> at 84 (1983), quoting Charles Hamilton Houston (McNeil cites Thurgood Marshall every bit quoted inwards Geraldine Segal, In Any Fight Some Fall at 34 (Mercury Press 1975)).</span></div> </blockquote> Thurgood Marshall is reported every bit having remarked that "[w]e owe it all to Charlie."</div>

Charles Hamilton Houston: Making Of The African-American Civil Rights Lawsuit Attorney

Photo: Charles Hamilton Houston (b. September 3, 1895 - d. Apr 22, 1950) As legal scholar, educator, as well as lawyer, Charles Hamilt...

Read more »

Kwame Nkrumah: The Showtime President Of The Independent Nation Of Ghana

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2RG1IUenq8jBepH4sSptZ-iYgHfOL2BkffbgbLimKs2tvLJ928VIjPHTTRICxmuSNdHZBfmUZAB8Q75LnFF5Lyq1m8XZXY2CLov6auzh9I88hG_GezJIdq4L9SmPuONkGDo6noIxrBg4/s1600/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2RG1IUenq8jBepH4sSptZ-iYgHfOL2BkffbgbLimKs2tvLJ928VIjPHTTRICxmuSNdHZBfmUZAB8Q75LnFF5Lyq1m8XZXY2CLov6auzh9I88hG_GezJIdq4L9SmPuONkGDo6noIxrBg4/s200/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah (born: September 21, 1909 - died: Apr 27, 1972).</span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">First President of Republic of Ghana in addition to a founding fellow member of the Organization of African Unity.</span></b></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> Kwame Nkrumah was born September 21, 1909 at Nkroful, Gold Coast (now Ghana). He was originally named subsequently Francis Nwia-Kofi, an honored family personality. Son of goldsmith Kofi Ngonloma of the Asona Clan in addition to Elizabeth Nyanibah of the Anona Clan, Nkrumah showed an early on thirst for education. In 1930, Nkrumah completed studies at the acclaimed Prince of Wales’ Achimota School inwards Accra. doc Kwegyir Aggrey, Assistant Vice Principal in addition to the commencement African staff fellow member at the college, became his mentor.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> <b>Kwame Nkrumah U.S. Studies</b><br /> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1935, Nkrumah undertook advance studies in the United States at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. In 1939,  he earned an BA in Economics in addition to Sociology. By 1942, he earned an BA in Theology. By 1943, Nkrumah had earned an M.Sc. (Education), an MA (Philosophy), in addition to completed course of written report operate for a Ph. D. bird at the University of Pennsylvania. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> During his U.S. undergraduate studies, Nkrumah also pledged the predominately African-American Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, an academic honour society. He is said to accept introduced African traditional steps to the fraternity's stepping tradition, including <a href="http://students.washington.edu/pbskl/step.htm">cane stepping</a>.  </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> <b>Kwame Nkrumah Organizes Pan-Africans inwards Europe</b><br /> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Arriving inwards London inwards May of 1945, Nkrumah organized the fifth Pan-African Congress inwards Manchester, England in addition to began networking through organizations similar the West African Students' Union, where he served every bit vice-president. This same twelvemonth he officially changed his cite from Francis Nwia-Kofi to Kwame Nkrumah.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRdJjevNEzUFUwirKS-zLMf_GRkQwejuDB8dlz_iU4vJ43d2CswfwVXJcfUYmyg5sJz0UmVuioKuirO6-_56yaZba78idtC_PP7SttOpCIaTc6_stFZOVo6LDJ5tWbOLUrxKDDfeRiEJw/s1600/GHANA.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRdJjevNEzUFUwirKS-zLMf_GRkQwejuDB8dlz_iU4vJ43d2CswfwVXJcfUYmyg5sJz0UmVuioKuirO6-_56yaZba78idtC_PP7SttOpCIaTc6_stFZOVo6LDJ5tWbOLUrxKDDfeRiEJw/s320/GHANA.gif" width="400" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Image of the West African patch of Ghana</b></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By Dec 1947, Nkrumah had returned to his homeland every bit a teacher, scholar, in addition to political activist. He became General Secretary of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), which explored strategies for gaining independence from colonial England. Under Nkrumah's leadership, the UGCC attracted local political support from farmers in addition to women. Women did non have the correct to vote in many traditional patriarchial societies in addition to farmers who were non land-owners also did non accept the suffrage. In 1948, Accra, Kumasi, in addition to other areas of the Gold Coast were experiencing full general social unrest, which the British colonial regime accredited to the UGCC. By 1949, Nkrumah had galvanized broad back upwards in addition to reorganized his efforts under the Convention People's Party (CPP). </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Kwame Nkrumah advocated for constitutional changes. This included self-government, universal franchise without holding qualifications, in addition to a split upwards solid of chiefs. Jailed past times the colonial direction inwards 1950 for his political activism, the CPP's 1951 election sweep was followed past times Nkrumah's release. <span class="st"><br /></span></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidsXDACRuB0qf-ZGxe9u52VTKaAqOfQ4p-gtwYH4sECHMC4zDIhDbcShPByBAzRT8QAbPwIIaKB32gyi27MZaw21Rg1xPRD8EiysSc2HtlWq6rbtyWUxrjbHpY60a5KRVi4nj-kVICttM/s1600/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+and+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King,+Jr..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="341" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidsXDACRuB0qf-ZGxe9u52VTKaAqOfQ4p-gtwYH4sECHMC4zDIhDbcShPByBAzRT8QAbPwIIaKB32gyi27MZaw21Rg1xPRD8EiysSc2HtlWq6rbtyWUxrjbHpY60a5KRVi4nj-kVICttM/s320/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+and+Dr.+Martin+Luther+King,+Jr..jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Kwame Nkrumah in addition to doc Martin Luther King, Jr.</span></b></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> H5N1 devout Pan-Africanist, Nkrumah supported African federation nether the auspices of the U.S.A. of African. He also had meaningful dialogue with African intellectuals from the diaspora, including W.E.B. DuBois, Martin Luther King, Jr., in addition to <a href="https://conaircurlingiron.blogspot.com//search?q=marcus-garvey">Marcus Mosiah Garvey</a>. He also corresponded alongside Trinidadian C.L.R. James, whom he credited alongside teaching him how an "underground receive worked." Nkrumah played a pivotal work inwards developing the Organization of African Unity (OAU) inwards 1963, the same twelvemonth he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.<br /> <a name='more'></a><br /> <br /> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimtMwxwM4N9TBEIO94ghJOa8bsH6d1pWYcKDfh2WRFZSz4JEh7R1THk8bL1pzsW1uUNwlBJo5EY-WYjq6r4RxbI6yr50yee9fswwtDR-oj2TyMmj3uj4e0rIZCzHFMdvBk37IF2sUVjQs/s1600/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Hall+in+Dar+Es+Salaam+Tanzania.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimtMwxwM4N9TBEIO94ghJOa8bsH6d1pWYcKDfh2WRFZSz4JEh7R1THk8bL1pzsW1uUNwlBJo5EY-WYjq6r4RxbI6yr50yee9fswwtDR-oj2TyMmj3uj4e0rIZCzHFMdvBk37IF2sUVjQs/s320/Photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Hall+in+Dar+Es+Salaam+Tanzania.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Nkrumah Hall at the University of Dar es Salaam </span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</span></b></div> <br /> <b>President of Republic of Ghana inwards West Africa</b><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Republic of Ghana was declared an independent nation from British colonization on March 6, 1957.<span class="st"></span> By 1964, Republic of Ghana was operating every bit a one-party nation alongside Kwame Nkrumah every bit it's commencement President in addition to Prime Minister -- alongside a life term of office. Nkrumah is oftentimes criticized for developing non-participatory governance subsequently independence inwards Ghana. By 1966, the Ghanaian armed forces overthrew Nkrumah's administration. Nkrumah died inwards exile on Apr 27, 1972 inwards Bucharest, Romania.<br />   </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM99FFU7iEhDmwCogOMioAhPe3WF5le9A5913_LSX8INcXDG0PQ_uAvklTl-phMLX__6wXEvng_2ojH2TF_rrb3tDscAKddPgA9r79-ekTvEpuM3x870E1uaS0IvLOOKialsc3uNOYyLs/s1600/photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Mausoleum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM99FFU7iEhDmwCogOMioAhPe3WF5le9A5913_LSX8INcXDG0PQ_uAvklTl-phMLX__6wXEvng_2ojH2TF_rrb3tDscAKddPgA9r79-ekTvEpuM3x870E1uaS0IvLOOKialsc3uNOYyLs/s320/photo+of+Kwame+Nkrumah+Mausoleum.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum in addition to Memorial Park is located </span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">in downtown Accra, the upper-case alphabetic quality of Ghana</span></b></div> <br /> Here is a video dedicated to Kwame Nkrumah past times Ghana's really ain participant Obrafour:<br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <object height="244" width="325"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/gMih2TddFdQ?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/gMih2TddFdQ?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="325" height="244"></embed></object></div> </div>

Kwame Nkrumah: The Showtime President Of The Independent Nation Of Ghana

Photo of Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah (born: September 21, 1909 - died: Apr 27, 1972). First President of Republic of Ghana in addition to a...

Read more »

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Of Due South Africa

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5XSdFLMGWtzpr7EFCz_usT18UMp1Nc9EMCK8rwmAEiVTtjETZmF17WaTBx0S5UqMivtqp-uFTesGd5qeeiocj9wmTA-32TgzTbiliVONI1F8xJ8cTu_VlcE4T_tGn22DB3tehykkSFS0/s1600/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5XSdFLMGWtzpr7EFCz_usT18UMp1Nc9EMCK8rwmAEiVTtjETZmF17WaTBx0S5UqMivtqp-uFTesGd5qeeiocj9wmTA-32TgzTbiliVONI1F8xJ8cTu_VlcE4T_tGn22DB3tehykkSFS0/s320/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela.jpg" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><b> (</b></span>Born: July 18, 1918 - Died: Dec 5, 2013)<br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, affectionately known equally Madiba, his clan name, </b></span><br /> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>was the showtime native African president of the Republic of South Africa, serving from 1994 to 1999.</b></span></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> On July 18, 1918, Mandela was born along the Mbashe River inwards the hamlet of Mvezo, inwards the Umtata district. AllAfrica.com as well as the BBC both study that Mandela was "born Rolihlahla Dalibhunga." Mandela explains inwards his 1994 autobiography, <i>Long Walk to Freedom</i>, that he was given the English linguistic communication cite "Nelson" past times his instructor Miss Mdingane on his showtime solar daytime at school, which he explains was a mutual practise inside white South African institutions, where whites were unable or unwilling to pronounce African names.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In <i>Long Walk to Freedom</i>, Mandela writes that "[a]part from life, a potent constitution, as well as an abiding connector to the Thembu imperial house, the alone affair my manlike individual raise bestowed upon me at nativity was a name, Rolihlahla. In Xhosa, Rolihlahla literally way 'pulling the branch of a tree,' but its colloquial important to a greater extent than accurately would live on 'troublemaker.'"</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkHkYv0wDC0RBQmjBknIgDAobwy2hDEK7N8dmmlqPJCTdv7Bju-ItNryekOKF1Zip9nqSXdXzrFnvTkZIwHSgg3XfDgEUsmRcCrEpe8S-RgSmiuROoNwiEz7dh5b_nz7JYDQY2GwRS4dc/s1600/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+in+Traditional+Clothing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkHkYv0wDC0RBQmjBknIgDAobwy2hDEK7N8dmmlqPJCTdv7Bju-ItNryekOKF1Zip9nqSXdXzrFnvTkZIwHSgg3XfDgEUsmRcCrEpe8S-RgSmiuROoNwiEz7dh5b_nz7JYDQY2GwRS4dc/s320/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+in+Traditional+Clothing.jpg" /></a></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was main of Mvezo inwards the Transkeiean territories, as well as from the African indigenous Thembu imperial solid unit of measurement line. His woman raise was Nosekeni Fanny, the tertiary of his father's 4 wives. Mandela was 1 of xiii children as well as had 3 older brothers.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>The Education of Nelson Mandela</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1930, when Mandela was nine years old, his manlike individual raise died. He was adopted past times the paramount main Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Under the Regent Jongintaba's guardianship, Mandela attended Wesleyan Mission School, where he was trained for leadership. He likewise studied at Clarkebury Boarding Institute as well as Wesleyan College. He likewise studied at Fort Hare University earlier he as well as Oliver Tambo were expelled inwards 1940 after boycotting against academy policies. In a plough of history, the University of Hare would subsequently works life the Nelson R. Mandela School of Law.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Mandela began his law studies at the University of Witwatersrand, but would earn his law marking inwards 1942 from the University of South Africa. Mandela's political activism made his legal studies a challenge; he initially failed the exams required for his LLB law marking inwards 1948. This was the same twelvemonth the apartheid promoting National Party won its political victory. Along amongst Sisulu, Tambo, as well as others, Mandela organized the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) inwards Johannesburg. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1952, Mandela opened his law office, teaming upward amongst Oliver Tambo to create the showtime dark legal practise inwards South Africa. Mandela became the ANCYL's deputy national president. Here, he challenged institutional apartheid as well as fought for civil rights through ground redistribution, merchandise spousal human relationship rights, as well as complimentary as well as compulsory instruction for all children. The same year, the apartheid authorities banned Mandela's attendance at whatsoever political meetings or from belongings an piece of job inside the ANC nether the Suppression of Communism Act. In response, Mandela as well as Tambo initiated the M-plan (M for Mandela), which broke the ANC downwards into cells that could operate cloak-and-dagger if necessary. </div> <br /> <b>The Treason Trial as well as the Start of an Armed Struggle</b><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b></b>On Dec 5, 1956, inwards reply to the adoption of the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People, Nelson Mandela as well as Chief Albert Luthuli, as well as thus ANC President, were amidst the 156 people arrested as well as charged amongst high treason for their political activism. Punishment for high treason was death. Those arrested included most of the leadership of the ANC, Southern African Indian Congress, Coloured People's Congress, Congress of Democrats, as well as the South African Congress of Trade Unions, known collectively equally the Congress Alliance. Eventually acquitted, during the treason case Nelson Mandela met as well as eventually married his mo married adult woman Nomzamo Winnie Madikizela (aka Winnie Mandela, Winnie Madikizela Mandea as well as Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela). She would live on his champion during his 27 years of incarceration equally a political prisoner. <br /> <a name='more'></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfSklUJ1tZHlqstb0Z6xCf82XEMXLWuBUSuZb647sbpsNQkTzImM3k8cLuc8WfjnhDxRqnV8DkZFnFkmZV5Bqc8NnNewtBKVYMsUx6VzWF9Vs2Zksy89ukJQ837rL3ZmYkMW4crHFd9jY/s1600/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+and+Winnie+Mandela.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfSklUJ1tZHlqstb0Z6xCf82XEMXLWuBUSuZb647sbpsNQkTzImM3k8cLuc8WfjnhDxRqnV8DkZFnFkmZV5Bqc8NnNewtBKVYMsUx6VzWF9Vs2Zksy89ukJQ837rL3ZmYkMW4crHFd9jY/s320/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+and+Winnie+Mandela.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Photo of Nelson Mandela amongst Winnie Mandela</b></span></div> <br /> <b>South African Apartheid as well as the Sharpeville Massacre</b><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> While Mandela was formerly committed to non-violent protest, he began to believe that armed combat was the alone way to attain change. He co-founded Umkhonto nosotros Sizwe, likewise known equally MK, an offshoot of the ANC dedicated to an armed struggle, including sabotage as well as guerrilla state of war tactics to halt apartheid. By 1959, however, the ANC lost much of its militant back upward when the Africanists broke away to shape the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC).</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> On March 21, 1960, 69 dark Africans were killed as well as close 180 were injured when the South African law opened burn downwards on demonstrators at Sharpeville. This transformed the ANC's strategy from a nonviolent campaign using civil unrest techniques such equally boycott, strike, civil disobedience as well as non-cooperation, to that of an armed combat using guerrilla warfare against the apartheid regime. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> As a brief history of European settlement, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was amidst the showtime Europeans to laissez passer on the portion inwards 1487. The 2 major groups were the Xhosa as well as Zulu peoples at the fourth dimension of European contact inwards Southern Africa. By 1652, Dutchman January van Riebeeck established a short town at the Cape of Good Hope at Cape Town on behalf of the Dutch East Republic of Republic of India Company. Dutch is the primary rootage of the Afrikaan language, amongst an estimated ninety to 95 percentage of Afrikaans vocabulary beingness of Dutch origin. </div> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <object height="240" width="360"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/JQVnAuLRZ44?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/JQVnAuLRZ44?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0xe1600f&color2=0xfebd01" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="360" height="240"></embed></object></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">South Africa commemorates the 50th Anniversary of the Sharpeville Massacre</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Nelson Mandela: From Prison to Presidency</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In 1964, Mandela was arrested again, this fourth dimension on a accuse of sabotage. This time, however, he was convicted as well as sentenced to life imprisonment. He was incarcerated on Robben Island, close Cape Town, equally prisoner 46664 for xviii of his 27 years inwards prison. Mandela imprisonment became a symbol of dark oppression as well as a world-wide symbol of the resistance to racism. It sparked Pan Africanist responses from the Americas through back upward of organizations similar TransAfrica nether the efforts of the African American lawyer Randall Robinson. Mandela gained world-wide support, fifty-fifty from Europe. He was allowed to study for a Bachelor of Laws through a University of London correspondence program.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Mandela may convey larn the most revered prisoner inwards modern history. He would indeed live on the trouble-maker, using his life to help dismantle apartheid to shape a novel multiracial democracy. In 1990, Nelson Mandela was released from prison theater nether as well as thus leadership of his country's president Frederik Willem de Klerk. By July 1991, he was elected president of the ANC. In 1993, Mandela as well as de Klerk were both awarded Nobel Peace Prizes. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilpUjnkEu-2vDVNFbw83aZ0OItl-vJ7aMwTPyEZrcnWIUJ6lmJRgPcbdJQ6KKR6oana9YKcq45dnNh2SOC72K-gykgCGAAsK7Wo0fqzO98KpaPxkDfZFqJjJVU_H6TrO1gKtotrTiK4jY/s1600/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+and+Frederik+de+Klerk+at+the+World+Economic+Forum+Annual+Meeting+Davos+1992.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilpUjnkEu-2vDVNFbw83aZ0OItl-vJ7aMwTPyEZrcnWIUJ6lmJRgPcbdJQ6KKR6oana9YKcq45dnNh2SOC72K-gykgCGAAsK7Wo0fqzO98KpaPxkDfZFqJjJVU_H6TrO1gKtotrTiK4jY/s320/Photo+of+Nelson+Mandela+and+Frederik+de+Klerk+at+the+World+Economic+Forum+Annual+Meeting+Davos+1992.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Nelson Mandela as well as Frederik de Klerk at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 1992</span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> On May 10, 1994, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was elected the showtime dark South African president equally a resultant of its showtime multiracial elections. The same twelvemonth he married Evelyn Mase, Walter Sisulu's cousin. He served equally president until 1999 earlier retiring from active politics. He maintained a busy schedule of fund-raising for his Mandela Foundation, which aims to construct schools as well as medical clinics inwards South Africa’s rural regions. In 2001, he was diagnosed as well as treated for prostate cancer. June 2004, at historic menses 85, he announced his formal retirement from populace life. </div> <div style="text-align: center;">   </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju9IxcHv_coVdxLBFCrEzCuuc8L8gNGwU8_k3Sjfqp6e6W98Fab8gAdaIEr_SwLhuxwiT-qDEAdW2WnkCGEDBMELCu1QkipYicz516eJM0bldHB1_J3mGo7-AMZA1LAZFZGXApIyUeL2U/s1600/Photo+of+Nelson+Rolihlahla+Mandela.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" qx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju9IxcHv_coVdxLBFCrEzCuuc8L8gNGwU8_k3Sjfqp6e6W98Fab8gAdaIEr_SwLhuxwiT-qDEAdW2WnkCGEDBMELCu1QkipYicz516eJM0bldHB1_J3mGo7-AMZA1LAZFZGXApIyUeL2U/s320/Photo+of+Nelson+Rolihlahla+Mandela.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b>Photo of Nelson Mandela inwards his native South Africa</b></div> </div>

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Of Due South Africa

 ( Born: July 18, 1918 - Died: Dec 5, 2013) Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, affectionately known equally Madiba, his clan name,  was the sh...

Read more »

Annie Turnbo Malone: A Dark Philanthropist In Addition To Entrepreneur

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9bGCKpyabFNwl61owEwvLNWE8he1Se-TH3UEn4x7otTk0bOZcX5Z2YcjgTU-LCNFYJpDLJJqRJLiOCTKgQ0l565mw3dZt3m2TwqkW1V4RKDdvWswz2WZRs51RM88EI0ijRUwDLHVKXMk/s1600/Photo+of+Annie+Turnbo+Pope+Malone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" nx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9bGCKpyabFNwl61owEwvLNWE8he1Se-TH3UEn4x7otTk0bOZcX5Z2YcjgTU-LCNFYJpDLJJqRJLiOCTKgQ0l565mw3dZt3m2TwqkW1V4RKDdvWswz2WZRs51RM88EI0ijRUwDLHVKXMk/s200/Photo+of+Annie+Turnbo+Pope+Malone.jpg" width="168" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Annie Turnbo Malone </span></strong></div> <div style="font-size: medium;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">(1869-1957)</span></strong></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br /> </b></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Before Oprah Winfrey in addition to Madame C.J. Walker, at that spot was Annie Turnbo Malone (aka <em>Annie Minerva Turnbo Pope Malone </em>and<em> Annie Minerva Turnbo Malone</em>), an African American entrepreneur in addition to philanthropist during the early on 20th century. Malone is recorded equally the U.S.'s outset Black woman millionaire based on reports of $14 i thou one thousand inward assets held inward 1920 from her beauty in addition to cosmetic enterprises, headquartered inward St. Louis in addition to Chicago. </div> <br /> <strong>Early Life of Annie Turnbo</strong><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> On August 9, 1869, Robert Turnbo and Isabella Cook became parents to Annie inward Metropolis, Illinois. Annie attended schoolhouse inward Illinois where she apprentenced amongst her sis equally a hairdresser. By 1889, Malone had developed her ain scalp in addition to pilus products that she demonstrated in addition to sold from a buggy throughout Illinois. </div> <br /> <strong>Launches the "Poro" Brand inward St. Louis, MO</strong><br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO-nAK4B99iieJjqc97Lo_A8bN_xGT_g_6SkuvL2VPfcK6pm7rGrIFVmMNUNlQFaVrrwZyH60ylvUEq3TDztADMd9MdRdOxc1oTrw9Cy-t1X0ZtN0CpGprLf0rHmlNCPVeCjMDqgvKQ8M/s1600/Photo+of+Poro+College,+St.+Louis.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" nx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO-nAK4B99iieJjqc97Lo_A8bN_xGT_g_6SkuvL2VPfcK6pm7rGrIFVmMNUNlQFaVrrwZyH60ylvUEq3TDztADMd9MdRdOxc1oTrw9Cy-t1X0ZtN0CpGprLf0rHmlNCPVeCjMDqgvKQ8M/s320/Photo+of+Poro+College,+St.+Louis.gif" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Image of Poro College, St. Louis</span></strong></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1902, Malone's trouble organization growth led her to St. Louis, Missouri, which at the fourth dimension held the 4th largest population of African Americans. In St. Louis she copyrighted her Poro get beauty products. In 1914, in a St. Louis wedding, Malone married the schoolhouse primary Aaron Eugene Malon.</div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhgxUT_5Ukro_De2ROzli8M1brHryY5wQFlVkTqba717capVkHyu1YoKhZZuyr1ByPYniucs_jUEqsQY5Xcs2TQZUR-_KvPX-z_DqdjVTXXwqT8Bvs1VV-ekHSdQm2MQlZ3zWHcvR3rf4/s1600/Photo+of+Annie+Turnbo+Pope+Malone,+Poro+College.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" nx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhgxUT_5Ukro_De2ROzli8M1brHryY5wQFlVkTqba717capVkHyu1YoKhZZuyr1ByPYniucs_jUEqsQY5Xcs2TQZUR-_KvPX-z_DqdjVTXXwqT8Bvs1VV-ekHSdQm2MQlZ3zWHcvR3rf4/s320/Photo+of+Annie+Turnbo+Pope+Malone,+Poro+College.jpg" width="200" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Poro College Administrative Building</span></strong></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> By 1917, Malone opened the doors of Poro College, a beauty college which was later attended yesteryear Madam C.J. Walker. The schoolhouse reportedly graduated virtually 75,000 agents world-wide, including the Caribbean. By 1930, the outset amount yr of the Great Depression, Malone had moved from Missouri after divorcing her bit hubby in addition to settled on Chicago's South Side.</div> <br /> <strong>The Black Philanthropist</strong><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> From 1919 to 1943, Malone served equally board president of the St. Louis Colored Orphan's Home.  She had donated the outset $10,000 to build the orphanage's new edifice inward 1919. During the 1920s, Malone's philanthropy included financing the educational activity of two full-time students inward every historically dark college in addition to university. Her $25,000 donation to Howard University was amid the largest gifts the academy had received yesteryear a somebody donor of African descent. </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbjuJQkaiSreMlcJeSOziRZJ2iNKUp9gb3JaWiyFQK4xa1yzGF6CPrpw4b9NMEFlXMfrJD99fGVcGJnILOHaz3tEIANFhpGHQF-Zl_lCBtzDMitwIYTPRdoXlfwL7reWn7rkKuxdXvvs8/s1600/Photo+of+Annie+Malone,+Black+Entrepreneur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" nx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbjuJQkaiSreMlcJeSOziRZJ2iNKUp9gb3JaWiyFQK4xa1yzGF6CPrpw4b9NMEFlXMfrJD99fGVcGJnILOHaz3tEIANFhpGHQF-Zl_lCBtzDMitwIYTPRdoXlfwL7reWn7rkKuxdXvvs8/s320/Photo+of+Annie+Malone,+Black+Entrepreneur.jpg" width="253" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo of Annie Turnbo Malone</span></strong></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> On May 10, 1957, Annie Turnbo Malone was treated for a stroke at Provident Hospital inward Chicago where she died. At the fourth dimension of her decease Poro beauty colleges were inward performance inward to a greater extent than than thirty U.S. cities.<br /> <a name='more'></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> St. Louis honors her retentivity amongst the Annie Malone Children in addition to Family Service Center whose mission is "is to ameliorate the character of life for children, families, elderly in addition to the community yesteryear providing social services, educational programs, advocacy in addition to entrepreneurship." </div> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <object height="244" width="325"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/uVOOjnbJ-EU?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0x2b405b&color2=0x6b8ab6"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param> <param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param> <embed src="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/uVOOjnbJ-EU?fs=1&hl=en_US&color1=0x2b405b&color2=0x6b8ab6" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="325" height="244"></embed></object></div> <br /> <strong>Further reference</strong>: Annie Malone Children in addition to Family Service Center: <a href="http://www.anniemalone.com/about-us.html">www.anniemalone.com/about-us.html</a></div>

Annie Turnbo Malone: A Dark Philanthropist In Addition To Entrepreneur

Photo of Annie Turnbo Malone  (1869-1957) Before Oprah Winfrey in addition to Madame C.J. Walker, at that spot was Annie Turnbo...

Read more »